In the last decade, significant advancements in CAD treatment have been made. The existing treatment is medical, surgical, or a combination of both depending on the extent, severity, and clinical presentation of CAD. The collaboration between different science disciplines such as biotechnology and tissue engineering has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies such as stem cells, nanotechnology, robotic surgery, and other advancements (3-D printing and drugs). These treatment modalities show promising effects in managing CAD and associated conditions. Research on stem cells focuses on studying the potential for cardiac regeneration, while nanotechnology research investigates nano-drug delivery and percutaneous coronary interventions including stent modifications and coatings.

Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem affecting major populations worldwide. It is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion with chronic hyperglycaemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Thyroid hormones are secreted from thyroid gland. Thyroid hormone replacement is associated with a decrease in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. The present study was undertaken to study correlation between thyroid profile and glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. A hospital based case control study was carried out in Dept. of Biochemistry, North Bengal Medical College, Sirajganj, Bangladesh from July to December 2022. 100 participants were in the study group and 100 participants in control groups were enrolled by following procedure. Patients aged 30 years or more who came to routine health check-up were taken for the study. Basic information, clinical history was taken from the record files. 50 cases of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy controls were taken. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for thyroid profile, HbA1c, Fasting Blood Sugar and Renal Function Test. We found that there was a positive correlation between TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) and HbA1c levels, and a negative correlation between Thyroid hormones [Triiodothyronine (T3) & Thyroxine (T4)] and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in cases of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. There is a significant decrease in TT3 (Total Triiodothyronine) and TT4 (Total Thyroxine) and significantly increased TSH in cases of Diabetes mellitus as compare to healthy Controls. We found that out of 50 cases of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 31% patients showed thyroid disorders. There is a high prevalence of thyroid disorders in Diabetic patients. If not diagnosed early, it could negatively affect diabetes and its complications. Therefore, routine screening of thyroid profile in diabetic patients is advisable to improve quality of life and reduce morbidity rate.

Currently, the number of students participating in the film translation market in Vietnam is increasing. In English-Vietnamese subtitled films, the discourse marker appears with a fairly high frequency. The discourse marker is one of the key elements in language, especially in communication. With the connecting function, the discourse marker conveys many various meanings in the many contexts in which it is used. In this article, we mention an overview of the discourse marker and conduct specific research of the discourse marker “you know”. With these reasons, the article compares this discourse marker in English with the translated equivalents in the dialogues of the characters of the English-Vietnamese subtitled movie: “Mune- Chiến binh mặt trăng”. By analyzing the context that “you know” is used in the above film, we want to find out the similarities and differences in translating this discourse marker in the communication from English to Vietnamese.

Having high levels of fat in you blood can lead to fatty deposits in the blood vessels in the body, including the coronary arteries (the blood vessels which supply the heart muscle with blood). This leads to the narrowing or hardening of the coronary arteries. Abnormal lipids are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. So by making sure your lipids are well controlled, you are taking a powerful step to protect yourself from cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke. The research work was single blind placebo-controlled, conducted at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore It was conducted from January 2018 to June 2018. Seventy five already diagnosed primary and secondary hyperlipidemic patients were selected with age range from 17 to 65 years. Diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking/alcohol addictive patients, peptic ulcer disease, hypothyroidism, kidney dysfunction, any heart disease and liver disease. All patients were divided in three groups (group-I, group-II, group-III), 25 in each group. All participant’s baseline lipid profile data were taken and filed in specifically designed Performa, at start of taking medicine. Twenty five patients of group-I were advised to take 10 grams of Flaxseeds in three divided doses after meal. Twenty five patients of group-II were advised to take Ajwain seeds 10 grams in three divided doses after each meal for two months. Twenty five patients of group-III were provided placebo capsules, (containing grinded rice), taking one capsule after each meal. All participants were advised to take these medicines for eight weeks. Followup period: All participants were called fortnightly for their query and follow up. Their LDL- cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol was determined at the hospital laboratory. In two months therapy by Flaxseeds decreased LDL-cholesterol from 195.11±2.11 mg/dl to 190.22±3.11 mg/dl, which is significant statistically. HDL was increased from 34.53±1.65 mg/dl to 38.97±2.29 mg/d, which is also significant change. In two months therapy by AJWAIN, LDL-c reduced from 201.51±2.62 mg/dl to 197.11±2.66 mg/dl, which is significant statistically. HDL- cholesterol increased by Ajwain from 36.97±3.32 mg/dl to 37.45±1.87 mg/dl, which is insignificant statistically. It was concluded from this study that Flaxseeds have more effect on HDL-c but Ajwain has lowest effect on this parameter.

Dyslipidemia is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from January to June 2016. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl. In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.

Nanobiotechnology can be defined as the interconnection between technology and nanoscale. Many questions have been raised on ethical and regulatory issues. This has to do with the safety of humans and the environment. In nano biotechnology their a lot of risks and benefits in nanobiology. The EU Commission intends to place nanobiotechnology in the structure. The development of bionanotechnology is fast-growing including the ethical issue. This write-up shows the importance of ethical issues in bionanotechnology, these ethical issues cut across all other fields in biotechnology. In nanotechnology, there is a lot of implication that affects society and human. There is a difference in great impact but many needs to know more about nanotechnology. Some researchers are researching ethical and societal problems.

Background [1-3, 10, 20]: When Dr. John Paterson (1890-1955) of United Kingdom read out his paper on ‘Bowel Nosodes’ to the Rodanienne homoeopathic society at the meeting of the International Homoeopathic League Council in August 1949 at Lyon, France, he actually brought out the relation between biochemistry and homoeopathy. He not only presented the clinical aspects of the ‘bowel nosodes’ but also the biochemical analysis of each of the nosodes. Although Dr. Jacob Moleschott (1832-1893) and Dr. Justus Von Liebig (1803-1873) were the motivators to lay the fundamentals of biochemistry, the motivation could lead to the introduction of Biochemic system of medicine into homoeopathic therapeutics by Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich Schussler (1821-1898) after 24 years of Dr. Paterson’s efforts i.e. in 1973. Dr. Schussler introduced more and more biodynamic explanations for therapeutics of mineral salts. The Biochemic system of medicine or the inorganic cell salt therapy is the oldest form of nutraceutical therapy approved and recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as one of the complementary therapies. Dr. Schussler developed the Schussler tissue remedies using an unique system of cellular therapy, biochemistry (the chemistry of living tissues) which continue to be popular in homoeopathic therapeutics in current times. As each & every drug in Homoeopathy is only proved on human beings, all the drugs have a mental component as it is only human beings who can express their physical & mental symptoms during proving of the drugs as per the guidelines set by the Homoeopathic Research Councils (HRC) of each nation. In India, Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, an autonomous body under the ministry of AYUSH lays out such guidelines. The article gains more relevance during the current COVID 19 pandemic which has precipitated the stress levels of population since March 2020 and most of them are more prone to physical and mental disorders during their life stage thus disturbing the biochemistry of the body. The biochemic system of in homoeopathic therapeutics tries to restore this disturbed biochemistry.