Gut microbiota (GMB) occupy the body at birth with the newborn swallowing microbacteria from the birth canal, and evolve with aging. Bacteria make up most of the gut microorganisms and up to 60% of the dry fecal mass. The GMB is consist of of ~100 trillion bacteria, 10-fold the number of cells in the human body. The collective genome of these bacteria (microbiome) is 150-fold larger than the human genome. Whereas, the preservation of normal microbiota is encouraged by lower modulatory levels of controlling T cells secreting IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), which decrease inflammation [22]. In addition, the mutualistic reaction to be related to a variability of regulatory T-cells subsets in a real-life gut flora, inclusive of symbiotic, commensal with the probable to become pathogenic, and pathogenic microorganisms. In that complicated situation, Bacteroidetes species reduce intestinal inflammation and promote regulatory T cells induction. However, these replies support the preservation of self-tolerance, and suggest a key role of probiotics in preserving a healthier intestinal microbiota.

Introduction: The consequences of expensive antipsychotics medication can be two-folds. One, patients can become more impoverished due to the spending of limited financial resources on the procurement of antipsychotics. Second, the high cost of antipsychotics may be discouraging and therefore lead to poor adherence and therapeutic failure. The objective was to determine the levels of impoverishment, catastrophic expenditure and the number of days the least paid government worker will have to work due to out-of-pocket (OOP) payments of antipsychotics in a sample of patients receiving treatment for schizophrenia in Benin City. Method: A community-based cross-sectional survey among respondents who are being managed for schizophrenia was conducted using two-stage cluster sampling procedure. Outcome measures were poverty headcount ratio, poverty gap index, catastrophic expenditure and the number of days the least paid government worker will have to work to procure antipsychotics. Results: Patients with schizophrenia receiving olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol, trifluoperazine or chlorpromazine medication are being further impoverished by 11.1%, 7.4%, 3.7%, 3.7% and 1.9% respectively, at the risk of catastrophic expenses by 70%, 64%, 28%, 28%, 34% respectively while that of number of days the least paid government worker will have to work to get their drugs were 1.8 day, 1.35 day, 0.15 day, 0.15 day, 0.21 day respectively. Conclusion: Antipsychotics such as olanzapine and risperidone are far less affordable than chlorpromazine, haloperidol and trifluoperazine.

Hydrazones are an important class of biologically active molecules and could be synthesized from various methods. Similarly 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivatives of 4-methoxyphenyl propenone chalcones are equally important hydrazones that were synthesized by the coupling of 2,4-dinitrophenyl and the 4-methoxyphenyl propenone chalcones counterparts. The coupling reaction resulted in making non - reactive 4-methoxyphenyl propenone chalcones becoming more reactive by exhibiting antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant activity.

Female sex workers are degraded by society all over the world. Most of them suffered from depression and different sorts of mental disorders are developed among them. To find out the psychiatric disorders among female sex worker seeking medical treatment in a STI/RTI treatment centre run by Non Governmental Organization (NGO), Dhaka. This cross-sectional study was conducted at outdoor treatment centre of an NGO in Dhaka city from January 2019 to December 2019 over a period of one year. Fifty female sex workers were selected for this study. The mean age of the respondents was 33.2 ± 7.9 years within the range of 21 – 47 years. Almost two-thirds of the respondents just completed their primary education and 22.0% of the respondents were illiterate. Maximum respondents were either single or live away from family. Only 32.0% of the respondents lived with their respective husbands. More than half of the respondents had no good relationship with their respective husbands. The average monthly income was 235 US Dollar (USD). Income varied from 47 USD to 588 USD. About 36% of respondents had family members more than 04 persons. Family members varied from 01 to 07. As a sex partner, most of the respondents preferred males and the most preferable route was mouth. 38.0% of the respondents used barrier and 18.0% of the respondents had a selective client. According to DSM-5, Major Depressive Disorders was observed in 62% respondents, Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder 18%, anti-social personality disorder was observed in 08% respondents and Histrionic personality disorder was observed in 12.0% respondents. The prevalence of Psychiatric morbidities is an under attended problem in Bangladesh. To the author’s best knowledge this is the first psychiatrist approach to female sex workers in Bangladesh .Further large scale extensive studies would be necessary for better visualization of the extent of the issue.

The study was designed to access the involvement of Pharmacists towards achieving the goals of Primary Healthcare activities, especially the childhood components within Asaba and its environs. Patients data (children and pregnant women) were obtained from the public health department of Federal Medical Centre, Asaba including the schedule for immunization, types of vaccines at birth, six weeks, ten weeks, fourteen weeks, six months, nine months and their respective route of administration for the complete stimulation of the immune system. The pregnant women registered for tetanus toxoid injection for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th doses to complete tetanus toxoid for life, were also obtained. These data were carefully analyzed to checkmate the contributions and involvement of Pharmacists in immunization/vaccination and other public health activities. Three months data was used for the study. It was observed that the Pharmacists in the health facility play little or no role in the childhood components of Primary Healthcare. Although the vaccines were stored in the central store of the facility, the custodians of the vaccination activity were the nurses in the public health department of the facility. The most frequent administered vaccines among all were oral polio vaccine, followed by pentavalent vaccine, while measles vaccine was the least. For the tetanus toxoid, there was serious non-adherence issues based on the data analyzed. Pharmacists has a key role to play in educating mothers and families on the safety and adverse reactions of vaccines, as well as practical involvement of public health activities to achieve the ultimate goal of primary healthcare, hence proper compliance and reduction of vaccine preventable diseases.

Medication management is complex process. It is very potential process for the patient safety. Recent JCI STUDY published (March 13, 2019), in 2018, The Joint Commission reviewed a total of 801 sentinel events. Medication errors are the 10 most frequently reported types of sentinel events in 2018. The main aim of study is to smoothening of medication management process. In this process there are many persons involves like Doctor, Nurses, Pharmacists, Hourse keeping, and PCA. Initially we were nothing in medication safety….even we didn’t know about medication safety in details… We read the standards of NABH, JCI and Pharmacie de qualite….there are so many improvement scope for medication safety in our hospitals…we done 6 NABH Audit, 2 JCI Audit and 4 Pharmacie De Qualite Audit for continuous improvement of medication safety in hospitals. For continuous review of the medication-use process and to assess compliance with Medication Management Standards. We did the audit of various parameters of medication management as per JCI Standards. We took comparative data of 2018-19 and 2019-20. We made Google form and collect the data and compare the data.. we found significant improvement from this tracer methodology. Now a day this tracer method is habit in our institute. Implementing this proactive strategy will improve the ability of institutions to continuously review the medication-use system in various practice areas and identify deviations in policy and practice. Consistency and continuous follow up for this audit is very most important tool for safe medication practices.

In this review article, discussion was made about liposomes. These are the one amongst the various drug delivery system used to target the drug to particular tissue. Liposomes were spherical shaped vesicles that consist of phospholipids and cholesterol. Due to their size and hydrophobic and lipophilic character they are very promising system for drug delivery. This novel drug delivery system aims to target the drug directly onto the site of action. Liposomes are very biocompatible and stable and they also have unique property to entrap both the hydrophilic drug and the lipophilic drug to its compartment and lead to the controlled release effect. In this article various techniques for the preparation of liposomes, advantages and limitations was discussed in detail. Liposomal gel preparation and evaluation was also elaborated.