The normal human skin is colonized by huge numbers of bacteria that live as commensals on its surface. At times bacteria not normally found there may colonize the epidermis and lead rapidly to disease. The oral cavity is comprised of many surfaces, each coated with a plethora of bacteria, the proverbial bacterial biofilm. Some of these bacteria have been implicated in oral diseases such as caries and periodontitis, which are among the most common bacterial infections in humans. In addition, specific oral bacterial species have been implicated in several systemic diseases, such as bacterial endocarditis, aspiration pneumonia, osteomyelitis in children, preterm low birth weight, and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bacteria species associated with the skin and orals of different occupational groups in Ekpoma. This study was carried out in the Ekpoma, Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State. Participants were selected from the list of five (5) different occupational groups (Students, Office workers, Bike riders, Food handlers and Brick layers) in Ekpoma. Informed consent was sought from the various individuals. A total of one hundred (100) samples were collected from different occupational groups in the study area. The sample analysis was carried out using standard methods. Results obtained showed the rate of bacterial isolates from the skin and orals of the occupational groups studied is 63% and 43% respectively. Out of the 20 samples collected from the skin of each occupations, 9(45%) were positive for students, 16(80%) were for bike riders, 8(40%) for office workers, 17(85%) were for food handlers and 13(33%) for bricklayers. Food handlers appeared to be the occupation with the highest bacterial isolates on the skin followed by bike riders, bricklayers, students and office workers being the least. While out of the 20 samples collected from the mouth of each occupations, 7(35%) were positive for students, 11(55%) were for bike riders, 4(20%) for office workers, 12(60%) were for food handlers and 9(45%) for bricklayers. Office workers the highest bacteria isolates in the mouth followed by bike riders, food handlers and students been the least. In order to meet the huge challenge of occupational safety in the 21st century, a coordinative and cooperative approach is required. This will be a major task of the public health community and will require the use of new methods of identifying, monitoring and assessing of skin and oral infections, including the wide application of the hazard analysis and critical control point system.

MicroRNAs are a set of short noncoding RNAs that post transcriptionally control the gene expression through matching with its corresponding mRNAs. The down regulated of micro RNAs may be suggested as a novel kind of “oncomirs”or “tumor suppressors,” acting an important effect in the development of carcinoma. Employing genome wide detection techniques, common erratic expression types of micro RNAs have been recognized in a wide arrangement of cancers in human, demonstrate huge potential as modern detection and predictive agents of up normality and elevation of sensitivity and specificity. The diagnosable micro RNAs in blood and the further body fluids with rise constancy supply a profuse origin for micro RNA based agents in cancer cases. In spite of the verity that a growing number of effort micro RNA agents have been determinate, the transmission of micro RNAs based agents from board to bedside as yet important treatment and control many challenges. This study will demonstrate the recent comprehensive of micro RNAs as important agents in cancer of human.

The study investigated the effect of Adansonia digitata and garlic on Blood glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Twenty (20) albino rats were divided into four groups (GI, II, III, and IV) of five rats each and their fasting blood glucose was noted prior to inducement with diabetes using streptozotocin (STZ) at dose of 50mg/kg body weight. GI serves as diabetic control, receives no extract, while GII, GIII and GIV were respectively administered with 500mg/Kg Adansonia digitata extract, 400mg/Kg garlic extract and 500mg/Kg Adansonia – Garlic premix orally for 12 days. The serum blood glucose was monitored at interval of three days, after which the rats were allowed for nine days without extract with periodic record of their blood glucose at interval of three days. The fasting blood glucose in each group 24 hours after streptozotocin (STZ) injection was significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared Zero hours (before induction). The periodic Blood glucose levels were significantly lower (P<0.001) in the Group treated with 500mg/kg of Adansonia digitata, 400mg/kg of garlic and 500mg/kg of the premix extract compared to the corresponding period of GI. On withdrawal of the extracts, blood glucose of the diabetics rats increase. It may be concluded that both Adansonia digitata and garlic may possess hypoglycemic activity which could be due to their phytochemical and mineral contents.

Kawasaki disease (KD), also known as Kawasaki syndrome, is an acute febrile illness of unknown cause that primarily affects children younger than 5 years of age. The present study was conducted to study the clinical profile and outcome and risk factors of Kawasaki disease in children. This observational prospective study was conducted in cardiology ward with a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease from 1st June 2020 to 31 July 2021 in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh. Forty five (45) children aged between 3 months to 10 years were studied. Kawasaki disease is more prevalent among male child (73.33%). Most commonly encountered risk factor for cardiovascular involvement especially coronary dilatation or aneurysmal change is more observed in younger age of presentation. Fever, rash, conjunctivitis, erythema and edema of limbs, periungual skin desquamations are the presenting features. Cardiovascular involvement of left main coronary artery dilation is the most frequently observed aneurismal change observed among study population which was evident in 68% of the children having coronary involvement. All the study patient received high dose aspirin (100%) and 93% received IVIG of whom 6.66% had IVIG- resistant Kawasaki disease. Commonly occurring complication is uveitis (17.77%). Among the total 45 study population 1 patient expired (2.22%).Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion of Kawasaki disease in persistently febrile patients and once clinically diagnosed, echocardiography should be done and IVIG therapy along with aspirin should be started, specially in infants (<6 months) as they have the higher tendency to develop coronary aneurysm.

Abstract: Background: The danger of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising quickly worldwide and has become a main health crisis and most of these patients die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) prior to progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD), therefore, Poor cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients have encouraged nephrologists to search for biomarkers that may improve risk stratification in this population. The aim of this study was to assess serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) hormone and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels in CKD patients and to determine their involvement with cardiovascular diseases. Methods: This analytical case control study was conducted at Ibn sina and Military hospitals in the period from February 2016 to March 2019, (n = 150) clinically diagnosed CKD patients (age range between 22 - 76 years, 105 males and 45 females), and (n = 150) healthy subjects were included as controls. Serum BNP hormone and cardiac troponin T (cTnT), were estimated by Cobas E-411® fully automated analyzer, serum creatinine by Cobas C-311® fully automated analyzer, hemoglobin by Sysmix, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated by Cocroft-Gault formula and blood pressure was measured by using mercuric sphygmomanometer. Results: Serum BNP, cTnT, creatinine, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in CKD patients than in controls, while hemoglobin and GFR were significantly lower. Moreover, serum BNP, cTnT, SBP and DBP were significantly higher in CKD patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) than CKD patients without CVD. In addition, serum BNP, at cutoff level of 240 pg/ml, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 87%, 90%, 52% and 92%, respectively in relation to CVD, while serum cTnT, at cutoff level of 0.1 ng/ml, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 80%, 57%, 46% and 74%, respectively. Furthermore, there was an association between elevated BNP levels and CVD outcomes in patients with CKD, since it is a strong risk factor for CVD (OR: 1.48, p. value 0.031). Conclusions: BNP levels are significantly associated with cardiovascular events (left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction) in patients who have CKD and are on maintenance hemodialysis (HD).

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex concept for a spectrum of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and a variety of complications, comprising metabolic and cellular disturbances that lead to vascular complications. The objective of this project was to correlate type 2 diabetes patients to healthy controls in aspects of hematological indices and their association with demographic data. Materials and Methods: From May to September 2016, a case-control analysis has been performed in Khartoum, Sudan. 154 participants were enrolled in this study. 104 participants were diabetic type 2 and 50 were apparently healthy as control group to find out any variations in hematological parametersHbA1C and CBC: (Hb, WBCs & differential, RBCs& indices and PLTs, hematocrit (HCT) among type 2 diabetic patients. Blood was gathered in EDTA containers. HbA1C measured using i-CHROMATM and complete blood count using the Sysmex® Kx21-N hematological analyzer. Before samples collection, each participant gave their informed consent, which had been approved by the Ministry of Health's ethical committee. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) SPSS version 20 was used. The meaning of the discrepancies was assessed using the Crosstab test. p- Value is significant at P< 0.05. Results: T2DM patients had a statically significant in white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes as comparison to the control group P<0.05. There was no considerable difference in red blood cell count, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, Platelets count, MPV, and PDW between the two classes P> 0.05. Conclusion: T2DM patients had relatively increased levels of white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes than the control group (P<0.05).

Abstract: Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical presentations worldwide. Acute appendicitis is complicated with several sequels, of which the perforated appendicitis presents a major health concern. Perforated appendicitis is profoundly affected with method of wound closure which determines the incidence of wound infection. Methods: This is a prospective randomized study that included 360 patients presented with acute appendicitis. Intraoperative recording of the gross pathology of the appendix with assessment of the relation of wound infection and method of wound closure were performed. Moreover, record of the patients’ postoperative hospital stay period was assessed. Results: Postoperative assessment of appendectomy revealed that 18.8% was appendicitis negative, 63% was uncomplicated appendicitis and 18.2% was perforated appendicitis. We considered primary closure of wounds in 36.4% of patients, delayed wound primary closure in 18.2% of patients and partial closure of wounds in 45.4% of patients. Incidence of infected surgical wounds was 37.5%, 16.7% and 13.3% in primary, delayed primary and partial wound closure respectively. Delayed primary closure had the longest hospital stay (8 days) compared to primary wound closure (7 days) and partial wound closure (4 days). Conclusions: The study on hand provided an evidence on how superior the partial wound closure compared to primary wound closure and delayed primary wound closure in patients with appendicitis.