French Missionary Dallet (1874) introduced the thousand character essay to the Western World in his book as the textbook for the children for Chinese characters both in China and in Korea. The thousand character essay is called in Korea as Tcheonzamun (Han, 1583). Tcheonzamun contains the ‘love story’ between the husband and the wife, even though their love is not easy (Park et al., 2021; Kim, 2023). However, at present also, the love between the husband and the wife might be difficult. At first, there are two basics for Tcheonzamun translation. The first basic is on Chinese grammar (Han, 1583), and the second one is on Korean grammar. For the Korean grammar, there are three methods for the Tcheonzamun translation. The first method is on the meaning of Chinese character (Park et al., 2021). The second method is on the deletion of Chinese character of Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). The third one is through Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). The method of the present study is carried out through Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters (Kim, 2023). The range of this study is (Tcheonzamun 689th-704th). Somewhat old Tcheonzamun book (Han, 1583) was utilized for the present study. The title of this study is ‘Because of the love of my wife Hyeonhi to me, I am fortunate with the sincere helps of our two fathers, Mr Yeonghag Park and Mr Ilsoo Joseph Kim! (勉(Myeon) 其(Gi) 祗(Zi) 植(Sig)) (Tcheonzamun 689th-704th)’. <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation in Korean language). Modified pronunciation of Chinese character on Korean language in Korean alphabet. Modified pronunciation of Chinese character on Korean language in English alphabet >. 689-692 聆(Yeong) 音 (Eum) 察(Tchal) 理(Ri). “옆을 차리!” Yeop-eul Tcha-ri! My husband! I wish to kick (Tcha-ri!) you on the side (Yeop-eul) of your body! 693-696 鑑(Gam) 貌(Mo) 辨(Pan) 色(Saeg). “감아 펴세!” Gam-a Pyeo-se! My husband! I want to seize you (Gam-a), and again I hope to push you! (Pyeo-se!) 697-670 貽(I) 厥(Gwyeol) 嘉(Ga) 猷(Yu) “이길꺼야!” I-gil geo-ya! My husband! I want to be superior to you! (I-gil geo-ya!) 701-704 勉(Myeon) 其(Gi) 祗(Zi) 植(Sig). “엿 먹여 자식!” Yeot-meog-yeo Za-sig! I will make my unfaithful husband (Za-sig!) to be into the very difficult condition (Yeot-meog-yeo)! Because of the love of my wife Hyeonhi to me, I am fortunate with the sincere helps of our two fathers, Mr Yeonghag Park and Mr Ilsoo Joseph Kim!.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that the thousand character essay was long time utilized as the textbook for Chinese character for the children both in China and in Korea. In the book, tens of Chinese characters on the thousand character essay were included (Dallet, 1874). The thousand character essay is called as Tcheonzamun (千字文) in Korea (Han, 1583). Which is the more important in the life? The author(s) of Tcheonzamun seemed to consider that the marriage is the best valuable thing on our life, and the author(s) thought that the marriage life is truly difficult for the husband and the wife (Park et al., 2021; Kim, 2023). On the present work, the researchers will treat the problem on the marriage. The range of this study is of (Tcheonzamun 017th-032nd). For the present researchers, there are three translating methods. The first one is on the basis of the meaning of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021). The second one is through Korean pronunciation of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). The third one, the method on the present work, is the deleting method (Kim, 2023). If there are same part(s) between the different Chinese characters on the same line, they will be deleted. The line is, for example, (017-020 寒(Han) 來(Lae) 暑(Seo) 往(Wang)). If there are the similar part(s) between the different Chinese characters on the same line, they will be deleted. And, if there are the same or the similar part(s) on the same Chinese character itself, they will be also deleted. As the textbook for this study, somewhat old Tcheonzamun book (Han, 1583) was used. The title of this study is ‘My husband! Do you want to make nothing of (律(Yul)) the advancement (丿) on our family? Please, simply remove (冂) the bright thing (昜) in our home! The speaking of me (your wife) is the bright thing in our home (律(Yul) 呂(Yeo) 調(Zo) 陽(Yang)) (Tcheonzamun 017th-032nd)’. <Number in Tcheonzamun(the thousand character essay). Chinese character (Pronunciation shown in Korean language on English alphabet)>. There are two replicates of same line in order to show the process of deleting method (Kim, 2023). [ ] mark shows that there are deletion on the same letter. ( ) mark indicates the deletion of similar part of Chinese character. 017-020 寒(Han) 來(Lae) 暑(Seo) 往(Wang). 017-020 寒(Han)-二-主-‡-丿-丶=宀. 來(Lae)-八(二)-‡=人. 暑(Seo)-丿=曰土曰. 往(Wang)-主-丿(丶)=彳. My husband! Do you want me (your wife) (人) to be well in our home (宀)? My husband! For the purpose, I (your wife) must be able to speak (曰) freely and slowly (彳). And then, I (your wife) must be able to say (曰) to you comfortably, and you and me each other, we have to be at the easy condition (土) for our talking. 021-024 秋(Tchu) 收(Su) 冬(Dong) 藏(Zang). 021-024 秋(Tchu)-丿-木=火. 收(Su)-攵=凵. 冬(Dong)-攵=二. 藏(Zang)-艹(木)-丿=戈目. My husband! If you do not want me (your wife) to talk (凵), and if you want like fire (火) to nullify the ambience for the conversation among you and me. My husband! Please let’s fight against each other! Let’s have the cruel eyes (目) like the spear (戈) among us, you and me, the two persons (二). 025-028 閏(Yun) 餘(Yeo) 成(Seong) 歲(Se). 025-028 閏(Yun)-一-土=門. 餘(Yeo)-人-土-小=食. 成(Seong)-戈-ㄱ(一)=丨. 歲(Se)-戈-厂(人)-小=山. My husband! Do you really want that you and me (your wife) to be rich (食) in our home (門)? We must destroy (丨) the great barrier like mountain (山). My husband! Do you think what the mountain is here? It is without talking among the husband and the wife! 029-032 律(Yul) 呂(Yeo) 調(Zo) 陽(Yang). 029-032 律(Yul). 呂(Yeo)-[口-口]=丿. 調(Zo)-[三口-吉]-一=冂. 陽(Yang)-[口-口]-[丿- 丿]-[一-丨(一)]=昜. My husband! Do you want to make nothing of (律(Yul)) the advancement (丿) on our family? Please, simply remove (冂) the bright thing (昜) in our home! The speaking of me (your wife) is the bright thing in our home.

The present study aimed to examine the effect of concept mapping strategy on problem-solving ability in Mathematics among secondary school students. A true experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was adopted for the study. The sample consisted of 60 students, selected through random sampling and divided into experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. A researcher-developed Problem-Solving Ability Test was used for data collection, and its reliability was established prior to administration. The experimental group was taught using concept mapping strategy, while the control group received traditional lecture-based instruction for a period of four weeks. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and independent samples t-test. The results revealed no significant difference between the groups in the pre-test, indicating initial equivalence. However, a significant difference was observed in the post-test scores (t = 6.15, p < 0.01), with the experimental group showing higher performance. The findings indicate that concept mapping strategy has a positive and significant effect on students’ problem-solving ability in Mathematics. The study suggests that incorporating visual and structured learning strategies can enhance conceptual understanding and improve academic outcomes. Therefore, concept mapping is recommended as an effective instructional approach in Mathematics classrooms.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) introduced a Chinese character-written book to Western world. The book is called as Tcheonzamun (Han, 1583) in Korea. Tcheonzamun (千字文) means a thousand (千) character (字) essay (文). The present study concerns the translation of Tcheonzamun poem. The present researchers have interests on the origin of Tcheonzamun; is the author Chinese or Korean? There are several methods for the translation of Tcheonzamun poem. The first one is through Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). The second one is through the meaning of Chinese characters on this Tcheonzamun poem (Park et al., 2021). In addition, deleting method was utilized (Kim, 2023). The method is found by chance (Kim, 2023). <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation in Korean language). “Modified pronunciation in Korean alphabet.” Modified pronunciation in English alphabet>. 205-208 克(Keug) 念(Nyeom) 作(Zag) 聖(Seong). “그냥 자셔!” Keu-nyang Za-syeo! (The parents say to the husband of their daughter, the son in-law) Oh my son! Take this meal (Za-syeo!), it is for you! Other things are not necessary! (Keu-nyang). <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation shown in Korean language on English alphabet)>. 197-200(2) 詩(Si) 讚(Tchan) 羔(Ko) 羊(Yang). 197-200(2) 詩(Si)-言-土-丨=丁. 讚(Tchan)-言-土-灬-丨=貝. 羔(Ko)-羊-灬=(nothing). 羊(Yang)-羊=(nothing). Our Lord! Somebody is an ordinary man or a common woman (nothing). And if we want to say that the person is not great (nothing). What will be the method? It is very simple. To change the common man (丁) or the ordinary woman into the extraordinary man (貝) or the special woman. Our Lord Jesus! It is my wife Hyeonhi who has made me, the ordinary man, to become the talented man. Hyeonhi has grown me, she has changed me Augustin from the poor state into the present good state. The title of this study is ‘Hyeonhi has grown me, she has changed me Augustin from the poor state into the present good state (Tcheonzamun 193rd-208th)’.

Crisis events, including natural disasters, pandemics, and socio-political emergencies, demand rapid, coordinated responses from multiple organizations and sectors. Interagency collaboration and network governance have emerged as essential frameworks for effective crisis management. This theoretical paper explores the principles, mechanisms, and challenges of interagency collaboration in crises, drawing upon literature from public administration, organizational theory, and disaster management. Key elements include shared situational awareness, clear communication channels, joint decision-making, trust-building, and institutionalized coordination protocols. Network governance models facilitate cooperation across hierarchical and sectoral boundaries, enabling integrated responses that improve efficiency, resource allocation, and resilience. The paper also highlights barriers, including institutional silos, power asymmetries, and information-sharing constraints. Recommendations focus on building trust, standardizing procedures, leveraging technology, and fostering adaptive capacities to strengthen interagency coordination in complex crisis environments.

The integration of digital technologies has transformed crisis administration, enabling real-time data collection, rapid communication, and evidence-based decision-making. Public and private organizations increasingly rely on digital platforms, geographic information systems (GIS), big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery during crises. This theoretical paper examines the opportunities and challenges associated with the adoption of digital technologies in crisis administration. Drawing upon literature from public administration, information systems, and disaster management, the paper highlights the benefits of enhanced situational awareness, efficient resource allocation, and improved stakeholder engagement. At the same time, it addresses risks including cybersecurity threats, digital divide issues, misinformation, and over-reliance on technology. Recommendations are provided for integrating digital technologies into organizational frameworks to improve adaptive capacity, resilience, and overall crisis management effectiveness.

The post-war era in Sudan presents unique challenges and opportunities for rebuilding institutions, governance structures, and social systems. Effective administration is critical to achieving stability, economic recovery, and societal cohesion. This paper evaluates the role of administrative leadership in Sudan during the post-war era, with a focus on rebuilding public institutions, restoring higher education systems, managing resources, and engaging stakeholders. Drawing on post-conflict governance theory, adaptive leadership, and organizational resilience frameworks, the paper analyzes the strategies, challenges, and successes of administrative bodies in navigating post-conflict reconstruction. Lessons learned highlight the importance of transparency, innovation, stakeholder collaboration, and institutional resilience in ensuring sustainable recovery. Policy recommendations emphasize capacity-building, digital infrastructure, participatory governance, and strategic planning to strengthen administrative effectiveness in post-war Sudan.