Lead (Pb) is a hazardous substance due to its ability to bioaccumulate in living organisms; therefore, lead is highly detrimental to human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to examine the histopathological effects of lead acetate treatment on liver and kidney tissues in mice. METHODS: Mice (n = 20, 10 per group) were randomly assigned to either a control group (standard laboratory conditions) or lead acetate-treated group (50 mg/kg) for 30 days. All mice were housed under controlled temperature and light-cycle conditions and provided standard chow and tap water. After the experimental period, the liver and kidney tissues were removed and immediately immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF). The tissues were embedded in paraffin blocks and sectioned at 5 µm. The sections were stained using Hematoxylin-Eosin, Periodic Acid-Schiff, and silver stains. Results obtained from all examinations indicated alterations in tissue structure and metabolism. Both liver and kidney tissues demonstrated destruction of normal architecture and degenerative cytoplasmic changes. Kidney tissues showed necrotic renal tubular cells, degenerative changes in the epithelial lining of the renal tubules, and deposition of cellular debris within the glomeruli. PAS staining indicated a significant reduction in glycogen content within hepatic cells. Tissue injury was also evident due to the disorganized appearance of tissues and fragmentation of extracellular matrix components, which were assessed using silver stains. To summarize, lead acetate induced histopathological and histochemical changes in liver and kidney tissues associated with disruption of normal organ structure and function.

The present study on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection from October 2025 until the April 2026, was conducted among children aged (2 months to 18 years) years admitted Tikrit teaching hospital in Tikrit city were suffering from diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disorders. 872 specimen were choosen randomly and examined, A total of 350 parasite stool specimens from patients with gastrointestinal disorders and 307 (87.7%) samples from infected patients with protozoa and samples from infected patients with helminthes 43(12.29%) examined under a microscope. The collected samples were distributed total protozoa the major occurrence frequency was Giardia lambilia 134 (38.3%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica in a percentage of 97 (27.7%) and Cryptosporidium parvum in a percentage of 76 (21.7%) respectively. As well as, recorded as the percentage of total helminthes isolates in patients suffering from disorders and diseases of the digestive system showed Ascaris lumbricoides a percentage 34 (9.7%) isolated from the stool sample, While Enterobius vermicularis recorded in 9 (2.5%) in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. The gender group with the highest average range of the Male patient group with intestinal parasite infected 187 (40.2%). Additionally, the distribution of participants across gender group is displayed in the same table, which also showed Female patient group with intestinal parasite infected 163 (40.0%). Conclusion: These findings highlight the substantial burden of IPIs among Tikrit city preschool and school-aged children, with Giardia lambilia infection was major occurrence frequency associated with intestinal disorder. As well as Protozoa and Helminthes infection were increased in 6-11 age groups and was high in male than female groups identified in this study.

Background: The rapid emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), especially strains isolated from wounds, represent a major clinical challenge worldwide. This study aims to elucidate the molecular basis of eugenol’s activity by investigating its binding interactions with key therapeutic targets in S. aureus, also evaluating the antibacterial effect of Clove extract on pathogenic S. aureus. Methods: Swabs from wound infection were taken and cultured on Blood, MacConkey and mannitol agar, then incubated in 37 C for 24 hours. The obtained S. aureus isolates then used for plant extract antibacterial tests. The ethanolic extract of Clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) by mean of three concentrations (25, 50 and 75 mg/dl) were used to evaluate their antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus that isolated from wound infection. By using the molecular docking, the molecular basis of eugenol’s activity were elucidate by investigating its binding interactions with key therapeutic targets in S. aureus: Penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a, PDB ID: 1VQQ), Beta-lactamase (PDB ID: 6WGR), Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, PDB ID: 6PR6), and the CHAP domain of lysin L1 (PDB ID: 11CF). Results: The results showed that large inhibition diameter (27 mm) was observed surrounding the high concentration of plant extract (75 mg/dL), followed by 50 mg/dl with (23mm), and 20 mg/dl (18mm). The negative control didn’t showed any zone of inhibition. The molecular docking study revealed moderate to good binding affinities of eugenol with the selected S. aureus proteins, with Vina scores ranging from -5.5 to -6.2 kcal/mol. Eugenol exhibited the strongest binding at -6.2 kcal/mol Conclusion: The high concentration of Clove extract exhibits good efficiency against S. aureus. Molecular docking supports these findings by investigating favorable interaction between Eugenol and bacterial essential protein. These revealed that Clove plant with their bioactive compounds has a potential role as antibacterial agents against pathogenic bacteria.

Vicia faba (faba bean) is a globally significant cool-season grain legume valued for its high protein content, nitrogen-fixing capacity, and adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions. However, abiotic stresses, particularly drought, severely constrain its productivity. Transcription factors of the MYC2 superfamily play pivotal roles in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress, including drought tolerance. This study presents an integrated bioinformatics pipeline to identify, characterize, and analyze putative drought stress-responsive MYC2 genes in V. faba. Using Arabidopsis thaliana MYC2 (UniProt: Q39204) as a reference, we performed homology-based screening against the V. faba genome via Ensembl Plants BLAST. Candidate sequences underwent rigorous physicochemical profiling (ProtParam), conserved domain analysis (NCBI-CDD), motif elucidation (MEME Suite), phylogenetic reconstruction (MEGA), gene structure visualization (GSDS), and subcellular localization prediction (WoLF PSORT). Iterative filtering based on domain architecture and motif conservation yielded a high-confidence set of MYC2 candidates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diversification across evolutionary clades, with evidence of legume-specific expansion. The majority of candidates exhibited predicted nuclear localization, acidic to mildly basic isoelectric points, and thermostable aliphatic indices consistent with transcriptional regulatory functions. Gene structural analysis revealed intron-exon architectural diversity, suggesting evolutionary divergence and potential alternative splicing regulation. This work establishes a foundational genomic framework for understanding MYC2-mediated drought stress signaling in faba bean and identifies candidate targets for future functional validation and translational breeding toward drought-tolerant cultivars.

Soil contamination by crude oil is considered one of the major environmental problems because of its harmful effects on plants and soil ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Calligonum comosum for the phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil and to investigate its ability to accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons under different contamination levels. Soil samples (5 Kg each) were contaminated with crude oil obtained from the Shaybah Oil Field at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, and 80 g/Kg (w/w). Each pot was planted with four cuttings of Calligonum comosum (4 cm length). Several soil properties, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), were analysed before and during the experiments at 45, 90, and 120 days. Hydrocarbon accumulation in plant tissue was also evaluated. The results showed a gradual reduction in TPH concentration in contaminated soils over time. Calligonum comosum demonstrated considerable tolerance to crude oil contamination and the ability to accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons across varying contamination levels, indicating its potential for phytoremediation of oil-polluted soil.

Vitis vinifera (grapevine) is a globally significant fruit crop valued for its economic importance, nutritional properties, and adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions. However, abiotic stresses, particularly soil salinization, severely constrain its productivity and fruit quality. Transcription factors of the WRKY superfamily play pivotal roles in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress, including salt tolerance. This study presents an integrated bioinformatics pipeline to identify, characterize, and analyze putative salt stress-responsive WRKY genes in V. vinifera. Using Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY8 (UniProt: Q9FL26) as a reference, we performed homology-based screening against the V. vinifera genome via Ensembl Plants BLAST. Candidate sequences underwent rigorous physicochemical profiling (ProtParam), conserved domain analysis (NCBI-CDD), motif elucidation (MEME Suite), phylogenetic reconstruction (MEGA), gene structure visualization (GSDS), and subcellular localization prediction (WoLF PSORT). Iterative filtering based on domain architecture and motif conservation yielded a high-confidence set of WRKY candidates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diversification across Groups I, II, and III, with evidence of grapevine-specific expansion in Group III. The majority of candidates exhibited predicted nuclear localization, acidic to mildly basic isoelectric points, and thermostable aliphatic indices consistent with transcriptional regulatory functions. Gene structural analysis revealed intron-exon architectural diversity, suggesting evolutionary divergence and potential alternative splicing regulation. This work establishes a foundational genomic framework for understanding WRKY-mediated salt stress signaling in grapevine and identifies candidate targets for future functional validation and translational breeding toward salinity-tolerant cultivars.

Vicia faba (faba bean) is a globally significant cool-season grain legume valued for its high protein content, nitrogen-fixing capacity, and adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions. However, abiotic stresses, particularly soil salinization, severely constrain its productivity. Transcription factors of the WRKY superfamily play pivotal roles in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress, including salt tolerance. This study presents an integrated bioinformatics pipeline to identify, characterize, and analyze putative salt stress-responsive WRKY genes in V. faba. Using Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY8 (UniProt: Q9FL26) as a reference, we performed homology-based screening against the V. faba genome via Ensembl Plants BLAST. Candidate sequences underwent rigorous physicochemical profiling (ProtParam), conserved domain analysis (NCBI-CDD), motif elucidation (MEME Suite), phylogenetic reconstruction (MEGA), gene structure visualization (GSDS), and subcellular localization prediction (WoLF PSORT). Iterative filtering based on domain architecture and motif conservation yielded a high-confidence set of WRKY candidates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diversification across Groups I, II, and III, with evidence of legume-specific expansion. The majority of candidates exhibited predicted nuclear localization, acidic to mildly basic isoelectric points, and thermostable aliphatic indices consistent with transcriptional regulatory functions. Gene structural analysis revealed intron-exon architectural diversity, suggesting evolutionary divergence and potential alternative splicing regulation. This work establishes a foundational genomic framework for understanding WRKY-mediated salt stress signaling in faba bean and identifies candidate targets for future functional validation and translational breeding toward salinity-tolerant cultivars.