Zoonotic parasites are those that can infect humans and live on other animals. Several species, including goats, horses, cattle, and pigs, were later domesticated for meat or dairy products, which contributed to the spread of these diseases. Zoonosis is the term used to describe the spread of disease from one species to another as a result of contact between these two groups. The most zoonotic protozoa found in Iraq are Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Toxoplasma gondii and leishmania spp. The main zoonotic helminths are trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes. Trematodes include Fasciola hepatica Cestodes include Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia spp., Diphyllobothrium latum, Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana. Nematodes are Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara caninium and Trichuris trichiura.

Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the sustained delivery of Tolnaftate using topical polymeric microsponges. Materials and Methods: Tolnaftate-loaded microsponges made of ethyl cellulose were prepared via quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion. The effects of the drug-to-polymer ratio on active drug content, particle size, and entrapment efficiency were examined. The optimized formulation was incorporated into a Carbopol gel and evaluated for drug content, pH, viscosity, and in vitro drug release. The study considered internal phase volume, stirring rate, and emulsifier concentration as variables and analyzed their impact on entrapment efficiency and particle size. Results: Increasing stirring speed reduced particle size and improved entrapment efficiency, while a higher volume of dichloromethane decreased particle size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed porous and spherical microsponges. The 1.5:1 drug-to-polymer ratio yielded the highest active drug content, optimal entrapment efficiency, and smallest particle size, making it the preferred ratio for further studies. Conclusions: The drug release from the microsponge gel was more sustained compared to both the marketed product and pure drug gel. An ex vivo drug deposition study using rat abdominal skin showed satisfactory drug deposition. These polymeric microsponges show potential as a topical drug delivery system for antifungal therapy.

Self-medication is a widely practiced behavior, especially among university students, and is influenced by a variety of socio-economic and cultural factors. This cross-sectional study investigates self-medication practices among university students in Bangladesh and Malaysia, focusing on the prevalence, types of drugs used, reasons for self-medication, and the awareness of its associated risks. A total of 731 students (514 from Bangladesh and 217 from Malaysia) in the study completed a structured questionnaire. The results reveal that self-medication was significantly more prevalent among Bangladeshi students (76.34%) compared to Malaysian students (39.2%). Financial barriers, lack of awareness, and difficulty in accessing healthcare services were the main drivers of self-medication in Bangladesh, while in Malaysia, peer influence and convenience were the primary reasons. The study highlights the importance of targeted interventions to raise awareness about the risks of self-medication and to improve healthcare access for students.

Mebendazole was introduced in 1971 and is not soluble in water or other organic solvents, it is also not absorbed from the intestinal tract in a high-fat context. Both albendazole and mebendazole have a low rate of absorption in the human intestine. These drugs primarily target parasites in the stomach's lumen, and their metabolites are effective against parasites in the stomach's muscles and tissues. For instance, albendazole sulfoxide is the primary metabolite that possesses anthelmintic properties. Metabolites of mebendazole are expelled in the urine. Both drugs negatively affect the function of microtubules in parasites and mammalian cells, this results in the depletion of the parasites' glycogen stores. Current helminth control strategies involve periodic deworming with albendazole or mebendazole. However, concerns about drug resistance and the persistence of high prevalence rates suggest the need for additional strategies, such as improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and optimized treatment regimens. Albendazole and mebendazole are highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, with a single dose of albendazole showing a cure rate of 96% and mebendazole showing a cure rate of 92.3%. Mebendazole's efficacy against hookworms varies, but a recommended dosing regimen improves effectiveness. Mebendazole's effectiveness against Trichuris trichiura depends on the dosing regimen. It is less effective against hymenolepiasis, where praziquantel is preferred. Mebendazole has also been used to treat Giardia lamblia infections. In summary, STH infections are a significant health issue, and albendazole and mebendazole are commonly used drugs for treatment. However, there is a need for additional strategies to address drug resistance and improve treatment efficacy. Mebendazole has potential side effects and should be used with caution, especially during pregnancy.

The objective of this experimental investigation was to examine the efficacy of eugenol. Against arthritis induced by complete Freund's Adjuvants (CFA) injected subcutaneously into the hind paw of the experimental rat model. Macroscopic clinical indication of Polyarthritis shows first erythema and edema in the hind paws of rat. Groups of this experiment were divided as follows, first groups was positive control while second and third groups received daily treatment with eugenol and dexamethasone orally via intragastric tube at doses (10 mg/ and 1mg/ Kg) respectively for 7 days. The initiation of treatment occurred on the day 7 from the day of induction of arthritis and continued up to day 14, at which point the rats were each sacrificed. The left and right paw volume variations were all measured on different days up to 14 days and after14 days, Tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin -10, and histopathological change were measured. Significant reduction (P≤0.05) in the development of edema in the hind paw was observed in the group treated with eugenol compared to dexamethasone and positive control groups. The histological examination revealed that the groups treated with eugenol had a normal articular cartilage and joint cavity, in contrast to the other group. Furthermore, eugenol maintained normal levels of the cytokine markers as inflammatory indicators, with significant difference from control groups. consequently, the results of the current investigation indicate that eugenol can be used as anti-inflammatory treatments and can be used as a beneficial adjuvant in the treatment of human arthritis.

The focus of this work is the preparation and characterization of mixed ligand mercury (II) complexes with involvement of 4-fluoro-2-cyanoaminothiophenalate (F-CAT) as the initial ligand and amine or triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as an additive ligand. The complexes were prepared by a straight forward method by increasing the solution of HgCl2 in ethanol and F-CAT and then adding the corresponding co-ligands (AlJanabi et al., 2017). The synthesized complexes were further scrutinized using various spectroscopy techniques such as UV-Visible, IR, and NMR. UV–Vis profiles further exhibited bands characteristic of LMCT transitions, which further validated the successful coordination of F-CAT and the co-ligands to the mercurate ion. Additional support to the observed successful coordination was extracted from the shifts in the proton resonance frequency signals obtained from 1H NMR. Furthermore, 31P NMR study of Hg(F-CAT) PPh3 exhibited that PPh3 has coordinated to the mercury center. The similarities to literature results underlined our results as coherent with the existing pattern of mercury (II) complexation. The investigations presented in this work advance the overall knowledge of mercury (II) coordination chemistry and provide unique visions for the use of HELM in catalysis, material sciences, and medicinal chemistry.

Drug resistance became a well-known problem in different areas of pharmacology, including anti-cancer therapy and antibiotics. The overcoming of drug resistance either by different drugs or doses, increases the risk of tissue toxicity. The combination of single FDA-approved drugs became one of the solutions shorting the time for new drug approval, and lowering the cost of manufacturing and transporting of drug to pharmacy shelves. Every day a new combination is investigated to narrow the gap in different pharmacological requirements. Lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used and are widely available globally. The study aimed to investigate four probabilities of combinations of three single drugs Rosuvastatine (Ro), Celecoxib (Ce), and Colchicine (Co) on biochemical and Complete Blood Count parameters (CBC) to evaluate the reliability and probable effects of these drugs on normal body function. Nine groups (n=6) of Wistar Albino Rats were inoculated with single and combinations of drugs for eight days using the maximum normal human doses of each drug, blood samples were collected in the middle, and at the end of the experiment. Results showed that combinations induced abnormal biochemical, and CBC parameters in ALT, AST, Creatinine, and RBC parameters in all but one (Rosuvastatine-Celecoxibe-Colchicine) of the combination. The study concluded that the combination could be used except that showed a higher level of abnormal physiological parameters, and percussions should taken by more pharmacological and physiological investigation in a bigger scale of studies including longer durations and different animal models before the combinations utilized by human.