The surgical management of achalasia cardia has been evolving over the past decade since the introduction of Heller’s myotomy. Laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy is the current gold standard for the surgical management of achalasia cardia, and it is accompanied by a partial fundoplication. The robotic Heller's myotomy is slowly emerging since the introduction of robotic surgery. The thoracoscopic myotomy is now seldom performed, and esophagectomy is only performed for patients with end-stage achalasia cardia. In this review, we will look at the various surgical operations that are performed for achalasia cardia, looking at the advantages and complications of them.

The open non-mesh-based inguinal hernia repairs are rarely performed now since the introduction of the Lichtenstein repair. The most common non-mesh-based inguinal hernia repairs include the Shouldice repair, the Bassini repair, and the Desarda repair. Knowledge of how to perform these procedures is important if the standard mesh-based repairs, like the Lichtenstein repair, are contraindicated. In this review, we will look at the Shouldice repair, the Bassini repair, and the Desarda repair, looking at their complications and comparing them with the mesh-based repairs.

The open mesh-based inguinal hernia repairs are now the most common hernia repair techniques and have replaced the suture-based repairs. Lichtenstein repair is the most common repair technique as it has a short learning curve and can be performed under local anesthesia. It is associated with reduced postoperative morbidity, and it has the lowest recurrence rate. The Plug and Patch and the Prolene hernia system are alternative open mesh-based repairs that can be performed for open inguinal hernia repair. In this review, we will look at the Lichtenstein repair, the Plug and Patch repair, and the Prolene hernia system, looking at the indications and complications. We will also compare these procedures regarding their postoperative complications and recurrence rates.

The management of recurrent inguinal hernia remains an area of concern, with the choice of surgical repair dictated by the primary repair performed. The principle of management is that if an anterior approach is performed, then the recurrence is repaired with a posterior approach, and vice versa. The aim here is to repair the hernia in a clean, adhesion-free anatomical plane. The common approaches include the laparoscopic repairs, like the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and total extraperitoneal (TEP). The open pre-peritoneal repair can also be performed for recurrent inguinal hernias. In this review, we will investigate the various surgical procedures that are performed for recurrent inguinal hernias and the risk factors for recurrence.

One of the most challenging tasks to accomplish in reconstructive plastic surgery is reconstructing the eyelids. Following eyelid surgery, function and appeal must be restored. The surgical reconstructive plan depends on the severity of the defect is and the degree to which there is tissue around the eye. Eyesight and quality of life may be considerably compromised by periocular cancers. The lower lid (48%) and the medial canthus (27%) exhibit more periocular malignancies than the upper lid (25%), which is protected from UV rays by the eyebrow. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is responsible for 80–92.2% of periorbital cancers. Surgery is suggested for periocular, periorbital, and eyelid BCC. There are several different types of surgery that may be used to fix eyelids. Mustard cheek flaps are a great way to fix problems with the lower and outer eyelids.

Right-sided colonic diverticulitis is commonly seen in younger and predominantly Asian patients, and it presents with pain over the right lower abdomen. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by imaging modalities like computerized tomography. It is divided into complicated or uncomplicated diverticulitis, with uncomplicated diverticulitis being managed with non-operative treatment. Complicated diverticulitis is managed with surgical resection, with either a right hemicolectomy or an ileocecal resection being performed. In this article, we will look at the management of right-sided colonic diverticulitis, especially the role of non-operative management and surgical resection.

Perforator flaps have revolutionized reconstructive surgery by enabling reliable tissue coverage while significantly reducing donor site morbidity. Based on the use of small-caliber perforating vessels, these flaps allow the transfer of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues without sacrificing muscle. Advances in the understanding of vascular anatomy and the use of preoperative imaging—particularly Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography—have enabled precise planning and safe dissection. Numerous variants have been developed, including deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps, anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps, gluteal perforator flaps, and freestyle flaps, each with specific indications and advantages. The emergence of supermicrosurgical techniques, particularly perforator-to-perforator anastomoses, has expanded reconstructive options, especially for distal or complex tissue defects. This article provides a review of the principles, technical aspects, and clinical applications of perforator flaps, highlighting their central role in modern reconstructive surgery.