The novel highlights a person's life in a coastal city in East Africa. The significance of the study lies in the novelist's style, which clearly depicts the protagonist's agonizing reality. For this, the author was awarded the Nobel Prize. The study aims to explore aspects of egoism and otherness of characters in the narrative and the extent to which their environment impacted them. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach to critically elicit and analyze such aspects to uncover their features. The foremost result of the study is that the environment affects egoism, which changes from time to time to comply with environmental determinants.

This study examined a leadership framework from a teacher and student perspective for school management and improvement in the northern part of Ghana. The research created a model for using sustainable instructional intervention technology (SIT) in basic school leadership, which aimed to explore the relationship between teachers' professional development and their teaching effectiveness, as well as the connection between leadership methods and teaching strategies. The study employed correlational design with sample of 479 teachers in the Tamale metropolis to assess the concepts of leadership framework characteristics: professional growth, change management, systems and operations, culture and behavior, instructional strategies, and community engagement. The data indicated a relationship between professional progress and instructional methodologies; however, this relationship is not significant. A correlation coefficient of 0.209 indicates a weak positive association between professional development and instructional practices. The results demonstrated a robust association between the instructional methodologies and the systems and operations, respectively. Once more, we were unable to reject the null hypothesis, suggesting that there is no significant difference between the leadership framework and instructional methodologies. There exists a significant association between the leadership framework and professional progress in leadership, as well as the characteristics of systems and operations.

This study examined the effectiveness of subtitled videos in enhancing vocabulary development among Junior Secondary School (JSS II) students in Argungu Local Government, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Using a quasi-experimental design, the research involved 312 students divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received vocabulary instruction through researcher-developed subtitled videos focusing on agriculture and health topics, while the control group was taught using traditional methods. Validated and reliable instruments were employed for data collection, with analysis conducted through mean, standard deviation, and independent samples t-tests at a 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed statistically significant improvements in vocabulary achievement among students exposed to subtitled videos compared to those taught through conventional methods (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found based on gender (p = 0.902) or school location (p = 0.090), indicating the universal effectiveness of this approach across demographic variables. These results suggest that subtitled videos serve as an equitable and impactful pedagogical tool for vocabulary instruction in diverse educational settings. The study recommends the integration of subtitled videos into English language curricula at the junior secondary level, particularly for vocabulary instruction. Additionally, it advocates for government provision of audiovisual resources to both urban and rural schools to support technology-enhanced learning. These findings contribute to ongoing discourse about innovative language teaching methodologies in resource-constrained environments.

The study started with four chapters where the initial chapter focused on identifying the activities performed by the Department of Art Education - Babylon Study Center and methods to enhance them. The research timeline covered academic year (2022-2023) and it included term definitions. The theoretical section of chapter two contained three essential subsections. The first was titled The Art Education Teacher (His Preparation and Development) and the second The Open Educational College (Its Origin and Role in Developing the Teacher) alongside the third chapter which was The Department of Art Education at Babylon Study Center (Its Tasks and Duties). Research procedures appeared in the third chapter where researchers involved the entire sample population with 35 participants chosen deliberately. The research adopted survey methodology which used closed-open questionnaires as its research tool in order to analyze the sample data through statistical procedures. Actual artistic participation by the sample turned out to be scarce since members only involved in artistic workshops and cultural seminars and artistic festivals.

Proficiency in languages enables individuals to communicate effectively with people from diverse backgrounds, fostering international understanding and collaboration. while the importance of studying English cannot be overstated in today’s interconnected world, providing individuals access to a wealth of information, opportunities, and global conversations. It cannot be denied that one of the effective language teaching approaches in general and Speaking & Listening skill, in particular is the Multimodal Discourse Analysis Theory (MDA). Applying MDA in foreign language teaching not only meets the need for innovation in teaching methods but also contributes to improving the quality of education, helps students develop comprehensive communication skills, enhance employability and open doors to a wider range of job opportunities, both locally and internationally.

This study presents an contrastive examination of word order variations in Chinese and English, with a specific focus on their syntactic distinctions that influence machine translation outcomes. By meticulously analyzing word formation, phrase, clause, and sentence, the research contributes valuable insights aimed at enhancing translation accuracy. For such a micro-level contrast, two distinct translation approaches, namely sequential translation and conversion translation, are delineated. Regarding machine translation implications, a proposed flow chart emphasizes the importance of fluency and aesthetic qualities, incorporating a contrastive word order corpus and a comprehensive Chinese-English database. Additionally, ethical considerations are integrated into the flow chart to ensure the overall quality of the translated text.

The Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) was one of the most influential Islamic states in West Africa, founded by Usman dan Fodio through a jihad that sought to reform governance and religious practices in the region. Beyond its political and religious impact, the Caliphate played a significant role in the development of Islamic literature, education, and intellectual traditions. This paper explores the literary contributions of key figures such as Usman dan Fodio, his daughter Nana Asma’u, and his brother Abdullahi dan Fodio. Their writings, covering Islamic theology, governance, history, and poetry, have left a lasting legacy that continues to shape scholarship, religious discourse, and educational practices in West Africa and beyond. This study examines the themes, significance, and contemporary influence of the Sokoto Caliphate’s literary output, demonstrating its role in preserving and advancing Islamic knowledge in Africa.