Oxalis corniculata has been traditionally recognized for its medicinal properties, yet its anti- inflammatory potential remains underexplored. This study investigates its pharmacognostic characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity, focusing on enzyme inhibition and modulation of key inflammatory pathways. The extract was obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), with optimization enhancing the yield of total phenolic and flavonoid content. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated through in vitro human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and protein denaturation inhibition assays. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking and network pharmacology analyses were conducted to elucidate interactions between bioactive compounds and key inflammatory targets. The optimized UAE method significantly improved the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds. The extract exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 65.27 µg/mL (HRBC assay) and 68.003 µg/mL (protein denaturation assay), comparable to standard anti-inflammatory agents. Network pharmacology analysis identified Beta- Sitosterol, apigenin, betulic acid, and swertisin as key active compounds interacting with crucial inflammatory mediators, including IL6, COX-2, NF-κB1, STAT3, MAPK8, TNF, NOS2, and TLR4. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement of the IL- 17 signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling, cytokine regulation, oxidative stress response, and immune signaling, highlighting the extract's multi-targeted anti-inflammatory action. Oxalis corniculata demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity through enzyme inhibition and modulation of inflammatory pathways. Its polypharmacological nature supports its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for inflammation-related disorders. Further in vivo and clinical studies are warranted to validate its efficacy and therapeutic applications.

Valeriana wallichii has been traditionally used for various therapeutic applications, yet its anti-diabetic potential remains underexplored. This study investigates the pharmacognostic characteristics and anti-diabetic activity of V. wallichii extracts obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The extraction process was optimized using UAE, and the phytochemical composition was analyzed. The anti-diabetic potential was evaluated through in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Additionally, in silico molecular docking and network pharmacology studies were conducted to elucidate the interactions of bioactive compounds with key diabetic targets and metabolic pathways. The optimized UAE method significantly enhanced the yield of total phenolic and flavonoid content. The extract exhibited potent α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 60.36 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 54.64 µg/mL), demonstrating activity comparable to standard acarbose. Network pharmacology analysis revealed strong interactions of key phytoconstituents, including Beta-Sitosterol, Linoleic acid, and Hesperidin, with crucial metabolic targets such as PPARG, INSR, AKT1, PIK3R1, MTOR, and IGF1R. These targets are central to insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Key pathways, including PPAR signaling, AMPK signaling, insulin resistance, and adipocytokine signaling, exhibited high connectivity (>400 edges), indicating their crucial role in metabolic homeostasis. The study underscores the polypharmacological potential of V. wallichii, where multiple bioactive compounds act synergistically to regulate metabolic pathways, a characteristic feature of natural product based drug discovery. V. wallichii demonstrates strong anti-diabetic potential through enzyme inhibition and modulation of key metabolic pathways. The findings highlight its multi-targeted therapeutic approach, supporting its potential use in diabetes management. Further in vivo and clinical studies are warranted to validate these results.

Background and Aim: Kidney disease represents a growing global challenge that disproportionately impacts impoverished, vulnerable, and marginalized communities, leading to significant individual, healthcare, and societal expenses. The current investigation focused on assessment of the role of zingiber officinale aqueous ginger extract (AGE) on induced kidney dysfunctions in male rats as a model. Methods: This study was performed on 40 male rats divided into 4 groups each group included 10 white Albino rats. CCl4 was intraperitoneal (i.p.) injected for 3 days and following administration of aqueous ginger extract (AKE) (250 and 500 mg/kg/b.w. for 15 days as period of this experiment). At the end of this study, biochemical markers related to kidney dysfuntions such as, serum creatinine (CR), uric acid (UA), total antioxidant capacity (TAO-C), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) as antioxidant and oxidative stress markers were assessed by spectrophotometric methods. Results: The results of this study was showing CR (mg/dl) and UA (mg/dl) levels were significantly elevated in the T2 group as negative control group in comparison with the T1 as control group (p<0.05). UA (mg/dl) levels were found significant decrease in T4 and T3 groups in compare with T2 and T1. The results shown significant increase in TAO-C in T4 and T3 compare to T2, also TAO-C (U/ml) levels were found significant decrease in T2 group in compare with T1. Conclusion: This study suggested that a significant protective action of AGE on CCl4-induced kidney damage in the male rats model.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, and it is involved in a variety of physiological processes such as calcium homeostasis, immune functioning and regulation of cell proliferation. A recent study has also demonstrated its possible involvement in insulin sensitivity, a key biomarker involved in glucose metabolism and T2DM development. The biologically active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), acts on VDRs in various tissues including pancreatic beta cells and has an effect on insulin secretion and sensitivity. Given the widespread vitamin D deficiency in T2DM, the association between vitamin D supplementation and insulin sensitivity has been inconsistent across studies. Observational studies generally have found a direct association between them, but randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are more modest. This review critically analyzes mechanisms by which vitamin D may influence metabolic health, such as through inflammation, oxidative stress and calcium homeostasis. It also highlights public health interventions, including food fortification and selective supplementation programs to address vitamin D deficiency and enhance metabolic status.

Oedema is defined as accumulation of water in the extravascular cell, which is in the normal conditions, total body water should be regulate between intravascular and extravascular to maintain normal concentration and any dysfunction of these mechanisms lead to edema which occurred by different pathways, either excess fluid filtrations or inadequate drainage of interstitial tissues by lymphatic vessels. In other hand, when liquid accumulated in the tissues by retention or swelling in the feet or hands can lead to skin tight, feel heavy, pain joint. Recent studies refer to complications related to edema includes circulation of blood, clotting, obesity, liver and kidney disease in addition to heart injuries with the lymph nodules. The result include a comparison between some important biochemical changes between control and patients’ groups, data were collected from thirty patients and thirty healthy people, there was noticed in the study, no significant increase in the levels of AST and ALT while appeared significant increase in ALP in patients compared with control group, and no significant decrease in albumin in patients compared with control group, also there was no significant decrease in levels of Na+ and K+ while appeared significant decrease in Cl_ in patients compared with control group, finally there was no significant increase in glucose while appeared significant decrease in Hb in patients compared with control group.

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp is a legume tree species categorized as a versatile plant due to its multi uses in many areas including agro-forestry, agriculture, animal husbandry, and pharmaceuticals. This paper presents the results of research on the herbicidal and pesticidal efficacies of gliricidia plant. The data were compiled by searching papers covering the relevance subjects that have been published in English that can be accessed through Google search engine. There were 36 papers that met the inclusion criteria consisting of 11 papers revealed herbicidal properties, 6 papers reporting nematicidal properties, and 19 papers presenting insecticidal properties of plant extract or residues of G. sepium. In addition to reporting its efficacy, several articles have reported the existence of the type and nature (stability) of the phytochemicals contained in this plant extract. Overall, gliricidia plant is rich in phytochemicals which are toxic to various living organisms, from microbes, plants to animals. It was also revealed the physical and organoleptic properties of this plant extract remained stable in storages for 2-3 years. Thus, it can be concluded that G. sepium has the potential to be developed as a commercial herbicide and pesticide.

The importance of algae as a natural source of various bioactive compounds continues to grow due to their diverse biological activities. One of such compounds is n-hexadecanoic acid, more commonly known as palmitic acid; it is more lipidous than many algal species. It is one of the most common saturated fatty acids in nature. One can find it in algal, animal, and plant oils and is extracted from numerous natural sources. Its chemical and biological attributes enable its widespread use in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Numerous studies have found that palmitic acid is effective for fungal activities and does have pharmaceutical and environmental promising antioxidant capabilities.