Background: White blood cell malignancy classified by an overabundance of lymphoblasts is known as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The current study aimed to investigate the alteration in mean level of some biochemical, hematological and inflammatory markers in patients with acute lymphoblastic Leukemia. Methods: The study included forty ALL patients (20 newly diagnosed with ALL patients and 20 under treatment ALL patients) with 20 healthy control persons from February to May 2026 from ages 2-70 years of both genders. Lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, High Density lipoprotein and low Density lipoprotein), Liver function test (Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase), Hematological profile, C-reactive protein, Interleukein-6 (IL-6) and Tumer necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) was measured in serum of studied groups. Results: Results of the study revealed noteworthy alterations in hematological, chemical and inflammatory markers in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) patients compared to control. Patients in treatment had higher cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels than newly diagnosed and control patients, with triglyceride levels being elevated in newly diagnosed patients. It was also found that liver enzymes increased significantly. Patients under treatment with HIV had higher levels of ALT and patients with newly diagnosed had higher levels of AST than the patients under treatment and the control group. The study demonstrated a significantly lower level of Hb and PLT and higher WBC count in ALL patients in comparison with control. Hb and platelet level improved and the number of WBC decreased in patients under treatment as compared to newly diagnosed patients showing relative improvement in some of the blood parameters in the treated patient. As for inflammatory indicators, levels of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α showed an increase in newly diagnosed patients compared to patients under treatment and the control group. These indicators decreased more in patients being treated, reflecting the inflammatory response with the course of the disease and reduction with treatments. Conclusion: The results confirm the potential of these biomarkers to be used as adjunctive indicators in assessing physiological and inflammatory changes in ALL and treatment related changes.

Objective: The molecular genetic and phenotypic relationship between four populations of Iraqi worker honeybees (Apis mellifer) was studied. These four populations are from northern Iraq, specifically from four districts in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate. Materials and Methods: Fifty worker honeybees were collected from the Sulaymaniyah Governorate for the purpose of studying and determining their genetic and phenotypic structure. The phenotypic characteristics of the honeybees included in this study are: forewing length, forewing width, wing venation, number of cells per wing, presence of wing reticulum, dorsal abdominal color, ventral abdominal color, eye color, head length and width, and the extent of genetic similarity and difference between honeybee strains by determining the DNA sequence of the mitochondrial gene region (COX2). Gas chromatography (GG-Mass) was also used to analyze honeydew tissue from the honeybees. Results: The analysis showed that the molecular weight of the COX2 DNA amplification product in worker honeybees (A. mellifera) was 715 bp base pairs in 12 samples from the population. The results indicated slight genetic diversity in the form of point mutations of the deletion and substitution types. A total of 27 mutations were found in the COX2 gene, distributed across the districts of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. These mutations were translocations and substitutions. Regarding the phenotypic study, the results showed that head length was highest in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, reaching 5.1 mm. The genetic distance values revealed that the highest genetic distance was 0.021 between the districts of Juwarta in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, while the lowest was 0.002 between the districts of Sulaymaniyah City Center and Chamchamal in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The remaining values varied. As for the honey material, the results of the gas chromatography (GC-Mass) showed that (19) organic materials were separated and identified in all the samples. The samples varied in their content of some of these materials or not, as well as in their percentages in the samples. The carbohydrate materials (sugars) mostly constitute a percentage exceeding 80%, meaning that the percentages in the table represent the percentage in the remaining 20% and not within the total percentage of materials in the honey.

Background: Resistance to β lactamase by Escherichia coli is one of the principal molecular mechanisms leading to failure of extended spectrum cephalosporin antibiotics. Nevertheless, family-based PCR results are often considered evidence of ESBL phenotype despite the non-ESBL parent gene identified by sequencing. Objectives: Analysis of clinical isolates collected from Iraq using a molecular genetic approach considering alleles, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, multiplex PCR, partial gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and ERIC PCR fingerprinting. Methods: Fifty two isolates were characterized by conventional identification, disk diffusion, phenotypic ESBL and AmpC tests, multiplex PCR targeting bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX M, bla OXA, and six plasmid mediated AmpC families, partial Sanger sequencing, and ERIC PCR. Data were analyzed using Wilson 95% confidence intervals, Cohen's κ, and exact McNemar tests. Results: The highest resistance frequencies were observed for tetracycline (67.3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (55.8%), and nalidixic acid (42.3%); 40.4% of isolates met the definition of multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). Thirty five isolates (67.3%) carried at least one screened β lactamase family marker. blaTEM was detected in 29 isolates (55.8%), blaOXA in eight (15.4%), blaSHV in one (1.9%), blaDHA in three (5.8%), and blaCTX M in none. Sequencing assigned the detected alleles to TEM 1, SHV 1, OXA 1, and DHA 1. Consequently, the molecular results demonstrate β lactamase gene carriage but do not justify labeling all PCR positive isolates as ESBL producers. Phenotype–marker concordance was poor for the ESBL comparison (42.3%; κ = −0.03; p = 0.0014) and limited for AmpC (71.2%; κ = 0.025; p = 0.0074). ERIC PCR resolved 16 profiles among 35 gene positive isolates at 50% similarity, indicating substantial clonal heterogeneity. Conclusion: Allele discrimination essentially alters the way family level PCR results should be analyzed. In order to properly classify resistance and perform surveillance in an Iraqi medical setting, both current phenotypic criteria and allele discrimination sequencing must be used.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a globally widespread parasitic infection, and the resistance of the parasite causing this infection to commonly used drugs has become a serious problem. Therefore, it has become necessary to conduct studies on the role of alternative medicines as a treatment for this disease. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of using Capparis spinosa extract on the gene expression of HSP70 and LACK genes in promastigote. Method: The parasite was cultured in RPMI-1640 culture medium in the laboratory under suitable working condition. Subsequently, the parasite was exposed to different concentration of Capparis spinosa extract, and then the gene expression of the parasites HSP70 and LACK was measured by used RT-PCR assay. Results: Exposure of promastigote to different concentrations of Capparis spinosa extract resulted in a significant increase in the Gene expression of HSP70 and LACK genes compared to the control group suggesting the potential use of this extract as a treatment for leishmaniasis. Conclusion: The current study showed that Capparis spinosa extract has an effect on HSP70 and LACK genes expression through the effect of some chemical compounds of the plant extract on protein synthesis and iron chelation.

Background: There are several different types of kidney replacement therapy, but the most frequent one is hemodialysis (HD). Aim of the Study: The present study aimed to evaluated level of hematological, and electrolyte in HD patients and control. Materials and Methods: This study involved 60 individuals of Iraqi renal failure patients with hemodialysis from Tikrit Teaching. The healthy group in volved 30 individuals, who were free from renal failure symptoms and other diseases. These samples were collected during the period from September 2025 to March 2026. Exclusion criteria Renal failure patients’ pre-hemodialysis. Result: White blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts in HD patients were found to be non-significantly different from those in the control group (P > 0.05). On the other hand, HD patients had considerably lower levels of packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) than controls (P < 0.001). HD patients had considerably higher serum phosphate levels (5.8 ± 0.9 mg/dL) than the control group (P < 0.001). On the other hand, HD patients had considerably lower serum levels of calcium, chloride, potassium, and sodium than controls (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study concluded that hemodialysis patients had significantly lower hemoglobin, packed cell volume, calcium, chloride, potassium, and sodium levels, while serum phosphate levels were significantly elevated.

Tuberculosis (TB) is said to be leading cause among the health problems in the world owing to its high morbidity and mortality, which is again due to antibiotic resistance. The bacteria’s thick, lipid-rich cell wall makes the lipid layer permeable and limits the drug entry, and loosing hope in therapeutics. New methods are being developed in nanomedicine which boosts the drug solubility into the mycobacterial membranes. Enzyme-based nano delivery systems increase selectivity and reduce systemic toxicity by producing localized medication release via pathogen-specific enzyme activity. Carbohydrate-based carriers, which are engineered to resemble host glycoconjugates and allow for selective uptake and extended release, are a potential method of breaching the cell wall. Together, these innovative delivery strategies represent a paradigm shift in TB therapy, addressing the shortcomings of traditional treatment and opening the way to more successful management of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The introduction of nanotechnology to antimicrobial therapy underscores the critical need for translational research to address the global tuberculosis load.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents one of the major non-communicable diseases affecting populations worldwide. It is characterized by a gradual decline in renal function resulting from persistent structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys, eventually leading to impaired filtration capacity and multiple systemic complications. Persistent renal dysfunction is accompanied by immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation, leading to altered production of several cytokines and inflammatory mediators., Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammation plays a central role in CKD progression, while circulating visfatin has emerged as an inflammatory adipokine closely linked to metabolic and immune alterations in these patients, cellular stress responses and metabolism. This investigation was designed to quantify serum concentrations of visfatin, interleukin-17A, beta2-microglobulin, and interleukin-22 in individuals with chronic kidney disease and to compare these biomarkers with those measured in healthy participants. A case-control study was performed between January and June 2025 involving 90 participants, including 60 clinically diagnosed CKD patients and 30 apparently healthy controls., serum samples were collected to measure the level of visfatin, interleukin 17A, beta2-microglobulin and interleukin 22 by ELIZA technique, which is based on the Sandwich ELIZA principle. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the level of visfatin in patients with CKD (7.25 ± 0.6 pg/ml) compared to controls (3.6 ± 0.3 pg/ml). The results of the study also showed a highly significant increase in the level of interleukin 17A, beta 2 microglobulin and interleukin 22 in patients with CKD (24. 39 ± 7.2 pg/ml, 6.86 ± 1.7 ng/ml, and 185.7 ± 20.5 pg/ml) respectively, compared with controls (3.22 ± 0.77 pg/ml, 2.53 ± 0.74 ng/ml, and 89.4 ± 15.3 pg/ml) respectively. These findings indicate that elevated serum levels of visfatin, interleukin-17A, beta2-microglobulin, and interleukin-22 are closely associated with chronic kidney disease and may serve as useful biomarkers reflecting immune activation and inflammatory status in affected patients.