The fungi kingdom comprises eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms with diverse structures, functions, growth forms, and lifestyles; it’s more than 1.5 million members positively or negatively impacts all existing forms of life and, therefore, all ecosystems. Fungi are organisms that have unique qualities among all living beings. These capabilities have a detrimental or beneficial impact on human activity due to their use at various important historical points. These Organisms are used in food processing or in the production of antibiotics. However, they have caused diseases in plants and animals, constituting a constant challenge in the areas of research, diagnosis, treatment, and control. For all this, mushrooms have played an important role in the theatrical work of human development and prosperity.

Squid ink is known to contain many bioactive properties such as antioxidant, anticancer activity, antimicrobial activity, and anti-inflammatory activity. Through its antioxidant properties squid was suggested to have therapeutic potential for sexual function disorders. This study is an attempt to evaluate whether squid ink has therapeutic benefits against age-related decreases in sexual arousal in D-galactose-induced aging male mice. Four groups of male mice were treated as follows. Group-1 received only standar food but no D-galactose induction nor squid ink given. Group-2 received D-galactose induction but not squid ink. Group-3 and group-4 received D-galactose induction and squid ink at the dose of 40 and 100 ml/kg body weight respectively. After 35 days of treatment, the test mice were mated with estrous virgin females to determine their levels of sexual arousal. The results, Loligo squid ink extract at a dose of 100 ml/kg body weight significantly enhances sexual arousal parameter values in the D-galactose-induced aging mouse model. However, the recovery rate did not achieve nor surpassed the parameter values of sexual arousal in normal mice. It suggests that Loligo squid ink has the potential to prevent damage to sexual function in males but is less effective in restoring it.

This work was aimed at determining the antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits in rats administered DMH. Group 1 (positive control) contains rats without the administration of DMH, extract, or CMC. Group 2 (negative control) received DMH, 1 ml of 1% CMC, and no extract. Group 3 received a low dose of the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits (100mg/kg) and DMH. Group 4 received a high dose of the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (200mg/kg) and DMH. The DMH was administered once a week for four consecutive weeks, while the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera was administered daily for four consecutive weeks. The result showed that there was a significant increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, and GST in rats administered an extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits compared to the negative control group. In general, the introduction of Tetrapleura tetraptera to the rats caused an increase in the activity of the antioxidants compared to the negative control. The histopathological profile, however, showed that the DMH did not affect the liver, colon, and small intestine morphology. It could thus be concluded that the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit has potent antioxidant activity.

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an extraordinary setback in the global economy and public health. Vaccination is one of the most effective measures to significantly reduce severe illness and death from COVID-19. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of reports of new acute kidney injury (AKI) following COVID-19 vaccination. Podocyte injury, IgA nephropathy, vasculitis, tubulointerstitial injury, and thrombotic microangiopathy are considered to be the major pathological phenotypes. Nevertheless, whether the association between COVID-19 vaccination and acute kidney disease (AKD) is causal or chance remains to be tested. Indeed, it is undeniable that mass vaccination against COVID-19 will bring significant benefits in preventing morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. The study included the effect of the Corona vaccine on kidney functions and blood variables MCV, HGB, among vaccinated adults aged (18-32) years in Anbar province, auditors Ramadi Teaching Hospital and Anah General Hospital.40 blood samples were collected and a test was conducted for blood variables and kidney functions (creatinine and urea), and it was found that the percentage of urea and creatinine has increased among the vaccinated compared to its percentage when the unvaccinated, and that the percentage of MCV, HGB decreased among the vaccinated compared to the unvaccinated, as the study showed that the percentage of urea was among the unvaccinated (21.7) while among the vaccinated (36.41). Creatinine was among the unvaccinated (0.695) while among the vaccinated (1.041). The MCV rate among the unvaccinated (85.86) while among the vaccinated (82.74) and the percentage of HGB among the unvaccinated (13.58) while it was among the vaccinated (12.37).

Introduction: Dextrans are D-glucose homopolysaccharides made by bacteria. There are several different bacterial species that produce these polysaccharides. Dextran is used as an adjuvant, drug carrier emulsifier, carrier, and stabiliser in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical sectors, Nano gel. The aim of the study is to isolate Lactobacillus spp. from clinical sources, to identify the dextran production yield in Lactobacillus spp, and to reach the optimal growing parameters to discover the optimal dextran growth conditions. Methodology: 50 isolates of Lactobacillus spp. were gathered from different medical facilities in Baghdad City, 21 isolates came from healthy women's vagina (16 Lactobacillus plantarum, 5 Lactobacillus acidophilus), and 29 isolates came from samples of infant stool (15 Lactobacillus plantarum, 4 Lactobacillus acidophilus, and 10 Lactobacillus gasseri). All isolates were examined for dextran production using mucoid and spectrophotometric methods. Results: Lactobacillus acidophilus that was isolated from the genital tract of healthy women produced greater dextran. The results shows that the optimum conditions for dextran production that were investigated, there are several parameters play important roles to reach the optimal conditions, including, different natural carbon sources, nitrogen source, temperature, sucrose concentration, incubation time, pH, inoculum size. Conclusions: he optimum conditions for production were at 37 ºC for 48h at pH 5.5 with 4 % inoculum size and 6 g/ 100ml sucrose concentration with 6% best nitrogen source beef extract and the best natural carbon source for dextran production was dates.

Background: Hot spring's water is enriched with minerals which has many therapeutic values. Bakreshwar is well known for its ten hot springs of varying temperatures (35°C-71°C). Bathing repeatedly in hot springs can help us to fight against skin infection, rheumatic disorders, joint pain etc. Objectives: The present study aimed to explore the changes in the gene expression of IL-10 and IFN-γ in the Gallus gallus domesticus embryo, infected with multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and by using the Bakreshwar hot spring water to make any curative changes in the target gene expression or not. Methodology: 14 days old embryonated eggs of Gallus gallus domesticus was inoculated with freshly prepared 0.5 Mc Farland standard suspension of Klebsiella pneumoniae and curative set was treated with Bakreshwar Hot Spring water, collected from Agnikund (65°C). Then the embryonated eggs were harvested following the Institutional Ethical Committee guidelines and the allantoic fluid was collected. On the next day, RNA extraction was performed and cDNA synthesis followed by RT PCR was performed to study the cytokine gene expression. Results: After infection of chick embryo Gallus gallus domesticus with multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, both IL-10 and IFN-γ gene expression was increased, but in curative sets that were challenged with Bakreshwar water, IL-10 gene expression was decreased and IFN-γ was increased. Conclusion: Hot spring water of Bakreshwar has antimicrobial effect on multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumonia and it can normalize the cytokine balance with prolonged protection with raised IFN-γ.

Background: One of the main public health challenges in the globe is the prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Objectives: The curent study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus in renal dialysis patients in Diyala province, Iraq. Methods: Ninety of renal dialysis patients attended Ibn-Sina Dialysis Center were screened for HBsAg, HBc IgG, HBc IgM and HBe Ab using ELISA technique, and then positive results were retested by conventional PCR for detection of HBs gene and HB core gene. Demographic data of study population were recorded. Simple statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 25. Results: Among studied samples, the seroprevalence of HBsAg, Anti-HBc Ab, Anti-HBc IgM and Anti-HBe Ab were 4.4%, 17.8%, 2.2% and 5.6% respectively. The results of conventional PCR showed that only 1(1.1%) of HBs gene at 417 bp in renal dialysis patients were positive. Whereas, the HBc gene at 791 bp was not detected in all included study population. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV was relatively high among renal dialysis in Diyala province/Iraq.