The aim of this article is to understand the etiopathogenesis of a common post-extraction complication called as Dry socket or Alveolar Osteitis (AO). We also tried to understand the results of applications of alvogyl in the management of AO.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are multifactorial conditions affecting the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints, often exacerbated by psychosocial stressors such as academic pressure in adolescents. Emerging evidence suggests that magnesium plays a critical physiological role in neuromuscular regulation and stress modulation, but its therapeutic efficacy in TMD management remains underexplored. Methods: A clinical study was conducted involving 100 adolescents diagnosed with TMDs, divided into two equal groups (n = 50 each). Group A received a conventional treatment comprising NSAIDs and muscle relaxants, along with a physiology-based magnesium supplementation regimen (400 mg elemental magnesium daily for 30 days), while Group B received only the conventional treatment. Baseline and post-treatment assessments included serum magnesium levels, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, and academic stress scores. Data were analysed using paired and independent t-tests, Pearson correlation, and confidence intervals to compare intra- and inter-group changes. Results: Group A showed a significant reduction in academic stress (from 27.81 ± 3.48 to 24.15 ± 3.62, p = 0.046), accompanied by a substantial reduction in pain intensity (VAS score from 6.42 ± 0.98 to 2.44 ± 0.85, p < 0.001) and increase in serum magnesium levels (from 0.673 ± 0.028 to 0.744 ± 0.035 mmol/L) compared to Group B. Group B had a modest decrease in pain (to 4.36 ± 0.79) with no significant change in magnesium. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that as magnesium levels increase, academic stress decreases, thereby contributing to a reduction in TMD-related pain. Conclusion: Magnesium supplementation was more effective when combined with conventional treatment than conventional therapy alone in reducing TMD pain and improving magnesium levels. These findings suggest that academic stress and magnesium deficiency together may improve TMD management in adolescents.

Background: Dental caries continues to be a major public health problem in many countries. The etiology of dental caries is multifactorial, and it is widely accepted that Mutans streptococci and Lactobacilli play a major role in the formation of dental caries through adhering to the tooth surface and producing acid from dietary sucrose. Chlorhexidine is active against both gram positive and negative bacteria and Xylitol is a naturally occurring non-cariogenic sugar substitute used as an artificial sweetener in foods, Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of xylitol on the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine against salivary Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Results: To evaluate the effects of these substances salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were isolated and identified, Agar diffusion technique was used to study the antimicrobial effects of both xylitol and chlorhexidine. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for the xylitol and chlorhexidine alone and in combination using tube dilutions method, the combination effects of xylitol and chlorhexidine were evaluated using fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Conclusion: ½ MIC of chlorhexidine with ¼ MIC of xylitol was efficient and superior to single treatments in controlling suppressing mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in-vitro and xylitol may be used as sweetener and flavoring chlorhexidine.

Abstract: Modern endodontics in India is experiencing a significant transformation with the integration of advanced technologies, minimally invasive techniques, and evidence-based clinical practices. This narrative review explores key innovations such as rotary and reciprocating systems, dental operating microscopes, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), regenerative endodontics, and bio-ceramic sealers. Despite these advancements, stark disparities persist between urban and rural regions due to financial constraints, limited training opportunities, and infrastructural deficiencies. The review further discusses systemic challenges, including patient misconceptions and gaps in continuing education. It also outlines promising future directions, including AI-assisted diagnostics, minimally invasive approaches, and tele-dentistry. The review underscores the need for strategic policy reforms, equitable resource allocation, and nationwide training initiatives to bridge the accessibility gap and elevate the standard of endodontic care across India.

Abstract: Warthin’s tumor (WT), also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, is a benign salivary gland neoplasm predominantly affecting the parotid gland. Despite its benign nature, the tumor presents unique diagnostic and clinical challenges due to its variable presentation and occasional multifocal or bilateral occurrence. The etiology of WT remains incompletely understood, though associations with smoking and lymphoid tissue interactions suggest a complex pathophysiology. Recent advancements in imaging and histopathological techniques have improved diagnostic accuracy, yet differentiating WT from other salivary gland neoplasms remains crucial for appropriate management. Surgical excision remains the primary treatment modality, particularly for symptomatic or enlarging lesions, although conservative management is increasingly considered in select cases. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options for WT, emphasizing the role of modern imaging modalities and the emerging debate over the necessity of surgical intervention in all cases. Understanding the nuances of WT is essential for clinicians to ensure accurate diagnosis, optimize patient outcomes, and avoid overtreatment. Future research should focus on elucidating molecular markers for better risk stratification and exploring non-invasive management approaches.

Abstract: Background: Nowadays, yttria stabilized ZrO2 is the most commonly used esthetic material in fixed dental prosthodontics. The vast majority of full contour monolithic fixed dental restorations were made from multilayered translucent zirconia. The Aim of this Research: Was to study the flexural strength of three different layers of multilayered zirconia discs manufactured with two multilayering technologies (yttria graded and shade graded) and sintered at different temperatures. Method: Ninety bars were divided into 3 groups (n=30) made from three different zirconia discs manufactured with various multilayering techniques, Zircad PRime, Super Translucent Multilayered and Zolid FX, each main group subdivided into three subgroups (n=10) in accordance with the multilayered zirconia materials that were used and three different layers were utilized from each disc: Zircad PRime Cervical ZPRC, Zircad PRime Middle ZPRM, Zircad PRime Incisal ZPRI, STM Cervical STMC, STM Middle STMM, STM Incisal STMI, Zolid FX Cervical ZFXC, Zolid FX Middle ZFXM and Zolid FX Incisal ZFXI. After milling the specimens were separated from zirconia discs, then fully sintered conventionally for 2 hours according manufacturer instructions regarding final temperature and the strength evaluated with three point’s flexural strength bending test utilizing the universal testing equipment. Result: Non significant differences among layers of shade graded zirconia STM and Zolid FX while a difference was observed between layers of yttria graded zirconia Zircad PRime. Highest result was for ZPRC and lowest flexural strength result was for ZFXC. Conclusion: Neither all multilayered zirconia discs nor the variable layers are the same. Incisal layer of varying yttria concentrations multilayered zirconia demonstrates much lower flexural strength than cervical layer at the same disc, while shade graded multilayered disc variable layers have same strength, yttria content greatly influence strength of zirconia materials and sintering temperature has no effect on flexural strength of layers have the same yttria content.

Abstract: Background: The maxillary third molar is among the most commonly impacted teeth and can present in various forms depending on the direction and depth of impaction. However, bilateral inverted impaction of the maxillary third molars is an exceptionally rare condition, with only a single case reported in the current literature. Case Report: This case report unequivocally outlines the uncommon presentation and management of bilateral inverted maxillary third molars in a 50-year-old female. Routine radiographic imaging unmistakably identified the inversion, with crowns oriented upward and roots directed toward the alveolar crest, alarmingly close to the maxillary sinus. Since the teeth were symptomatic, surgical removal was decisively recommended to avert potential complications, such as infection and disruption of prosthetic rehabilitation. The extractions were executed across two sessions, with healing proceeding without any complications. Conclusion: This case underscores the critical necessity for thorough imaging and a bespoke treatment strategy for addressing rare dental anomalies. It accentuates the need for personalized care, considering the patient’s health, surgical risks, and prosthetic objectives. Given the rarity of bilateral inverted maxillary third molar impactions, this report delivers significant insights into their management and surgical strategy