Osteoarthritis is the most common arthritis affecting millions of people worldwide. Knee osteoarthritis calls for serious medical concern as severe cases/advance stages can impair mobility and lead to a poor quality of life. The objective is to assess the severity of knee osteoarthritis and to determine its association with demographic data. This descriptive consecutive study assesses the severity of osteoarthritis by the use of a questionnaire administered to patients visiting the Orthopedic and Rheumatology Departments of the Hospital. Data collected were entered into Microsoft excel and exported into the statistical package for social science which was used to assess the association between socio-demographic data and severity of the disease. P-value less than 0.05 was interpreted to be statistically significant. Only 209 patients were included in the study and the severe, very severe and extremely severe cases accounted for 17.6%, 23.7%, and 44.0% of the cases respectively. Females accounted for 69.9% of the study participants and they also had more severe cases than males. Sex, advanced age, a high body mass index and co-morbid disease condition (Hypertension) were highly associated with the severity of osteoarthritis (p-value <0.05). The majority of the cases of osteoarthritis were either very severe or extremely severe and these cases were mostly reported by females, older patients, overweight or obese patients and those that have hypertension as a co-morbid condition.

The objective of the present study was to develop once-daily sustained-release matrix tablets of propranolol used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and many other cardiovascular disorders. The constrained mixture experimental design was used to prepare systematic model formulations, which were composed of Eudragit RSPO and different viscosity grades of HPMC (Methocel E50 and Methocel K15M CR). The matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression process. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various physico-chemical parameters. In vitro release profile was check for 24 hrs to evaluate the SR matrix tablet of propranolol. Increase in Eudragit RSPO and HPMC concentrations or increase in viscosity grades of HPMC polymers (Methocel E50 and Methocel K15M CR) resulted in a significant decrease in propranolol release. Administration of propranolol in a sustained release dosage would be more desirable for antihypertensive effects by maintaining the plasma concentrations of the drug well above the therapeutic concentration. From in vitro dissolution profile, Batch F4 was prepared with blend of Eudragit RSPO (80 mg), Methocel E50 (60 mg) and Methocel K15M CR (80 mg) where drug release was about 98.11%.

Grape seeds extract has therapeutic values including antimicrobial activity, antioxidant effect, wound healing and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate and compare antibacterial activity of different species of grape seed) Vitis labrusca, Vitis vinifera and Vitis vinifera( against some bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli). Determine antioxidant effect of grape seed extracts (qualitatively). Antibacterial effects was performed using agar cup cut diffusion method for all bacterial species, followed by using minimum inhibitory concentration MIC for the species showed to be inhibited by grape seeds extracts. Antioxidant assay was done using DPPH scavenging test, methanolic solution of each grape seeds was spotted on TLC paper, sprayed with 0.2 % methanolic solution of diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. Vitamin C was used as positive control. From the results, all grape species didn’t have any effect on K. pneumonia and E. coli, red and black grape seeds showed the highest inhibition zone (20 mm) on Staph. Aureus agar plate, green grape had the highest effect on Sterp. Pneumonia agar plate (20 mm). The lowest effect was for the red grape seeds extract (13 mm) on Acinetobacter calciaceticus. In general the three grape seeds extract had effect on Staph. aureus, Sterp. pneumonia and Acinetobacter calciaceticus. The red and black grape seed extract was effective against Sterp. pneumonia strain at MIC values of 7.8 mg/mL and black grape seeds extract had MIC at 7.8 mg/mL on Staph. aureus. However, the test for MIC of seeds extracts for the rest of bacterial species ranged between 15.62 and 87.5 mg/mL. The result showed that black grape seeds extract had the largest spot change in color indicating strong antioxidant effect. The lowest effect was by red grape seeds. From this result black grape showed to be the best grape seeds extract among the three chosen species in its antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy