This study's goal was to determine the amount of total chlorophyll and its protein content by subjecting aquatic plants Lemina minor to different levels of cadmium [10, 20, and 30 mg/L] for a month. This was done in order to assess how these salt concentrations affected the plants' physiological states. As the study came to a close, the components' quantities in the water plants used for the analysis increased differently than in the control sample, according to the investigation's findings. We looked at the protein and chlorophyll concentrations of water plants that were subjected to heavy metals.

One of the plants that have antioxidant properties is known as Fenugreek with a scientific name of Trigonella foenum-graecum. This can be attributed to polyphenol content of the herb which consists of: flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. Culturally fenugreek is used in traditional medicine because it has antioxidant properties that are applied in the treatment of blood sugar and cholesterol levels. A small market was taken to get the fresh seeds of Trigonella (foenum grecum). A diluted alcohol was applied to remove the sediment or traces of water as 10 grams of powdered seed was soaked in 80 percent alcohol. The so obtained filtrate was filtered through Whatmann filter paper No. 41 taking 2 grams of sodium sulphate. Phthalate -D 4, Methyl D-glucopyranoside; M ethyl, 2-Furanmethanol, a-ethyl, 3-O-Methyl-d -glucose, Adenine arabinoside, 1-Aziridineethanamine, 4-Tridecyne, palmitic acid, Pentanal, 2-methyl, gamma -Tocopherol, Piperid In singlet oxygen scavenging, the antioxidant activity was the following; crude (methanolic extract)- 53.18±4.39, ethyl acetate- 53.18±4.39, ethanol- 53.18±4.39, hexane fraction- 53.18±4.39, water fraction- 53.18±4.39, and Lipoic acid (standard)- 53.18±4.39. In superoxide radical scavenging, the antioxidant activity was 19.60±1.01, 23.76±1.30, 26.36±1.39, 21.46±1.07, 29.31±1.42, and 39.82±2.07. The antifungal activity of methanolic crude extract and ethanol fraction was compared to the standard and found to be bioactive natural component. The concentrations of itraconazole and flucytosine in the Fenugreek seeds extract (Trigonella graecum) against Penicillium digitatum were; 22.78±0.32, 16.88±0.26, 32.08±0.58 and 26.00±0.53 respectively and against Penicillium italicum 12.27±0.20, 13.97±0.21, 30.05 Against the Tricophyton rubrum, the antifungal activity came to be 11.05±0.17, 17.63±0.26, 23.13±0.28 and 28.89±0.41. Recorded 10.00l±0.14, 08.65l±0.10, 34.00l±0.59 and 29.16l±0.54 respectively against Microsporum Canis.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is an effective tool in organic chemistry and pharmaceutical studies for separating volatile chemicals by gas chromatography and identifying them by mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns. Among its many applications are API quantification, quality control, impurity identification, and screening for unknown compounds in complex biological samples and medication formulations. For thorough examination in the pharmaceutical sector, GC-MS is an essential instrument since it gives both quantitative (quantity) and qualitative (identification) data. The analytical technique known as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) integrates the concepts of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The name gives it away: it's a hybrid approach to chemical mixture analysis that combines two separate methods. For testing samples taken from the environment, it is among the most reliable instruments. When working with complicated mixtures, GC-MS is useful for both qualitative and quantitative component identification and measurement. Metabolites that are volatile after derivatization, have a low boiling point, or have low polarity can be analyzed using GC/MS, the most advanced chromatography mass spectrometry coupling method. A few examples of where GC-MS has found use are in forensics (drug detection, explosives, fire, etc.), academia, astrochemistry, and the identification of previously unidentified samples. Materials that were believed to have decomposed irretrievably can now have their trace elements identified. When it comes to detecting and determining organic compounds, GC-MS is an essential and complementary tool in many field research, as seen in a few examples of its use. For the purpose of determining fuel composition, quality, and impurity identification, gas chromatography (GC) is widely utilized in the energy and fuel sectors for the analysis of volatile chemicals in petroleum products. Some of the many uses include keeping an eye on petrochemicals and natural gas, checking the purity of fuel, finding out how many octane numbers a given fuel has, assessing biogas, and helping with research and quality control for different hydrocarbon-based fuels. Modern gas chromatography (GC) methods, like high-temperature GC (HTGC) and multidimensional GC (GC×GC), enhance its applicability to molecules with higher boiling points and more intricate fuel matrices, and when coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it offers precise molecular identification.

Thalassemia is a hematological disorder characterized by a partial or complete deficiency in the biosynthesis of globin polypeptide chains. Consequently, affected adults manifest with chronic anemia, systemic hemosiderosis due to iron overload, and dependency on periodic allogeneic blood transfusions. The experiment was conducted in Diwaniyah Governorate at the Women's and Children's Hospital / Thalassemia Center where data on thalassemia patients was collected between 15 September 2024 and 21 March 2025, including 100 people in total: 50 thalassemia-diagnosed patients and 50 healthy controls. Patients with thalassemia are categorized by gender and blood groups A, B, AB and O. The data collected from the patient and control groups were statistically analyzed using the SPSS statistical program (2013). The results indicated a statistically significant increase in serum urea levels (P < 0.05) and significant elevations in serum total bilirubin (TSB), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) (P < 0.01) in thalassemia patients. In contrast, serum creatinine levels showed a significant high decrease (P < 0.01) in patients compared to the control group. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine levels were also significantly decreased in the control group (P < 0.05), while hemoglobin (Hb) levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared to the thalassemia group.

Vitamin D, often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin’’. Vitamin D is essential for various health conditions, such as bone health and immune function. It can be synthesized by the body through exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, which comes from sunlight. Unfortunately, despite India's abundance of sunshine, vitamin D deficiency is still prevalent in the country. This review explores the multifaceted factors contributing to vitamin D deficiency in rural regions, with a special focus on Ziro in Arunachal Pradesh. Despite its high-altitude location, environmental conditions such as cold weather and overcast skies, coupled with cultural habits like traditional clothing and limited dietary diversity, may restrict adequate ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. By synthesizing data from rural India and contextualizing it for Ziro, this paper highlights the biochemical implications of deficiency, proposes public health interventions like supplementation and fortification, and underscores the need for region-specific research to address tribal health disparities.

Processed and red The Western diet, a modern dietary pattern, typically consists of meat, sugar-filled beverages, candies, chocolates, fried foods, prefabricated meals, refined cereals, conventionally produced animal products, high-fat dairy products, and high-fructose items. The goal of this review is to outline how the Western pattern diet affects gut microbiota and mitochondrial fitness, as well as metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant status. Cancer, mental health, and cardiovascular health; We offer a thorough analysis of how the westernized diet and related nutrients affect immune cell responses as well as the hygienic costs of the Western diet. A consensus critical evaluation utilizing primary sources, including scientific journals, was carried out in order to accomplish this purpose and secondary sources, such as websites, databases, and bibliographic indexes. The project was finished using the Web of Science, Sports Discuss, Embase, Science Direct, ResearchGate, and Scopus. MeSH-compliant terms like "metabolic health," "inflammation," and "Western diet" The terms "metabolism," "oxidative stress," "cancer," "heart disease," "metabolic fitness," and "mental health" were utilized Better knowledge of this dietary pattern, how it affects a person's health and metabolism, and how it affects national sanitary systems will be made possible by this knowledge. Lastly, useful applications based on this knowledge are presented.

This study was conducted to prepare, analysis and antibacterial activity of some selected amino acids (Glycine and Phenylalanine) and their transition metal complexes with Ni(II) and Co(II). The solid complexes were synthesized through condensation of amino acids with appropriate amount of chloride salt of Nickel (II) and Cobalt (II) in (1:2) molar ratio of [M-L] in aqueous media at pH (9.6). The Prepared complexes were subjected to spectroscopic analysis by infrared and UV-Vis. The prepared metal complexes were tested against two gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtitles) and two gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, and Peseuduomonus areruginosa) by using diffusion method. The results of infrared spectra of amino acids metal complexes showed several new bonds formed [M-N, M-O] which indicate that the amino acids acts as bidentate ligands involving carboxylic oxygen and nitrogen atom of amino group in coordination and the electronic spectra of amino acids metal complexes showed absorption bands correspond to the n-σ*, n-π*, and π-π*. The result of the antibacterial tests indicates that the Co(II) Glycine complex possesses higher activity and other metal complexes Co(II) phenylalanine, Ni(II) Glycine, Ni(II) Phenylalanine possess partial activity.