Obesity is a chronic disease linked to increased risks of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and metabolic dysfunction. As global obesity rates continue to rise, bariatric surgery, particularly Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), has become a well-established intervention for achieving sustained weight loss and improving obesity-related comorbidities. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut hormone released by enteroendocrine cells in response to food intake. It plays a key role in appetite regulation, promoting satiety, slowing gastric emptying, and stimulating digestive enzyme secretion. Acting through CCK1 receptors and signaling via the vagus nerve, CCK has been shown to reduce food intake in various experimental models. This study focuses on evaluating hormonal changes following RYGB, with an emphasis on the role of CCK. While research findings vary—due to differences in sample timing, patient variability, and methodologies—evidence supports the involvement of CCK in the improved satiety observed after surgery. Factors such as diet composition, meal timing, and individual health status significantly influence CCK response. The findings suggest that CCK contributes to the metabolic benefits of RYGB and may serve as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in obesity treatment. However, further standardized, well- controlled studies are needed to clarify its mechanisms and interactions with other gut hormones.

Cinnamon is widely used as a flavor or a spice, and many research studies demonstrate its importance in regulating blood glucose and body weight. This research aims to investigate the role of cinnamon in weight and blood glucose reduction in healthy mice. Four groups of mice were selected to undergo the research. Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups: control, group 1 with light cinnamon concentration, and groups 2 and 3 with concentrated cinnamon solution. Groups 1 and 2 were used for random blood glucose analysis, and group 3 was used for fasting blood glucose analysis. The weight and blood glucose changes were recorded over ten days. Statistically, paired and unpaired t-tests were used to compare the results within and between groups. The weight or blood glucose level changes show insignificant differences. Regarding weight, the P-values were 0.057 for group 1, 0.076 for group 2, and 0.23 for group 3. The p-values for groups 1, 2, and 3 for blood glucose level were 0.3, 0.79, and 0.064, respectively. The results of this study indicate no significant effect of cinnamon on body weight or on reducing blood glucose levels.

Toxoplasma gondii exhibits a global distribution and is among the highest common infectious parasite in Iraq. The current research aimed to assess the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis across various demographic groups in two regions of Baghdad, Karkh and Rusafa. Venous blood samples were taken from 450 male and female students, both pre-marital and married. Serum was obtained from each individual for the identification of specific anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM utilizing LAT, ELISA-IgG test, ELISA-IgM test, and miniVIDAS-IgG test. The overall percentage of seropositive anti-T.gondii antibodies by LAT 152 is 43.4%. The overall percentages of seropositive anti-T. gondii by ELISA-IgG and miniVIDAS-IgG tests were 80 (50.0%) each, with no significant variations observed between the findings of both tests. The seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies detected by the ELISA-IgM test was 2 (1.3%). Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in the results across different regions based on age groups using LAT, ELISA-IgG, and miniVIDAS-IgG tests. Conversely, no significant differences (P>0.05) were noted with ELISA-IgM in the age group of 19-23 years, which exhibited a high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis. Females exhibited a substantial increase in the percentage of seropositivity for toxoplasmosis compared to male students, as determined by LAT, ELISA-IgG, and miniVIDAS-IgG tests. The prevalence of T. gondii infection in pre-marital females was substantially higher at 52 (49.4%) compared to married females at 8 (7.6%), as determined by ELISA-IgG testing. The prevalence of T. gondii infection in pre-marital females was substantially higher at 49 (46.6%) compared to married females at 10 (9.5%), as shown by miniVIDASIgG testing. The largest percentages of toxoplasmosis were observed in aborted females, with ELISA-IgG showing 3 (37.5%) and miniVIDAS-IgG showing 4 (40%), in contrast to normal females, which exhibited 5 (62.5%) and 6 (60%), respectively.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen implicated in various ocular infections. Its pathogenicity is largely due to a wide arsenal of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. This study discusses the surface proteins, toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and biofilm formation contributing to its virulence. The paper also explores diagnostic approaches, current treatment options including antibiotic eye drops, and the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Special focus is placed on key resistance genes such as ermA, ermB, icaA, LukS, and mecA. Awareness and control of antibiotic misuse are crucial in mitigating resistance trends.

Multiple countries include cinnamon bark and essential oil in their pharmacopoeias whereas the substances also function as food additives alongside condiments and flavoring agents supporting their role as carminatives and antioxidants and preservatives. The “white lupin” Lupinus albus grows across a wide range of the Mediterranean area. The Mediterranean region constitutes the entire planting area of this species. Lupin seeds just like legume seeds possess significant amounts of protein and minerals and dietary fibre content. Around the world diabetes mellitus exists as one of the major health implications that produces a severe long-term complex metabolic condition. The medical condition of diabetes mellitus identifies hyperglycemia through its effects on metabolic disturbances that affect carbohydrates and proteins and fats. We will use GC-MS technique to analyze the metabolites present in the plant. Evaluation of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Lupinus albus volatiles used GC-MS for separation and identification of their contents. The results showed that twenty individual volatile components were present trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Cyclohexane methylamine, Caryophyllene, 4-(1-Hydroxyethyl) benzaldehyde, naphthalene, cis, trans-1,5-Cyclodecadiene, Octahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indenol, 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde, coumarin, 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol, Terbenthene, alpha-Bisabolol for Cinnamomum zeylanicum. 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol, 2-hydroxy-5-propanamidobenzoic acid, 2-Methyloctan-3-one, beta-Myrcene, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl) propan-2-yloxy] oxane-3,4,5-triol, Heptane, 2,3-dimethyl-, 2,3-Dimethylheptane, cis-beta-Ocimene in Lupinus albus. Research suggests that Cinnamomum zeylanicum along with Lupinus albus display quality as potential hypoglycaemic agents.

The Apiaceae species Foeniculum vulgare exists as a well-established therapeutic plant which people frequently use to treat digestive problems, promote milk production, aid as a carminative and acts as a diuretic and respiratory treatment. This study employed gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method to identify different phytoconstituents present in Foeniculum vulgare methanolic extract. Standards-based analysis according to FT-IR scans the molecular bond interactions of both polymers and all other types of compounds with IR light. The analytical method detected specific absorption bands which existed in organic molecules. Management of bioactive compounds in Foeniculum vulgare was confirmed by the study at different spectral ranges after FT-IR analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic profile solid analysis of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Peak (Wave number cm-ˡ), Intensity, Corr. Intensity, Area, Corr. Area, Bond, Functional group assignment (669.30, 59.416, 3.865, 2.859, 0.176, C-Cl and alkyl halides), (684.73, 63.115, 0.860, 2.285, 0.038, C-Cl, and alkyl halides). (827.46, 74.505, 1.152, 2.387, 0.081, =C–H and Alkenes), (873.75, 72.300, 2.593, 2.555, 0.131, =C–H and Alkenes), (927.76, 69.360, 0.661, 4.511, 0.180, =C–H and Alkenes), (1010.70, 48.730, 0.709, 18.575, 0.677, C-F and alkyl halides), (1236.37, 79.328, 0.352, 2.182, 0.052, C-F and alkyl halides), (1313.52, 79.285, 1.798, 2.296, 0.008, C-F and alkyl halides), (1417.68, 73.681, 0.430, 2.204, 0.073, C=C and Aromatic), (1604.77, 77.448, 9.752, 2.817, 0.060, N-H and Amide), (2918.30, 81.850, 1.636, 2.468, 0.286, C-H and Alkane), (3269.34, 74.844, 0.747, 2.381, 0.034, N-H and Amide). GC-MS detected bioactive compounds 2-Hydroxytetrahydropyran, Pentan-2-One, 3-Carene, Acetic acid-1-13C, L-Fenchone, 2-Aminobicyclohexyl, 1-Methyl-2-methylene-4-isopropyl, L-histidine, (-)-Sabinene, 2-Methyl-1-undecanol, 2-Methyl-1-undecanol, (E)-Anethole, 4-Pentyloxy-2,3-dicyanophenyl, Pentane, 1,2-epoxy-2-methyl, 1,3,8-P-menthatriene, 16-Methylheptadecan-1-ol, Methyl oxophenylacetate, Trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol, Diphenylmethanone, Fenchyl acetate.

This study evaluated the effects of consuming contaminated Clarias gariepinus fish on the haematological parameters of Wistar albino rats. Twenty- four adult male rats were randomly assigned to four groups I, II, III, IV (n = 6 per group). These rats were fed ad libitum for 90 days with a diet composed of wild Clarias gariepinus fish from the two different river bodies admixed with commercial rat pellet. Group I served as controls, while Group II rats ingested Clarias gariepinus fish from the polluted Nun river. Group III consumed fish from Otamiri river, while Group IV was fed 100g of polluted fish from Nun river along with 1mg of Vitamin C per 100g of body weight dissolved in drinking water. Results showed that group II rats exhibited a significant reduction in haemoglobin concentration (8.70 ± 0.26 g/dl) compared to Groups I, III, and IV rats (10.32 ± 0.41 g/dl, 10.28 ± 0.14 g/dl, and 12.96 ± 1.3 g/dl) respectively at P < 0.05. Haematocrit value was significantly reduced in Group II rats (43.17 ± 0.90 %) compared to groups I, III and IV (45.55 ± 0.37, 48.21 ± 2.3, 49.5 ± 1.9) % respectively at P < 0.05. Erythrocyte count significantly reduced in Group II rats (2.63 ± 0.70 × 106/µL) compared to groups I, III and IV (3.30 ± 0.20, 3.59 ± 0.36, and 5.75 ± 0.6 × 106/µL) respectively at P < 0.05. White Blood Count was markedly increased in group II rats (4.46 ± 0.15) compared to I, III and IV (3.54 ± 0.18, 3.90 ± 0.02, and 3.65 ± 0.03) respectively at P < 0.05. The lymphocyte and eosinophil counts in group II were significantly elevated (7.49 x 10 cells/mm3 and 1.5 x 0.24 x 10 cells/mm3) compared to groups I (3.35 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.5 x 10 cells/mm3), group III (3.6 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.6 x 10 cells/mm3) and group IV (4.23 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.3 x 10 cells/mm3) at P <0.05. there were no significant differences in neutrophil, basophil and monocyte counts. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin values were also significantly increased in groups II, III and IV rats (88.7 ±0.15 and 29.8 ±0.41, 62.5 ±0.42 and 25.5 ±0.31, and 57.2 ±0.31 and 28.5 ±0.40) mm3 to group I rats (41.3 ±0.28 and 21.1 ±0.60) mm3 at P < 0.05. However, there was a significant rise in the mean corpuscular volume of group II rats compared to groups III and IV at P < 0.05. Conversely, the mean cell hemoglobin concentration was elevated in group I rats (26.4 ±1.2 mm3) compared to experimental groups II, III and IV respectively (21.4 ± 0.87, 22.9 ± 0.94 and 23.7 ± 0.70) mm3. This study probably indicates that some haematological parameters are adversely affected among rats exposed to cadmium and iron polluted African catfish from a Southern Nigeria River.