Coffee is one of the world’s most important crops given the highest number of people living directly or indirectly from it. Farmers have an excellent local knowledge about different tree species which are either retained or planted on their farms. The main purpose of this study was to investigate coffee growers’ local knowledge on the roles of shade trees in coffee production systems at Yayo District in Ilubabor Zone Southwest part of Ethiopia. A total of 120 (20 key informants and 100 households) participated in interview. Data were collected by using semi structured interview and field observation. The data were analyzed by preference ranking, direct matrix and using descriptive statistics. A total of 20 most commonly used coffee shade tree species belonging to 16 genera and 7 families were identified in the study area. Fabaceae was the most species rich plant family followed by Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae .The coffee farmers in the study area are mentioned benefits of the shade trees such as for improvement of soil fertility and moisture, to protect from unsuitable environmental stress, for longer life span of coffee plants, reducing erosion, increase coffee yields and quality, and reduce weed and grasses. Among shade tree species best compatible with coffee plant such as Albizia gummifera, Acacia abyssinica, Albizia schimmperia, Millitia ferruginea, Albizia grandibracteata ,Cordian africana and least were Corton macrostachyus were highly favored in that order. However, farmers considered as preferred coffee shade trees species by characteristics were mainly based on tree height, fast decomposition rate, small deciduous compound leaves, and umbrella crown shape and root depth. Coffee farmers of the study area managed their owned shade tree species through pruning, mulching and composting, thinning, weeding and hoeing and debarking and intercropping operations. To agreement endorsement of the extension of coffee shade agroforestry knowledge, the rural households must participate in pieces of training to improve their productivity and maximize the benefits of coffee shade in coffee production system.

Chronic heart failure refers to a clinical state of systemic and pulmonary congestion resulting from inability of the heart to pump as much blood as required for the adequate metabolism of the body. The commonest causes of heart failure are coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes, however, hypertension and diabetes have been found to be stronger risk factors in elderly women and coronary artery disease and smoking are stronger risk factors in elderly men. Pathophysiologically, heart failure is either an inadequate cardiac output for the organism’s metabolic demands or an adequate cardiac output that is due to neurohormonal compensation, which means the inability of the heart to supply blood to the tissues according to their needs without additional strain. The pharmacological treatment of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is now based on four classes of drugs that have been proven to reduce mortality among heart failure patients such as angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy should be initiated at a low dose with very gradual up titration, monitoring renal function and serum potassium levels closely. Chronic heart failure treatment with direct inhibitors of aldosterone receptors brought about a significant improvement in terms of survival and hospitalizations.

Background and Objective: Necrotic enteritis (NE) has increased in occurrence and severity over the years. The re-emergence of necrotic enteritis has been the most significant threat for the poultry industry. It is one of the most common and economically devastating bacterial diseases in terms of performance, welfare and mortality. So, the present research work was designed to determine the prevalence with a clinicopathological investigation of necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler and Sonali chicken (the common breeds for meat purpose in Bangladesh) at Rajshahi District (the Barind Tract) in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 (260 Sonali (Fayoumi × RIR) and 250 Broiler (Cobb 500) birds from 10 different commercial poultry farms were used to conduct the present study. The diagnosis of NE was based on history, clinical signs characteristic gross lesions and histopathological findings. Results: The overall prevalence of necrotic enteritis was 7.84 % in chickens, though the incidence rate varied from farms to farms ranging from 4.0 – 11.67%. The incidence of necrotic enteritis was almost 1.5 times in broiler chickens (9.6%) than in Sonali chickens (6.2%). The incidence of necrotic enteritis was varied with season showing peak occurrence in winter season (11.67%), and the lowest incidence was in summer season (3.2%). The major clinical signs observed were severe depression, diarrhoea (shooting type), ruffled feathers, and sudden death. The striking necropsy findings were markedly thickened enteric mucosa covered by tan-orange pseudo-membranes often referred to as a “Turkish towel” in appearance with haemorrhages occasionally and ballooning of intestine with foul smelled gas. Enterohistopathological findings included the coagulative necrosis, increased cellular infiltration in lamina propria, haemorrhage, congestion, disorganization of structure. Conclusion: The study concludes that investigation of NE in commercial chickens based on clinical signs, necropsy and enterohistopathological findings helps to determine the prevalence of NE and also help to adopt prevention and control strategies.

Dimethoate and chloropyrfios are two of widely used organophosphorus insecticides in agriculture. The irrational use of Dimethoata and chlyropyrfios in Libya play a crucial role in the occurrence of many diseases affecting plants, animals and the environment. The present work was conducted to investigate the alterations in hematological factors in male rabbits after orally administration a single dose of dimethoate (DM) by gavage at a dose of 43.2 mg/kg B.W/day (1/50 of DM) lethal dose and chloropyrfios by gavage at a dose of 33.3 mg/kg B.W/day (1/50 of CPF) lethal dose for 12-week. 15 Male Rabbits weighting (1.891  27.6 Kg)., were divided into 3 groups with 5 animals in each, first group served as control animals, they received 5 ml of corn oil, while animals in second group received Dimethoate, animals in third group received of chloropyrfios. Results indicated that treatment with Dimethoate and chloropyrfios caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in white blood cells (WBCs), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), zpacked cell volume (PCV) and platelets. While, increase MCV, MCH, MCVH compared to control. The erythrocytes sedimentation rate highly significant increase in the blood of Dimethoate and chloropyrfios treated rabbits as compared to control.

In Pakistan, the symbols of water stress are ubiquitous in the form of water resources depletion, water scarcity, quality, depletion of level and contamination. Water is a precious gift of God for all living and non-living things to complete the cycle of ecosystem. This research was conducted to check the trends groundwater level and its quality analysis using long term data of same study area. In this study area, groundwater quality and level data of 421 piezometric wells of 15 years were used to analyze through graphical analysis, from a region in Pakistan. The four major indicators for irrigation as recommended by Punjab Irrigation Department are; pH, EC, RSC and SAR. These parameters were used and appraisal for irrigation to fit or unfit the monitoring sites. The results indicate the significant increasing trend of level as well as quality of water. Average declining of groundwater table is 0.0963 meter per year in study area. As 20% of the groundwater depth is declining per year. Sites unfit ratio is 50% of the total monitoring sites being installed with respect to quality parameters. These trends indicate more water extraction in region that cause adverse effect on quality and level. This research is an excellent recommendation for water experts, to amend new law for operation of water resources and its extraction from groundwater through tubewells. The heavy metal concentration, hazardous waste to soil and sewerage of colonies should be supervised on daily basis.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) belongs to malvaceae family and its widely cultured in the world for its fibrous fruits which contain round white seeds. In this study the bioactive compounds where extracted by using many solvents methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and water. The ethanolic extract where used invitro to determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts of dried fruit okra against some selected potential bacterial pathogens, Klebsiella and E. coli. This research is an experimental study using completely randomized design by using disk diffusion testing method. The object used was the extract of the Okra fruits at concentration of 25%, 50%, 100% and 200%. The zone of inhibition was 3.73mm at 200% with Klebsiella and 3.47 mm with E. coli in comparison with the control 4.4 mm. The least concentration of the extract that completely inhibit the growth of the organism MIC is 30%.

The phenology, morphology and biomass production of six velvet bean (M. melanocarpa) accession were evaluated at Bambasi Medicinal Plants Field Gen Banks. The time from seeding to first floral buds ranged from 83-135 days, to first blooms 109-149 days, and to first pods 109-160 days. The six accessions initiated blooming in a certain order, which could be described by calendar days. Five accessions had an indeterminate flowering habit, while one was determinate. Accession number DM00102, DM00103 and DM00105 produced the most biomass and accession DM00101 the least. The petiole constitutes 14% to 23% of total leaf weight. Leaf weight at bloom accounted for 81% of above-ground plant weight in indeterminate accessions, and 69% in determinate accessions. The period from first bloom to first pods spanned 8 weeks. Differences in velvet bean growth habits may be used to stag per planting dates of other crops. Growers may implement a strategy of “one time planting” of several velvet bean lines of various maturation rates each on a fraction of their acreage.