Background: Occurance of black discolouration of teeth is very common and a clinical challenge in the present day dentistry. Stains associated with chromogenic bacteria have a high rate of recurrence even after thorough scaling and polishing procedures. The mechanism of stain formation is still not understood clearly though its chemical composition is mainly iron suiphide and bacteria like actinomyces have been identified in plaque samples of these patients which have the ability to form iron sulphides. The iron content of saliva is known to increase in iron deficiency anemia and iron overload. Iron deficiency anemia is also associated with low hemglobin levels. Aim: To determine the hemoglobins levels in patients with and without black chromogenic stains. Methodology: A total of 40 patients of age group 15-40 years were selected and divided in to two groups. Group ‘A’ (Test group) consisted of 20 patients with black stains on atleast 8 tooth. Group “B” (Control group) consisted of 20 patients without any stains on the tooth surfaces. The individuals were screened for Lobenes stain index, Oral hygiene index and haemoglobin levels. The scores were analysed using chi –square tests. Results: It was observed that there was no significant difference between the haemoglobin levels of patients with and without stains. The oral hygiene scores were found to be significantly higher in subjects with stains compared to controls. Conclusion: The study suggests that the presence of stains were not associated with the reduced haemoglobin levels. The chromogenic black stains were more prevalent among subjects with good oral hygiene.

Esthetic consideration is an important aspect for special needs patients who have deteriorated self-image with a loss of self-esteem and a lack of confidence in the eyes of others. In this situation, traditional protocol with wax-up and mock-up is difficult and not sufficient to validate the esthetic project because of major difficulties. Another technique is necessary to specify, simplify and take it into account with special needs patients. In this context, this paper presents a new system for final esthetic validation of fixed prosthetic restorations. This procedure uses resin coping carrying tooth wax with ideal form. This system is transferred directly in mouth for trial. It can be modified by the dentist until satisfaction by modeling the wax. After validation, it can offer a good way for the dental technician to reproduce exactly the project validated in mouth on final restoration. Final esthetic validation (FEV) technic is a good methodology to improve the esthetic approach for special needs patients. This procedure is safe, cheap, and ideal to be sure of the patient point of view.

Introduction: A technique, the "Loma Linda pouch," is introduced for repairing the perforated maxillary sinus membrane during sinus grafting procedures. The collagen membrane is then folded along the lateral access window to form a pouch that surrounds and isolates the graft material. In this review, we planned to devise a modification to the “Loma Linda pouch technique”. This ‘‘hammock’’ approach immobilizes the collagen membrane as far as possible, promotes greater blood supply, thereby increasing vital bone formation. Case presentation: When perforation occurs during elevation of the Schneiderian membrane, elevation of the membrane from the internal sinus walls must be completed. In this approach, plasma rich in growth factors is used as a graft carrier to achieve a more compact and homogeneous bone graft and to avoid particle dispersion. The rest of the procedure follows the classic sinus augmentation approach. Discussion: Ranges of techniques involve repairing perforations that range in size from 2 mm to 1.5 cm. For larger perforations (≥1.5mm), the only reported possibility is the use of a resorbable collagen membrane. Displacement of the collagen membrane is one of the most frequent complications. For this reason, perfect immobilization of the membrane is the key to success. Compared with other methods, this modified approach enhances the fixation of the collagen membrane not only on the buccal side but also on the palatal side of the sinus cavity. Conclusion: This technique achieves stable immobilization of the collagen membrane and, with it, better treatment predictability in future.

Background: A global review on oral health by the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasized that despite great improvements in the oral health of populations in several countries, global problems still persist. Dental caries and periodontal disease have historically been considered the most important global oral health burdens. This is particularly so among underprivileged groups in both developing and developed countries. The application of natural products for the control of oral diseases is considered as an interesting alternative to synthetic antimicrobials due to their lower negative impact, and for the effort to overcome primary or secondary resistance to the drug during therapy. Objective: To review the current evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of plant extracts on dental caries and plaque microorganisms. Materials and Methods: A literature search was made for 6 months in PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE, LILACS/BBO, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, SCIENCE DIRECT, and Google scholar databases. The results from the relevant published literatures are discussed. Summary and Conclusion: The extracts of Azadirachta Indica, Ocimum sanctum, Murraya koenigii L., Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Rosa indica, and Aloe barbadensis The current evidence is on individual plant extracts against bacteria involved in either caries or periodontitis. The research assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of a combination of these plant extracts against dental caries and periodontal pathogens is the need of the hour, and such research will aid in the development of a novel, innovative method that can simultaneously inhibit two of the most common dental diseases of mankind, besides slowing the development of drug resistance.

Naso-orbito-ethmoidal (NOE) fractures are considered a challenge in reconstruction, due to the anatomical structures involved, such as the medial canthal ligament and the lacrimal apparatus [1], which leads to a complex functional and aesthetic compromise. For surgical access to the area, the use of the coronal, Lynch-Howarth, glabellar “open sky”, “gull wings” and a combination of the last two are described. However, the severity of the trauma and mainly the neurological compromise of the patient will dictate the choice of the approach that allows functional and comprehensive repair of the affected region. In cases where there is no neurological compromise and it is not necessary to carry out a subcranial approach, the use of local approaches is justified, providing adequate visibility and direct access to the fractured region, allowing an adequate reduction and placement of fixing material. A clinical case of anterior frontal sinus wall fracture and NOE fracture are presented, performing the combination of the gull-wing and open-sky approach, described as butterfly wings, achieving adequate visibility and reconstruction.

This article reviews the frictional resistance of archwires based on the cross section, microscopic structure and stiffness. Bracket factors like slot width and depth and material influencing friction. Different types of ligation influencing friction. Role of saliva, biofilm and wire bracket combinations on friction. Friction in wire, bracket and ligation combination.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the epithelial salivary gland neoplasm of the oral cavity. The most common pathological type for the salivary gland tumors of the head and neck was mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In our work, we report a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma observed in a 50-year-old man. Clinically, he presented the ulcer-budding tumor of the soft palate, movable relative to the deep plan measuring 2,5 cm. The diagnosis was based on clinical, radiological and pathological arguments. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice in combination with postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy.