Mebendazole was introduced in 1971 and is not soluble in water or other organic solvents, it is also not absorbed from the intestinal tract in a high-fat context. Both albendazole and mebendazole have a low rate of absorption in the human intestine. These drugs primarily target parasites in the stomach's lumen, and their metabolites are effective against parasites in the stomach's muscles and tissues. For instance, albendazole sulfoxide is the primary metabolite that possesses anthelmintic properties. Metabolites of mebendazole are expelled in the urine. Both drugs negatively affect the function of microtubules in parasites and mammalian cells, this results in the depletion of the parasites' glycogen stores. Current helminth control strategies involve periodic deworming with albendazole or mebendazole. However, concerns about drug resistance and the persistence of high prevalence rates suggest the need for additional strategies, such as improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and optimized treatment regimens. Albendazole and mebendazole are highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, with a single dose of albendazole showing a cure rate of 96% and mebendazole showing a cure rate of 92.3%. Mebendazole's efficacy against hookworms varies, but a recommended dosing regimen improves effectiveness. Mebendazole's effectiveness against Trichuris trichiura depends on the dosing regimen. It is less effective against hymenolepiasis, where praziquantel is preferred. Mebendazole has also been used to treat Giardia lamblia infections. In summary, STH infections are a significant health issue, and albendazole and mebendazole are commonly used drugs for treatment. However, there is a need for additional strategies to address drug resistance and improve treatment efficacy. Mebendazole has potential side effects and should be used with caution, especially during pregnancy.

The objective of this experimental investigation was to examine the efficacy of eugenol. Against arthritis induced by complete Freund's Adjuvants (CFA) injected subcutaneously into the hind paw of the experimental rat model. Macroscopic clinical indication of Polyarthritis shows first erythema and edema in the hind paws of rat. Groups of this experiment were divided as follows, first groups was positive control while second and third groups received daily treatment with eugenol and dexamethasone orally via intragastric tube at doses (10 mg/ and 1mg/ Kg) respectively for 7 days. The initiation of treatment occurred on the day 7 from the day of induction of arthritis and continued up to day 14, at which point the rats were each sacrificed. The left and right paw volume variations were all measured on different days up to 14 days and after14 days, Tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin -10, and histopathological change were measured. Significant reduction (P≤0.05) in the development of edema in the hind paw was observed in the group treated with eugenol compared to dexamethasone and positive control groups. The histological examination revealed that the groups treated with eugenol had a normal articular cartilage and joint cavity, in contrast to the other group. Furthermore, eugenol maintained normal levels of the cytokine markers as inflammatory indicators, with significant difference from control groups. consequently, the results of the current investigation indicate that eugenol can be used as anti-inflammatory treatments and can be used as a beneficial adjuvant in the treatment of human arthritis.

The focus of this work is the preparation and characterization of mixed ligand mercury (II) complexes with involvement of 4-fluoro-2-cyanoaminothiophenalate (F-CAT) as the initial ligand and amine or triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as an additive ligand. The complexes were prepared by a straight forward method by increasing the solution of HgCl2 in ethanol and F-CAT and then adding the corresponding co-ligands (AlJanabi et al., 2017). The synthesized complexes were further scrutinized using various spectroscopy techniques such as UV-Visible, IR, and NMR. UV–Vis profiles further exhibited bands characteristic of LMCT transitions, which further validated the successful coordination of F-CAT and the co-ligands to the mercurate ion. Additional support to the observed successful coordination was extracted from the shifts in the proton resonance frequency signals obtained from 1H NMR. Furthermore, 31P NMR study of Hg(F-CAT) PPh3 exhibited that PPh3 has coordinated to the mercury center. The similarities to literature results underlined our results as coherent with the existing pattern of mercury (II) complexation. The investigations presented in this work advance the overall knowledge of mercury (II) coordination chemistry and provide unique visions for the use of HELM in catalysis, material sciences, and medicinal chemistry.

Drug resistance became a well-known problem in different areas of pharmacology, including anti-cancer therapy and antibiotics. The overcoming of drug resistance either by different drugs or doses, increases the risk of tissue toxicity. The combination of single FDA-approved drugs became one of the solutions shorting the time for new drug approval, and lowering the cost of manufacturing and transporting of drug to pharmacy shelves. Every day a new combination is investigated to narrow the gap in different pharmacological requirements. Lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used and are widely available globally. The study aimed to investigate four probabilities of combinations of three single drugs Rosuvastatine (Ro), Celecoxib (Ce), and Colchicine (Co) on biochemical and Complete Blood Count parameters (CBC) to evaluate the reliability and probable effects of these drugs on normal body function. Nine groups (n=6) of Wistar Albino Rats were inoculated with single and combinations of drugs for eight days using the maximum normal human doses of each drug, blood samples were collected in the middle, and at the end of the experiment. Results showed that combinations induced abnormal biochemical, and CBC parameters in ALT, AST, Creatinine, and RBC parameters in all but one (Rosuvastatine-Celecoxibe-Colchicine) of the combination. The study concluded that the combination could be used except that showed a higher level of abnormal physiological parameters, and percussions should taken by more pharmacological and physiological investigation in a bigger scale of studies including longer durations and different animal models before the combinations utilized by human.

A rise in the number of women suffering from SLE has been noted by researchers. The research comprised 70 patients and thirty healthy normals. They were between the ages of fifteen and fifty-three; the sample was gathered from different clinics in Iraq. The Blood samples were taken for serum isolation. The serumis used for evaluation of serum glucose level, triglyceride level, cholesterol level, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), urea nitrogen level, uric acid. The results showed that AST and ALT were increased significantly in SLE patients. cholesterol and triglycerides have increased significantly, according to biochemical tests. Serum glucose, urea nitrogen, and uric acid levels changed by a negligible amount. In conclusion, SLE has an effect on liver functions and lipid profile while it doesn’t affect Kidney functions and fasting glucose levels.

The experiment involved thirty male rats divided into six groups. One group received saline as a control, another received monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) to induce OA, and the remaining four groups received MIA alongside various treatments: chitosan NPs, curcumin-loaded chitosan at two different doses (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg), or ibuprofen, a common pain medication. The researchers monitored changes in the knee joints by measuring their diameter and examining X-ray images throughout the experiment. The results revealed that curcumin nanoparticles, particularly at the higher dose (300 mg/kg), were significantly more effective than chitosan or the lower curcumin dose (150 mg/kg) in reducing joint swelling and preventing cartilage degeneration. Interestingly, this higher dose of curcumin nanoparticles demonstrated effectiveness comparable to ibuprofen. These findings suggest that curcumin nanoparticles have the potential to be a valuable therapeutic agent for OA. Their anti-inflammatory properties may offer relief from pain and swelling in the joints, while the nanoparticle delivery system may improve curcumin's bioavailability and effectiveness compared to traditional curcumin. The study paves the way for curcumin nanoparticles as a potential alternative to NSAIDs for OA patients who experience side effects or intolerance to these medications.

The present study was aimed to isolation and identification Candida species from different clinical cases and to determine antifungal resistance. A total of 116 samples were collected from various clinical cases, including 41 oral swabs from children with oral thrush attending Tikrit Maternity and Paediatrics Teaching Hospital in Tikrit, 32 vaginal swabs from women with vaginal candidiasis, and 43 urine samples from individuals with urinary tract infection. The morphological and biochemical testing revealed that 16 (45.7%) isolates of Candida spp. were found in the oral samples and were determined to be pathogenic, 10 (31.1%) from vaginal swabs, 14 isolates (36%) from urine samples, C.tropicalis pathogenic samples that 6(17.3%) isolate from oral samples, 7 (21.8 %) from vaginal swabs, 10 isolates (26%) from urine samples, C.parapsilosis pathogenic samples that 5 (14.2%) isolate from oral samples, 8 (25.3%) from vaginal swabs, 13 isolates (33%) from urine samples. While C.krusei pathogenic samples that 8 (22.8%) isolate from oral samples, 7 (21.8%) from vaginal swabs, and 2 isolates (5%) from urine samples. Agar well diffusion method results revealed that the Rezafungin was the most effective antifngal which inhibited 87.9%.