The current study is a case-control study conducted in Baghdad city between 1st of January to the end of, 2023. The study focused on patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of Ibn Al Nafees Hospital and Ibn Al Bitar Hospital in Baghdad. And Alyarmok Hospital in Baghdad. The study included 60 Iraqi patients with coronary heart disease, ranging in age from 37 to 66 years. A control group of 30 apparently healthy individuals (15 men and 15 women) was included in the study. The control group was matched with the patients in terms of gender and age to improve the accuracy of the results. Blood samples were collected from both patients and control individuals after 12 hours of fasting. Biochemical colorimetric methods by spectrophotometer were used to determine total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and Immunofluorescence technique by Afias was used to determine triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and TSH levels and HbA1C levels in the blood. The study analyzed the demographic characteristics of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and the control group, including age groups, sex distribution, and BMI. The majority of IHD patients were non-smokers, with 26.67% being smokers and the majority being non-smokers. The majority of IHD patients had hypertension, while 58.33% had diabetes. The cholesterol levels in IHD patients were significantly higher than the control group, with a p-value of 0.001. The triglyceride levels were also significantly elevated in IHD patients, with a p-value of 0.001. LDL-c levels were significantly elevated in IHD patients, while very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc) levels were significantly elevated in IHD patients. IHD patients had significantly higher T3 levels (1.701 ± 1.21) than the control group (0.87 ± 0.16), suggesting potential differences. T4 levels were also significantly higher in IHD patients with thyroid dysfunction (106.7 ±86.5) compared to the control group (78.5 ±13.65). On the other hand, TSH levels did not show a significant difference between IHD patients with thyroid dysfunction (3.29 ± 2.55) and the control group (3.18 ±2.078). The study found no significant differences in thyroid function parameters among the different age groups of individuals with hypothyroidism. The mean T3 level in the 40-49 age group was 0.49±0.02, the mean T4 level was 43.5±0.7, and the mean TSH level was 4.88±0.38. For the 50-59 age group, the mean T3 level was 0.36±0.17, the mean T4 level was 44.6±0.54, and the mean TSH level was 5.41±1.07. In the >59 age group, the mean T3 level was 0.51±0.03, the mean T4 level was 45.8±6.9, and the mean TSH level was 5.24±0.66. The study showed that hypothyroidism IHD patients tend to be associated with higher levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, and VLDL-c. The highest prevalence of hyperthyroidism among individuals with hypertension was 72.73%, while the highest spread was seen in hypothyroidism among individuals with diabetes. The highest mean value for HbA1c was observed in patients with hypothyroidism (6.99±0.82%), followed by patients with hyperthyroidism (6.46±0.51), and the lowest mean value was seen in patients with normal thyroid function (4.36±0.56%). These differences in mean HbA1c levels among the three groups are statistically significant, as indicated by the p-value: of 0.017.

Breast cancer (BC) is developing from cells of breast tissue and is caused by the presence of malignant cells, which are characterized by uncontrolled cell division, leading to abnormal growth (in situ carcinoma), and their ability to invade normal tissue locally. BC's diagnosis and treatment strategies have recently improved, but the incidence rates continue to increase. Worldwide, BC is the most common cancer in women. The aim of this study is to combine histological, classification, and risk factors in a small review for easy searching by clinical researchers. Currently, there are many studies on BC in Iraq or in other regions of the world. Therefore, combining these studies in one work may give an advantage in the clinical trials of BC. In conclusion, BC is the first of the ten top cancers in Iraqi women up to 2018.

An ovarian cyst is a common hormonal condition that affects women of reproductive age and affects the ovaries. Although the precise an etiology is unknown, environmental and genetic variables may play a role in the condition's genesis. Among the most significant symptoms are irregular menstruation, excessive hair growth, and acne. Early diagnosis is crucial since it can help control symptoms and possibly save chronic medical conditions from developing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels and relation of asprosin in patients of polycystic ovary syndrome. the relationship between asprosin with fetuin a and some parameter biochemical such as fasting blood sugar, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride in woman patient’s polycystic ovary syndrome. Ninety females were recruited into the study; 60 patients (females) aged between (15-45) years were taken and women that diagnosed with the Polycystic ovaries, by gynecological specialist. The result was a disruption in the hormones responsible for ovulation, such as LH, FSH, as well as an increase in the protein asprosin and fetuin a. On the other hand, 30 people as a control group of (females) were taken and their ages were also and were not infected with polycystic ovary syndrome. Laboratory tests were conducted for both groups to determine the level of asprosin, fetuin a, fasting blood sugar, insulin, total cholesterol and triglyceride. the study conducted a asprosin analysis for patents and a control group. When comparing the results were statistically no significant at P. value =0.115. Also conducted a Fetuin an analysis. When comparing the results of these two groups of patients and healthy controls, the results were statistically highly significant at P. value =0.0002.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition caused by either a reduction in insulin secretion and/or effect. It affects more than 90% of all diabetic patients. Diabetes is a complex illness that is brought on by a number of genetic and environmental (diet and lifestyle) risk factors working together. On average, one person dies from diabetes-related complications every eight seconds throughout the world. Also, according to a recent International Diabetic Federation (IDF) survey, 537 million persons aged 20-79 years are now living with diabetes worldwide. It is expected to increase to 783 million (12.2%) by 2045. Furthermore, 240 million individuals globally have undiagnosed diabetes. Therefore, there is a rising interest in studying the possible therapeutic value of fat-soluble micronutrients like vitamin D for preventing or controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim of Study: The present study was designed to evaluate levels of vitamin D in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: To achieve this aim, in a case-control study conducted in Diyala governorate at Baqubah Teaching Hospital and Balad Ruz General Hospital from first of January to the end of March 2023, the study included 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (30 males and 30 females). On the other hand, 30 people as a control group of both sexes (15 males and 15 females) were taken, and the ages of the two groups ranged between 30 and 65 years. The information about patients in this study was retrieved from the patients themselves through a direct interview with them, according to a prepared questionnaire. In the present study, blood samples were collected from each participant for estimation of vitamin D by (ELISA), HbA1c by (Cobas), lipid profile by (colorimetric methods) and calculated BMI. Results: The mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) of vitamin D levels for the type 2 diabetes group were (11.16± 2.18) ng /ml, with a highly significant decrease (p < 0.001) when compared with control group (20.73± 3.64) ng /ml. The mean ± SD of HbA1c level for the type 2 diabetes group was (8.88± 1.86) %, with a highly significant increase (p < 0.001) when compared with control (5.59 0.45) %. The mean ± SD of cholesterol, TG, and LDL-C levels for the type 2 diabetes group were (161.48± 21.70) mg/dl, (203.40± 8.16) mg/dl and (81.15± 21.62) mg/dl, respectively, with a highly significant increase (p < 0.001) when compared with the control group (105.77± 12.50) mg/dl, (191.73± 8.70) mg/dl, and (22.96± 13.38) mg/dl, respectively. The mean ± SD of HDL-C levels for the type 2 diabetes group was (39.66± 2.52) mg/dl and control (44.46± 4.82) mg/dl, with a highly significant decrease when compared with the control group. The mean ± SD of BMI for the type 2 diabetes group was (27.20± 4.25) and control (26.66± 2.30), respectively, with no significant difference (p < 0.05) when comparing the two groups. Conclusion: The current study concluded that Vitamin D levels showed a highly significant decrease in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared with those in the control group.

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common benign tumor of the prostate that becomes more common as men age. The enlarged prostate may compress the urinary tube (urethra), which runs through the middle of the prostate, preventing urine from flowing from the bladder to the outside. Complete obstruction can develop if BPH is severe enough. BPH usually appears after the age of 40 and progresses slowly. Aim of the Study: Studying the connections between serum zinc and PSA in Iraqi BPH patients is the aim of this investigation. Patients and Methods: The case-control study lasted three months, from mid-November to the end of February, at Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital and Ghazy Al-Hariri Hospital in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq. It entailed gathering 90 blood samples, which were separated into two groups. The first group (A) consisted of 60 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia ranging in age from 45 to 80 years, while the second group (B) consisted of 30 apparently be healthy males aged 45 to 80 years. All participants in this study provided diagnose permission. Patients diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia had an international prostate symptom score of 18 or higher; the patient's prostate volumes (PV) were equal to or more than 25 milliliters. Radiologists with competence in the department used transabdominal ultrasound equipment manufactured in Germany by Siemens to figure out how big the prostate gland is. Both groups had their serum zinc and PSA levels measured by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) assays The calculation of BMI was be calculated with the help of given standard formula. BMI = [(Weight in Kilograms / (Height in Meters x Height in Meters)]. Results: The study that the mean prostate size was elevated significantly in the BPH group (54.0 ± 8.4 cc ) as compared with the control group (19.66 ± 2.88 cc (P:0.01). There is a significant increase in the PSA concentration of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, (3.14 ± 0.95 ng/ml), as compare with control subjects, (0.84 ± 0.10 ng/ml) (P:0.01). There is significant reduction in the serum zinc concentration of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, (70.4 ± 9.63 ng/ml), as compare with control subjects, (99.3 ± 10.5; p≤0.01). The higher percentage of benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients above 66 years, and the lowest is in age group 45-55 years. Conclusion: Benign prostatic hyperplasia patients of all ages had considerably higher serum PSA than age-matched healthy controls. Benign prostatic hyperplasia patients of all ages had considerably lower serum zinc than age-matched healthy controls. Prostate size and PSA are greater in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients of all BMIs. Benign prostatic hyperplasia patients had significantly lower serum zinc than healthy controls of the same BMI.

Background: Ischemic heart disease, also called coronary artery disease, is the term given to heart problems caused by narrowed heart (coronary) arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study is to determine the levels of Nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in patients with coronary artery disease. Patients and Methods: The current study is case-control study conducted in Tikrit city during the period between 10th of January to 10th of April 2023 on patients admitted to Coronary Care Unit of Salah Al-Din Teaching Hospital The study included 60 Iraqi patients with coronary heart disease with age range (37-66 years). The study also included 30 healthy individuals with same age range and from both sexes who apparently haven’t any acute or chronic diseases. Blood was collected from each patients for determination Nitric oxide synthase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by chemiluminence technique. Results: The study showed that lowest mean of Human Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) was detected among IHD patients (2.41±0.74 ng/ml) and the maximum mean was within the control group (5.15±1.24 ng/ml). The differences were highly significant (P-value: 0.0001). The study confirmed that the peak mean of lactate dehydrogenase was detected among IHD patients (257.8±94.9 IU/L) and the deepest mean was in the control group (168.9±16.8 IU/L). The differences were highly significant (P-value: 0.0001). The study showed that the mean eNOS was 2.17 ng/ml in patients with hypertension, which was significantly lower than that in non-hypertensive IHD patients (2.76 ng/ml), at a P value of 0.024. The study showed that the mean LDH was 284.6 IU/L in patients with hypertension, which was significantly more than that in non-hypertensive IHD patients (217.5 IU/L), at a P value of 0.001. Conclusions: In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) have reduced levels of serum eNOS compared to healthy individuals. More researches are needed to fully understand the relationship among eNOS, cardiovascular disease and to determine the clinical utility of their measuring in the diagnosis and management of these conditions.

The condition of obesity is a persistent ailment characterized by the atypical or excessive buildup of adipose tissue, resulting in compromised well-being and an elevated likelihood of morbidity and chronic health issues. The global incidence of individuals with obesity and overweight conditions has been on the rise for numerous decades. The goal of the study is to identify the relationship between body mass index (BMI), insulin, transferrin, iron, and lipid profile in obese males. Ninety males were recruited into the study; forty participants were assigned to the obese group were have BMI>30 kg/m2, twenty to overweight group were have BMI between 25-30 kg/m2, and another thirty to the control group were have slow BMI<25 kg/m2. The serum Transferrin, serum fasting insulin, serum iron, lipid profile and fasting glucose was evaluated in each of studied groups. The Obese group showed significant increase of the serum insulin concentration compared with the control group (16.77±7.68 vs. 11.7 ±2.79, p <0.001). As well as in transferrin and lipid profile significant change was detected. No prominent differences were detected in the three groups in iron and glucose concentration. Investigation of serum transferrin can be participated in future as iron deficiency marker in obese subject in conjugation with serum iron and serum ferritin.