The starting phase on early childhood caries or circular caries is an initial lesion, known as macula Alba or white spot, which is reversible, stops or reverses (perform biological repairs). In the initial lesion stage (macula alba) with the removal of caries the causative agent (dental plaque) on the one hand, and taking maximum preventive measures on the other hand: proper nutrition of the young child, salivation with normal pH and saliva composition, adequate mechanical and chemical control of dental plaque, by maintaining proper oral hygiene and topical application of fluoride preparations in various forms, conditions are created for the predominance of remineralization processes in relation to demineralization, which compensates for the insufficiency of minerals and may lead to the disappearance of the initial lesion (restutio ad integrum). Purpose of the Study investigation: Evaluation of ultra-structural enamel changes in the enamel in the starting phase on initial lesion of circular caries - Early childhood caries. It is done with Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) evaluation of remineralizing effects in enamel ultrastructure at the stage of initial lesion and superficial form, after topical application of fluoride-based preparation (p-p amino fluoride). Material and method: The investigation was done on laboratory tests on extracted 20 healthy lower incisions and two more groups with 10 upper incisions, where some have topical fluoride compression treatment with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and the others did not have the treatment. After that, we have analysis of the remineralizing effect of fluorides with SEM photo attachments. Results: In some dental samples we managed to get almost healthy enamel, i.e. complete remineralization process of the inicial lesion. Conclusion: Once again, we have confirmation of one of the many benefits of fluoride in dentistry which is long been known.

The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols but failure to isolate viable (infectious) virus are commonly reported, there is substantial controversy whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be transmitted through aerosols. This conundrum occurs because common air samplers can inactivate virions through their harsh collection processes. We sought to resolve the question whether viable SARS-CoV-2 can occur in aerosols using VIVAS air samplers that operate on a gentle water vapor condensation principle. During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces.

School Dental Service is the main oral health programme established to provide curative and preventive oral health care to children of ages 3 to 13 years in Sri Lanka. The information generated through the management information system is hence imperative to describe the oral health status of the children, resource allocation and for rational decision, making at all levels of the school dental service. The purpose of this study was to explore the challenges to quality of data generated at the patient-provider interface of the management information system of the School Dental Service in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. A qualitative exploratory study with School Dental Therapists was conducted, in the form of in-depth interviews. Twelve out of 101 school dental therapists were purposively selected and semi structured interviews were conducted in the last quarter of 2019, until the data saturation was achieved. A thematic analysis was performed to achieve the results. According to the results, the challenges to the quality of data generated at the patent provider interface of school dental service could be explained under three thematic areas. The issues related to reporting system and records, the working environment and the personal perceptions on data collection were the emerged areas of constrains to the data quality in the school dental service in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. The quality of data in the Management Information System of School dental Service could be further enhanced by addressing the issues identified under the key thematic areas at the patient provider interface.

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the immunity against rubella using the serological status of rubella-specific IgG antibodies (antirubella IgG) in an Iraqi woman of childbearing age (15–49 years). Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted for the period from March 2014-April 2016 , test results for an (65) Iraqi’ women aged 20–40 years who had visited an obstetric private clinic and had certain obstetrical problems including frequent abortion, miscarriage, intra-uterine death or fetal Congenital anomalies and here obstetrician requested laboratory results of rubella-specific IgM & or IgG antibody tests. Results: There are differences in percent of abortion and congenital anomalies among different epidemiological areas in Baghdad and the percent of abortion at different age group the highest percent of abortion in women at age 31-40 (Table 1) as compared to age 20-40 ( chi -square : 17-94, P-value : 0-002, P< 0.05 is significant ) in middle of Iraq shows a significant differences in percent of congenital anomalies at age 20-24 as compared to age 31-40 (chi- square: 15-01, P-value : 0-004 , P< 0.05 significant . The percent of abortion in women in eastern area of Baghdad show percent 80% between 30-40 years which is significant Chi -square: 51.72, P value 0.001. Between 2014 to 2016, antirubella IgM & IgG test results from (65) Iraqi women aged 20–40 years who had visited private obstetric clinics the results showed the percent of IgG / and IgM in aborted women at eastern area of Baghdad, IgG is highly significant especially at age 20 and 40 years age . Chi square: 51.25, P -value: 000 HS, P < .00 HS, Also difference in IgM chi-square: 37.10, P value: 000 HS. Conclusions: In consideration of the factors associated with prevalence of women un-immunized to rubella, future public health efforts should be focused on catch-up activities. And recommended to strengthen disease control and prevent rubella, including a nation-wide immunization program.

Abstract: Introduction: The non-surgical periodontal therapy consists of ultrasonic scaling and full mouth disinfection. Ultra sonic scaling is conventionally done in weekly sessions, performed quadrant wise. The Full Mouth Disinfection approach aims to prevent re-infection of already treated periodontal sites by pathogens that reside on other sites and thus improve the effectiveness of non-surgical periodontal treatment. Anxiety, fear and pain experience represent significant problems in the dental practice and are significant factors that discourage the demand for treatment. Thus it interferes in the management of patients during dental treatment. Aim: To evaluate the clinical effects of two different forms of non-surgical periodontal therapy, ultrasonic scaling versus one-stage full-mouth disinfection to the patient based on questionnaire such as Dental Fear Survey, Dental Anxiety Scale and Visual Analogue Scale Materials And Methods: Dental Fear Survey and Dental Anxiety Scale questionnaires and Visual Analogue Scale were applied to 30 patients randomized into two groups. Group I consists of 15 patients who underwent ultrasonic scaling; Group II consists of 15 patients who underwent one stage full mouth disinfection. Periodontal clinical parameters were monitored at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results: All the clinical parameters are found to be statistically significant results in the FMD group. There was no significant differences between treatment groups with respect to gender, age, income and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: It is concluded that FMD group showed better improvements in clinical parameters when compared to ultrasonic scaling group, but didn’t show any difference with respect to fear, anxiety and pain experiences.

Abstract: This case report evaluates the management of crowding in a female patient having a Class I malocclusion with the help of conventional fixed appliance mechano-therapy. The case required extraction of 3 premolars for correction of the proclined, forwardly placed and crowded upper and lower anterior teeth. Clinical and cephalometric evaluation revealed Class I skeletal pattern and clinical examination revealed presence of an orthognathic facial profile, an average to vertical growth pattern, increased overjet and average overbite, crowding in maxillary and mandibular anterior region, potentially incompetent lips, increased lip fullness and lip strain, a gummy smile with an unaesthetic flat smile arc and increased buccal corridor spaces. Following fixed orthodontic treatment by removal of 3 premolars and with retraction of anterior segment, a marked improvement in patient's smile, facial profile and occlusion was achieved and there was a remarkable increase in the patient's confidence and quality of life. The profile changes and treatment results were demonstrated with proper case selection and good patient cooperation with fixed appliance therapy.

Abstract: In young patients, tooth movement is affected by growth while in adults we deal strictly with tooth movement alone. In addition, orthodontic treatment in the adults is often based on symptoms detected by the patient while in children; it is based more often on signs detected by practitioners or parents. Of equal significance is the fact that the adults seeks treatment more often for esthetic reasons and hence is likely to have unreasonable expectations about the outcome of the treatment, is less adaptable to the appliance and is uncompromising in his/her appraisal of the treatment results. This case report evaluates the management of crowding in a female patient with a Class II malocclusion with conventional fixed appliance mechano-therapy by using Temporary anchorage devices for the purpose of absolute anchorage. The case required extraction of 1st premolars for correction of the proclined, forwardly placed and crowded upper and lower anterior teeth. Clinical and cephalometric evaluation revealed skeletal Class I pattern and clinical examination revealed presence of an orthognathic facial profile, an average to horizontal growth pattern, increased overjet and overbite, crowding in maxillary and mandibular anterior region, incompetent lips, increased lip fullness and lip strain, a gummy smile with an unaesthetic reverse smile arc and a decreased nasolabial angle. Following fixed orthodontic treatment by removal of all 1st premolars and with retraction of anterior segment, a marked improvement in patient's smile, facial profile and occlusion was achieved and there was a remarkable increase in the patient's confidence and quality of life. The profile changes and treatment results were demonstrated with proper case selection and good patient cooperation with fixed appliance therapy.