Green finance has become a critical financial mechanism for advancing urban low-carbon transformation, yet its environmental effects remain theoretically contested between the “green promotion” hypothesis and the “green paradox.” Existing literature largely concentrates on industrial and energy-sector transitions, overlooking the urban dimension. Drawing on panel data for 261 Chinese cities from 2006 to 2023, this study employs a panel threshold model with two-way fixed effects to examine the nonlinear relationship between green finance and urban low-carbon transformation, with particular attention to the roles of industrial structure upgrading and government attention. The results reveal that: (1) green finance, industrial structure upgrading, and government attention all significantly facilitate urban low-carbon transformation; (2) both industrial structure upgrading and government attention exert negative moderating effects on the contribution of green finance to urban low-carbon transformation; and (3) these moderating effects display pronounced heterogeneity across cities. The findings extend the theoretical understanding of the environmental effects of green finance within the urban context and uncover the multidimensional drivers of urban low-carbon transition. In practice, this study provides evidence-based insights for improving China’s green financial system, refining industrial upgrading pathways, and enhancing government governance mechanisms, thereby supporting high-quality urban development amid global green transition efforts.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that ‘the thousand character essay’ had been used as a Chinese character textbook for the children in Tchi’n (秦) country. The thousand character essay is called as Tcheonzamun in Korea. There are two methods for Tcheonzamun translation. The first method is through Korean pronunciation of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021b). The second method is through the meaning of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021a). The range of this work is (Tcheonzamun737th-752nd). The theme of this Tcheonzamun poem is shown as follows. 745-748 欣(Heun) 奏(Zu) 累(Lyu) 遣(Gyeon). My husband! If you and me (your wife) can live together on speaking loudly (欣) with the joyful voices (奏). My husband! The sorrow (累) will go out of (遣) our home! It will be done naturally. As a conclusion, this poem is written on Korean grammar style. This Tcheonzamun poem (Tcheonzamun737th-752nd) have been written not by Chinese people but by Korean language speaking people.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) noted in his book that the thousand character essay has been utilized long time for the children for Chinese characters both in China and in Korea. The thousand character essay is called in Korea as Tcheonzamun (Han, 1583). The grammar between these two countries (China and Korea) is very different. However, most of translation were carried out on Chinese grammar (Han, 1583). Recently, several researchers tried to translate Tcheonzamun on Korean grammar (Park et al., 2021) and through Korean pronunciation of Chinese character (Kim, 2023). The present work concerns the translation of Tcheonzamun poem through Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters. The meaning of Tcheonzamun is the same to the English name of ‘the thousand character essay’. The text for this study is somewhat old one (Han, 1583). And the range of this study is sixteen letters of (Tcheonzamun 481st-496th). The translating was done through Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). The present researchers tried to obtain the ‘Modified pronunciation’ from Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun poem. The thousand character essay is the masterpiece in Asia (Dallet, 1874). This study is done in order to translate this Tcheonzamun poem(Tcheonzamun 481st-496th) on Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters. The title of this study is ‘“Thank you so much, My mother in-law, Hilye Sarah Kim!” (Tcheonzamun 481st-496th)’. The next is the result obtained from the present study. <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation in Korean language). “Modified pronunciation in Korean alphabet.” Modified pronunciation in English alphabet>. 481-484 杜(Du) 藁(Go) 種(Zong) 隸(Ye). “되게 좋아?” Doi-ge Zo-ah? My husband! Do you love(Zo-ah?) the other woman better(Doi-ge) than me, your wife? 485-488 漆(Tchil) 書(Seo) 壁(Byeog) 經(Gyeong). “치우셔! 비껴!” Tchi-u-sheo! Bi-ggyeo! My husband! Stop this sickly thing!(Tchi-u-sheo!) And, get out of here!(Bi-ggyeo!) 489-492 府(Bu) 羅(La) 將(Zang) 相(Sang). “부러 잤어?” Bu-leo Za-sseo? My husband! You slept with(Za-sseo?) the other woman! However, do you say that this behavior does not depend on your intention? You want to say that you were forced(Bu-leo) to do it. 493-496 路(No) 俠(Hyeobg) 槐(Gwae) 卿(Gyeong). “눕혀! 개겨!” Nup-hyeo! Gae-gyeo! My family members! Please, lay my husband down(Nup-hyeo!) on the mat! And, my husband! How are you going to protest(Gae-gyeo!) against me(your wife) after this terrible thing? (Now, the wife is full of angry and of grief!) “Thank you so much, My dear mother in-law, Hilye Sarah Kim!”.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) described that the thousand character essay was used during long time for Chinese children for Chinese character. The thousand character essay is called as Tcheonzamun in Korea (Han, 1583). In general, Tcheonzamun was translated in Chinese grammar. Recently, several researchers tried to translate on Korean grammar (Park et al., 2021) and through Korean pronunciation of Chinese character (Kim, 2023). The present research of translation will be done on the basis of the meaning of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun on the method of Park et al., (2021). There are several methods for the translation of Tcheonzamun. The first one is through Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). The second method is on the basis of the meaning of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021). In addition, there is a deleting method of Chinese characters (Kim, 2023). For the present study, the method of Park et al., (2021) was adopted. The range of this study is of (Tcheonzamun 481st-496th). The title of this study is ‘My husband! Then, you and me(your wife) will have our sons in-law and daughter in-law (槐卿). And then, dear my husband! There will be the joyful things(路俠) more and more! (Tcheonzamun 481st-496th)’. The next is the result of the translation of Tcheonzamun poem. <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation shown in Korean language on English alphabet)>. 481-484 杜(Du) 槁(Go) 種(Zong) 隸(Ye). My dear wife! Our children do not respect the saying of us, you and me(your husband, and our health condition now becomes bad and bad(杜槁)! My dear wife! Is it fortunate for us to have been born(種隸) in the world? I do not know whether our lives as the parents are good or not! 485-488 漆(Tchil) 書(Seo) 壁(Byeog) 經(Gyeong). My husband! No, it is not so! Do not say such a negative attitude! You are exaggerating the hardship of us, you and me (your wife)! Please place several books(壁經) near to you! There must be the Bible among the books. My husband! From the books, you can obtain(漆書) some good phrases when you type the message into the cellphone. 489-492 府(Bu) 羅(La) 將(Zang) 相(Sang). My husband! With this behavior your health will become better! Let us not be disappointed! My husband! Until now, our children(府羅) have given us much agony. But when the time passes, our children will be grown up(將相) to the confident adults. And they will become wise. 493-496 路(No) 俠(Hyeobg) 槐(Gwae) 卿(Gyeong). My husband! You and me(your wife) will have our sons in-law and daughter in-law (槐卿). And then, dear my husband! There will be the joyful things(路俠) more and more! Bon courage! (It is the French. In English, “Have courage!”) Now it is spring! Let’s have the hope!.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that the thousand character essay was used long time for Chinese children for Chinese character education, and he explained that there are many differences between Chinese culture and Korean culture. In Korea, the thousand character essay is called as Tcheonzamun (千字文). This study was carried out in order to translate a Tcheonzamun poem into Korean language. The final object of the present work is to know “Who has created this masterpiece (Tcheonzamun) in Asia?” There are several methods for the translation of Tcheonzamun. The first one is through Korean pronunciation of Chinese character (Kim, 2023), this is the method of the present study. The other one is on the basis of the meaning of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021). Generally, Tcheonzamun poem is translated on Chinese grammar (Han, 1583). Despite of this tendency, several researchers tried to translate Tcheonzamun poem of Korean grammar and Korean pronunciation (Park et al., 2021; Kim, 2023). This study concerns the translation of a Tcheonzamun poem (Tcheonzamun 465th-480th). The title of this study is ‘My husband! Your appearance seems like(Gat-nae!) the top part of radish(Muwoo-tong)! (Tcheonzamun 465th-480th)’. The next is the result of this study. <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation in Korean language). “Modified pronunciation in Korean alphabet.” Modified pronunciation in English alphabet>. 465-468 右(Woo) 通(Tong) 廣(Gwang) 內(Nae). “무우 통(右(Woo) 通(Tong)) 같네(廣(Gwang) 內(Nae))!” Muwoo-tong Gat-nae! My husband! Your appearance seems like(Gat-nae!) the top part of radish(Muwoo-tong)! 469-472 左(Zwa) 達(Dal) 承(Seung) 明(Myeong). “자다(左(Zwa) 達(Dal)) 숨어(承(Seung) 明(Myeong))!” Za-da Sum-yeo! My husband! You slept with another woman(Za-da) whom I do not know. My husband! Now you hide yourself from me! (Sum-yeo!) 473-476 旣(Gi) 集(Zib) 墳(Bun) 典(Zeon). “계집(旣(Gi) 集(Zib)) 본 것(墳(Bun) 典(Zeon)).” Gyezib Bon-geot. My husband! There was a rumor that you like(Bon-geot) another woman(Gyezib) better than me (your wife). 477-480 亦(Yeog) 聚(Tchi) 群(Gun) 英(Yeong). “역시(亦(Yeog) 聚(Tchi)) 사실이군요(群(Gun) 英(Yeong))!” Yeog-si Sasili-gun-yo! My husband! I(your wife) wish that it were not the real thing. However(Yeog-si), unfortunately it is true! (Sasili-gun-yo!).

French Missionary Dallet (1874) described that the thousand character essay has been used long time as a textbook for Chinese characters for their children in China and in Korea. The thousand character essay is called as Tcheonzamun(千字文) in Korea (Han, 1583). In the present study, the translation of Tcheonzamun poem (Tcheonzamun 465th-480th) was carried out. However, the main object of this study is “Who has created Tcheonzamun?” For the translation of Tcheonzamun poem, there are several methods (Park et al., 2021; Kim, 2023). Deleting method was utilized for the present study (Kim, 2023). On the present study, somewhat old Tcheonzamun book was used (Han, 1583), and old form of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun was used for this study. Usually, the deletion occurs between the different letters (Kim, 2023). However, sometimes, it occurs on the same Chinese character. In case of the deletion on the same letter, [ ] was located in order to indicate this thing. With the remained part(s) of Chinese character after the deletion, the translation was carried out (Kim, 2023). The title of this study is ‘My husband! Do you want me (your wife) (厶) to be able to say(口) freely with you? My husband! In order for me to do so, the bird(乙) in my spirit must be changed into the child(黃)! (Tcheonzamun 465th-480th)’. There are two repetitions for each line of this poem. It is in order to compare the deleted form with the original form of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun. <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation shown in Korean language on English alphabet)>. 465-468 右(Woo) 通(Tong) 廣(Gwang) 內(Nae). 465-468 右(Woo)-十=口. 通(Tong)-[彡卜-用(彡卜)]-人=厶. 廣(Gwang)-亠(十)-丿=黃. 內(Nae)-人-丨(丿)=乙. My husband! Do you want me (your wife) (厶) to be able to say(口) freely with you? My husband! In order for me to do so, the bird(乙

French Missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that the thousand character essay has been used as the textbook for Chinese characters for their children in China. The thousand character essay is called in Korea as Tcheonzamun (Han, 1583). Recently, several researchers tried to translate Tcheonzamun through the meaning of Chinese character on Korean grammar (Park et al., 2021) and on Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters (Kim, 2023). The object of this study is to translate Tcheonzamun poem. In addition, the object of this translation is to know the possible relation between this Masterpiece of Asia(Tcheonzamun) and Korean history. The range of this translating work is (Tcheonzamun 465th-480th). And the method for the present study is through the meaning of Chinese characters of Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021). The book is somewhat old, the Tcheonzamun book of Han (1583) was utilized for this study. The title of this study is ‘My husband! You have already(旣) gathered(集). many(墳) books(典) for your descendants. My husband! What shall we (you and me, your wife) do now? (Tcheonzamun 465th-480th)’. The next is the result of this study. <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation shown in Korean language on English alphabet)>. 465-468 右(Woo) 通(Tong) 廣(Gwang) 內(Nae). My husband! In this wide(右) place, there are(通) a lot of(廣) things and food in the inner part(內) of this house. It is not bad, it’s good. 469-472 左(Zwa) 達(Dal) 承(Seung) 明(Myeong). My husband! However, there is formidable(左) place where you can teach your son(s) and daughter(s) in order to give(承) them the sagacious wisdom(明) and to make(達) them to be wise. 473-476 旣(Gi) 集(Zib) 墳(Bun) 典(Zeon). My husband! You have already(旣) gathered(集). many(墳) books(典) for your descendants. My husband! What shall