Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is one of the most important multifactorial disease syndromes affecting cattle and is associated with substantial economic losses through morbidity, mortality, treatment costs, and reduced production efficiency. BRDC develops through complex interactions among environmental and management stressors, host factors, primary viral infections, and secondary bacterial pathogens. This review summarizes current knowledge of BRDC pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic and preventive strategies. Important viral agents include bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, bovine herpesvirus-1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus, while major bacterial pathogens include Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. Viral infection and stress can impair respiratory defenses and facilitate bacterial colonization of the lower respiratory tract. Diagnosis remains challenging because clinical signs are often nonspecific and molecular detection may identify organisms that are present without being the primary cause of disease. Multiplex quantitative PCR has expanded the capacity for simultaneous pathogen detection, but results must be interpreted together with clinical, pathological, and epidemiological findings. Effective control requires integrated herd management, including stress reduction, biosecurity, strategic vaccination, early diagnosis, and prudent antimicrobial use. Future advances will depend on improved vaccines, better host-response biomarkers, refined diagnostics, and sustainable alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapy.

The present research is to be related with the students of the undergraduate study of University of Mosul college of Physical Education and Sports sciences. The study has been conducted during September, 2025 in the Animal Physiology Lab. The total number of the subjects of the study was 107 female and 68 male students aged between 18-21 years, enrolled in undergraduate course. Students blood typing and association with hemostatic parameters, such as bleeding and clotting time were studied. In both sexes blood-group typing was performed and bleeding time (BT) and clotting time (CT) were determined. Results of the study showed that the blood group B was the commonest blood group. The ABO blood groups are as follows: The bleeding and clotting time of O blood group is the longest. Based on the above data, it may be inferred that there could be a correlation between the two blood groups ABO and the above two tests (bleeding time and clotting time) in the study population.

Thyroid glands demonstrate structural alterations throughout their life; however, there is little information on age-related histology features of guinea pigs. The aim of this research was to analyze the histological features of the thyroid glands of adult guinea pigs of different ages. Thirty-six adult guinea pigs were analyzed and assigned to four age categories (9 specimens in each category), which were 6, 12, 24 and 36 months old. Masson’s trichrome and PAS staining of thyroid tissues fixed in formaldehyde solution and processed routinely were carried out. Follicle size and distribution, colloid appearance, follicular epithelium morphology, distribution of parafollicular cells, interstitium structure and blood vessel features were diverse for different age groups among the investigated tissue samples. In 6-month-old animals, mostly relatively small follicles, located in loose connective tissue, were seen. The variability of follicles sizes and colloid distribution increased with age. Large follicle, foamy-appearing colloid, low colloid areas, flat follicular epithelium, follicular epithelium degeneration and vascular congestion occurred much more often in 36-month-old animals. Such results present a descriptive study of the histological characteristics of the thyroid gland of the guinea pig depending on its age. As the level of thyroid hormones and histomorphometrical measurements have not been examined in the study, the described changes in the histological structure cannot be considered as an indirect indication of thyroid dysfunction.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of the most widely used spices which has many pharmacological effects and several health benefits. However, it is known to piperine of black pepper provide inconsistent effects on virility and fertility in male. In this study we aim the effect of black pepper fruit extract on testicular function—both hormonal and histological—in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats. A total 24 male Sprague Dawley rats divided into four group (6 rats each). Group 1 (control) consisted of rats provided with food and water *ad libitum*. Group 2 consisted of rats induced with alloxan (150 mg/kg BW) on days 0 and 14 to serve as the hyperglycaemic group. Groups 3 and 4 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats administered black pepper extract every two days for 28 days at doses of 122.5 mg/kg BW and 245 mg/kg BW, respectively. The measured parameters included blood glucose levels, total testosterone levels, sperm quality (count, motility, and abnormalities), and testicular histological parameters (counts of type A spermatogonia, preleptotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, spermatids, and Leydig cells). The results showed that hyperglycaemic rats treated with black pepper fruit extract exhibited reduced blood glucose levels, increased total serum testosterone, and improvements in sperm count, motility, and viability, alongside a decrease in sperm abnormalities. Histological analysis of the testes revealed an increase in the number of spermatogonia A, preleptotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and spermatids, as well as an increase in Leydig cells. Based on these data, it can be concluded that black pepper fruit extract has a curative effect on testicular dysfunction in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats.

Background: White blood cell malignancy classified by an overabundance of lymphoblasts is known as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The current study aimed to investigate the alteration in mean level of some biochemical, hematological and inflammatory markers in patients with acute lymphoblastic Leukemia. Methods: The study included forty ALL patients (20 newly diagnosed with ALL patients and 20 under treatment ALL patients) with 20 healthy control persons from February to May 2026 from ages 2-70 years of both genders. Lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, High Density lipoprotein and low Density lipoprotein), Liver function test (Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase), Hematological profile, C-reactive protein, Interleukein-6 (IL-6) and Tumer necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) was measured in serum of studied groups. Results: Results of the study revealed noteworthy alterations in hematological, chemical and inflammatory markers in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) patients compared to control. Patients in treatment had higher cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels than newly diagnosed and control patients, with triglyceride levels being elevated in newly diagnosed patients. It was also found that liver enzymes increased significantly. Patients under treatment with HIV had higher levels of ALT and patients with newly diagnosed had higher levels of AST than the patients under treatment and the control group. The study demonstrated a significantly lower level of Hb and PLT and higher WBC count in ALL patients in comparison with control. Hb and platelet level improved and the number of WBC decreased in patients under treatment as compared to newly diagnosed patients showing relative improvement in some of the blood parameters in the treated patient. As for inflammatory indicators, levels of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α showed an increase in newly diagnosed patients compared to patients under treatment and the control group. These indicators decreased more in patients being treated, reflecting the inflammatory response with the course of the disease and reduction with treatments. Conclusion: The results confirm the potential of these biomarkers to be used as adjunctive indicators in assessing physiological and inflammatory changes in ALL and treatment related changes.

Objective: The molecular genetic and phenotypic relationship between four populations of Iraqi worker honeybees (Apis mellifer) was studied. These four populations are from northern Iraq, specifically from four districts in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate. Materials and Methods: Fifty worker honeybees were collected from the Sulaymaniyah Governorate for the purpose of studying and determining their genetic and phenotypic structure. The phenotypic characteristics of the honeybees included in this study are: forewing length, forewing width, wing venation, number of cells per wing, presence of wing reticulum, dorsal abdominal color, ventral abdominal color, eye color, head length and width, and the extent of genetic similarity and difference between honeybee strains by determining the DNA sequence of the mitochondrial gene region (COX2). Gas chromatography (GG-Mass) was also used to analyze honeydew tissue from the honeybees. Results: The analysis showed that the molecular weight of the COX2 DNA amplification product in worker honeybees (A. mellifera) was 715 bp base pairs in 12 samples from the population. The results indicated slight genetic diversity in the form of point mutations of the deletion and substitution types. A total of 27 mutations were found in the COX2 gene, distributed across the districts of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. These mutations were translocations and substitutions. Regarding the phenotypic study, the results showed that head length was highest in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, reaching 5.1 mm. The genetic distance values revealed that the highest genetic distance was 0.021 between the districts of Juwarta in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, while the lowest was 0.002 between the districts of Sulaymaniyah City Center and Chamchamal in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The remaining values varied. As for the honey material, the results of the gas chromatography (GC-Mass) showed that (19) organic materials were separated and identified in all the samples. The samples varied in their content of some of these materials or not, as well as in their percentages in the samples. The carbohydrate materials (sugars) mostly constitute a percentage exceeding 80%, meaning that the percentages in the table represent the percentage in the remaining 20% and not within the total percentage of materials in the honey.

Background: Resistance to β lactamase by Escherichia coli is one of the principal molecular mechanisms leading to failure of extended spectrum cephalosporin antibiotics. Nevertheless, family-based PCR results are often considered evidence of ESBL phenotype despite the non-ESBL parent gene identified by sequencing. Objectives: Analysis of clinical isolates collected from Iraq using a molecular genetic approach considering alleles, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, multiplex PCR, partial gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and ERIC PCR fingerprinting. Methods: Fifty two isolates were characterized by conventional identification, disk diffusion, phenotypic ESBL and AmpC tests, multiplex PCR targeting bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX M, bla OXA, and six plasmid mediated AmpC families, partial Sanger sequencing, and ERIC PCR. Data were analyzed using Wilson 95% confidence intervals, Cohen's κ, and exact McNemar tests. Results: The highest resistance frequencies were observed for tetracycline (67.3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (55.8%), and nalidixic acid (42.3%); 40.4% of isolates met the definition of multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). Thirty five isolates (67.3%) carried at least one screened β lactamase family marker. blaTEM was detected in 29 isolates (55.8%), blaOXA in eight (15.4%), blaSHV in one (1.9%), blaDHA in three (5.8%), and blaCTX M in none. Sequencing assigned the detected alleles to TEM 1, SHV 1, OXA 1, and DHA 1. Consequently, the molecular results demonstrate β lactamase gene carriage but do not justify labeling all PCR positive isolates as ESBL producers. Phenotype–marker concordance was poor for the ESBL comparison (42.3%; κ = −0.03; p = 0.0014) and limited for AmpC (71.2%; κ = 0.025; p = 0.0074). ERIC PCR resolved 16 profiles among 35 gene positive isolates at 50% similarity, indicating substantial clonal heterogeneity. Conclusion: Allele discrimination essentially alters the way family level PCR results should be analyzed. In order to properly classify resistance and perform surveillance in an Iraqi medical setting, both current phenotypic criteria and allele discrimination sequencing must be used.