The α- Amylase inhibitory activity and Ferric reducing power of Plumeria pudica Flowers [1]. It have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and expectorant. Flowers of Plumeria pudica have been traditionally used to treat Fever, rheumatism, Skin conditions like acne, eczema, and dermatitis, respiratory problems like bronchitis, asthma, and coughs [2]. The Plumeria pudica (commonly known as white frangipani or bridal bouquet) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, which is native tropical America. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemicals in plants, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and saponins. Phytochemical investigation is a systematic study of the chemical constituents present in plants, including their identification, isolation, characterization, and quantification. Amylase is a type of enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starches and other complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin. It plays a crucial role in the digestive process, particularly in humans, where it initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth and continues its action in the small intestine. Through the mentioned review of literature we understood about Plumeria pudica flower's phytochemicals and pharmacological activities. The articles include tests and methods to α amylase inhibitory activity of Plumeria pudica flowers. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) is used to measure the antioxidant capacity of flower.

Background: One of the main factors contributing to morbidity and mortality in the world's population is diabetes mellitus. The primary symptoms of this condition are hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, which is followed by polydipsia and polyuria. Damage to the retina, loss of kidney function, and nerve damage are examples of subsequent consequences. Moreover, diabetes mellitus will accelerate the development of cardiovascular disease. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Also known as Eclipta prostrata Roxb.) belongs to the Asteraceae family and is commonly known as false daisy in English and bhringoraj or bhringraj in Bangladesh and India. It is regarded as a weed of ethnomedicinal significance. Pharmacological activities of plant extracts and individual phytoconstituents have revealed anticancer, hepatoprotective, snake venom neutralizing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the antidiabetic activity of Eclipta alba leaf flavonoid through in-silico molecular docking. Method: Aldose reductase was chosen as the target proteins in the current investigation. The bond was found using the Auto Dock software using a grid-based docking method. Compounds' 2D structures were generated, converted to 3D, and subsequently energetically lowered up to an arms gradient of 0.01 using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). Result: Flavonoids of E.alba found to be effective anti-diabetic component and effectively binds to be target protein Aldose reductase with binding energy -8.96, -6.02 & -5.86 kcalmol-1 for apigenin, syringic acid & vanillic acid respectively. Conclusion: The finding of the in-silico molecular docking showed that both lead compound is effective binds & inhibitory action on target protein. The molecular docking of ligands like apigenin, syringic acid & vanillic acid with Aldose reductase receptor revealed that it has exhibited the chemical interaction with the amino acids in the active pockets.

The numerical modelling of structural compounds made up of two or more interacting molecules is known as molecular docking. Predicting the desired three-dimensional structure is the aim of molecular docking. Software for molecular docking is mostly utilised in drug development. Easy access to structural databases and molecules have become crucial mechanisms. Molecular docking is a potent computer technique that is essential for structural biology, drug development, and bio-molecular interaction research, giving a comprehensive understanding of its significance in contemporary scientific research. Predicting how a small molecule, frequently a possible drug, would interact with a target biomolecule, such as DNA or a protein, is known as molecular docking. In order to help find novel drug candidates, improve already-existing molecules, and comprehend the complex interactions between medications and receptors, this procedure looks at the ligand's energetic and spatial compatibility with the receptor's active site. Because it predicts how well two molecules will bind after docking and identifies the optimal places for molecules to occupy when linked together, molecular docking is a crucial step in the drug development process.

Objectives: This study aimed to discover the Saudi community pharmacist's contribution to the transmission of prescription information by analyzing the relationship between two variables: the pharmacist's patient-centeredness and competence. This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2024. Using a 14-item self-report questionnaire that had been previously tested and validated Data were collected using an online questionnaire. Convenience sampling method of 400 respondents was targeted; 233 valid questionnaires were returned, representing an effective response rate of 58.2%. To test the study’s hypotheses, path analysis with structural equation modeling (Amos 24) was applied. Regarding the 233 pharmacists in the study, the Chi-square test for the model fit hypothesis showed statistically significant results: χ (74) = 145.2, P < 0.001). The model accurately represented the data, as evidenced in the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value of 0.027, PCI. The latent variables involved in the model were immediately evident to be both positively and strongly correlated. The associations among the latent as well as observable variables were all statistically significant. The model fit will be substantially and adversely affected by the removal of any latent variable. In the SEM, PAT was the main independent variable. PAT applied a significant direct positive influence on INF. (β = 0.88, P = 0.002). PAT demonstrated a significant direct impact on COM. (β = 0.93, P = 0.001), PAT exerted a substantial indirect influence on COM through the mediation by INF. The study reveals that pharmacists with patient-centered attitudes are more effective in delivering essential pharmacological information, especially in terms of over-the-counter medications, highlighting the critical role of Saudi community pharmacists in providing this type of medication.

Background: Ichthammol, derived from shale oil, it is purported to have antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, antipruriginous, and analgesic properties. It is also believed to promote blood flow and act as a decongestant. It has been employed in the therapy of psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, leg ulcers, seborrheic dermatitis, and furuncles. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical Ichthammol for treatment of mild plaque psoriasis. Patients and methods: This therapeutic interventional study was conducted in Baghdad training center of Dermatology and Venereology for period from April 2018 to May 2019. A total of 34 patients with mild plaque-type psoriasis were evaluated. They were 19 (56%) males and 15(44%) females. Their ages ranged from 7-65 years with Mean± SD (32±17.2). Split test used for each patient, each patient divided into right and left side and some patient divided into anterior and posterior parts according to psoriasis location, Ichthammol used to the right and anterior side and Vaseline used for left and posterior side. both Ichthammol and Vaseline were used twice daily. Assessment of drug efficacy was based on the reduction of PASI score. Results: The degree of response to total course of treatment with Ichthammol in comparison with Vaseline showing that 27 patients on Ichthammol had less than 25% clearance rate while 21 patients had clearance rate <25% with Vaseline, while 5 patients on Ichthammol and 7 patients on Vaseline had showed clearance between 25-50%. Also 2 patients on Ichthammol in comparison with 7 pts on Vaseline had showed 90% clearance rate. According to side effect Vaseline showed no side effect but ichthammol had showed burning sensation and irritation in 7 patients. Conclusion: Ichthammol is not a cost-effective non significant drug for psoriasis while Vaseline was significantly better.

The cross sectional study was determined the effective of dapagliflozin in lipid profile and cytokine in diabetic patients. The study was performed on 50 patients with diabetic mellitus in age between 40-65 years (22 males and 28 females) in Tikrit city from June 2023 until August 2024. The study was showed the significantly decreased the triglyceride level p < 0.01, cholesterol level p < 0.005, low density lipoprotein level (LDL) p < 0.005 and very low density lipoprotein level (VLDL) p < 0.005 and significantly increased high density lipoprotein level (HDL) p < 0.005. Potential side effects of the treatment include frequent urination, dizziness, or lightheadedness. When getting up from sitting or lying down, rise slowly to prevent dizziness and lightheadedness, although it could increase the chances of developing genital thrush and urinary tract infections. Also the study explained the significantly decreased the cytokine p< 0.005. The aim of the current study has study the effective of dapagliflozin on lipid profile and cytokine.

Recently, over 70% of fish are smoked as a means of preservation. Smoking is an ancient processing method that remains widely practiced in Nigeria today. This study investigates the levels of heavy metal accumulation and microbial loads in smoked catfish obtained from two different catfish farms to determine the safety of smoked catfish sold in Owo during the research period. Samples were collected from two farms (Farm 1 and Farm 2) in Owo, located in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. The identified microorganisms included Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The microbial counts for samples A and B were as follows: Streptococcus spp. (90.0 and 60.0), Staphylococcus aureus (160.0 and 170.0), Bacillus spp. (230.0 and 215.0), Klebsiella spp. (110.0 and 120.0), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.0 and 10.0), and Escherichia coli (2.0 and 1.0). For heavy metals, the concentrations were Cu (0.001 and 0.000), Cd (0.222 and 0.002), Cr (0.840 and 0.670), Mn (2.33 and 1.99), and Zn (132.020 and 127.001). The highest microbial count was observed in Bacillus spp. from Sample A (230.0) and Sample B (215.0), while the lowest was found in Escherichia coli from Sample B (1.0) and Sample A (2.0). Among the heavy metals, zinc was the most abundant in both samples, with Sample A (132.020) having a higher concentration than Sample B (127.001). Copper was the least abundant, being almost undetectable in Sample A (0.001) and entirely undetectable in Sample B (0.000). The study revealed variations in microbial and heavy metal contamination levels between catfish farms. It highlights the need for regulatory authorities to enforce moisture control measures and implement strategies to reduce human activities that may lead to bacterial growth and heavy metal contamination in smoked catfish products.