Scientists consider Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) as the leading spice plant for antioxidant production and its antioxidant amounts show noteworthy diversity among various plant variations. The research examined in vitro antioxidant capacities of oregano plants (Origanum vulgare) along with their chemical substance profile determination. Researchers at 4 °C macerated 10 g of aerial-dried flowered parts in a 250 mL solution containing 50% ethanol by volume mixed with water until the extraction process reached 24 hours before gravity filtration. The extractive process was conducted four times to obtain maximum compounds before rotary-evaporation condensed the solution. This work identified seventeen metabolites by (GC-MS) beta-Terpinene, (+)-piperitol, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, Limonene, 2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenol, Linalool, beta-Ocimene, 1-octanol, Geraniol, Thujene, Thymol methyl ether, Sabinen, beta-Myrcene and 1-p-Menthene-8-thiol. Antioxidant activity (Singlet oxygen scavenging) of Leaves extract (Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Gallic acid (standard)) of Origanum vulgare recorded 74.82 ± 3.70, 66.31 ± 3.68, 58.18 ± 3.40, 52.67 ± 3.32, 57.04 ± 3.37, and 51.84 ± 2.91 respectively. While recorded 114.55 ± 5.41, 125.06 ± 6.08, 112.44 ± 5.97, 140.05 ± 5.42, 150.17 ± 6.27, and 215.72 ± 8.15 respectively. Even after advancements in pharmaceutical sciences, medicinal plants are used to prevent and cure a broad range of diseases due to their exceptional nutraceutical and therapeutic properties. Origanum vulgare is a medicinal plant with numerous therapeutic benefits.

The purpose of metabolite profiling is to measure as many metabolites as possible from predefined structural groups which include organic acids as well as amino acids and carbohydrates. The volatile compounds function as excellent indicators to identify their original substances which enables assessment of product quality. Precursor levels in immature plant stages cause minimal aroma volatile synthesis which gets gradually controlled towards the optimal harvest moment. Many crucial primary and secondary metabolites isolated from Origanum vulgare leaves play essential roles in better human dietary nutrition. A powdered form of Origanum vulgare leaves originated from dried and processed leaves of each plantlet. The soxhlet device contained 100g of the powder while hot percolation proceeded using 400 ml of methanol as the solvent for about 10 hours. The process started by applying vacuum to transform the solvent mixture into a semi-solid paste before placing it in a desiccator for the removal of residual solvent quantities. The main phytochemicals identified were 1,7-Diepi-8,15-cedranediol, M.W.:238.37 g/mol, 1-methyl-4-(6-methylhepta-2,5-dien-2-yl)cyclohexene, M.W.: 204.35 g/mol, Methyl palmitate, M.W.: 270.5 g/mol, Neocembrene, M.W.: 272.5 g/mol, Phytolaccagenic acid, 516.7 g/mol, Terpilene, 136.23 g/mol, n-Heneicosane, M.W.: 296.6 g/mol, Farnesylacetone, 262.4 g/mol, 5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenol, 150.22 g/mol, Pentadecan-2-one, 226.40 g/mol, Dolcymene, 134.22 g/mol, Dipentene, 136.23 g/mol, (+)-Dihydrocarvone, 152.23 g/mol, (-)-trans-Caryophyllene, 204.35 g/mol, l-isoleucine, 131.17 g/mol, Linalyl isobutyrate, 224.34 g/mol, palmitic acid, 256.42 g/mol, and γ-muurolene, 204.35 g/mol. According to the type of extract (Methanolic rude extract, Hexane fraction, Ethanol fraction, Water fraction and acarbose (Standard) recorded (97.09 ± 0.71, 42.08 ± 0.40, 59.91 ± 0.32, 73.95 ± 0.51 and 18.19 ± 0.11) respectively inhibitory potency against α-amylase. While recorded (63.47±0.49, 51.13±0.35, 40.04±0.31, 32.06±0.25, and 17.02±0.16) respectively inhibitory potency against α- glucosidase activity. The inhibitory effects shown by methanol and ethanol fraction were significantly (P<0.05) more potent than that observed with acarbose in percent inhibition of α-glucosidase.

Background: Human health alongside ecosystems face critical dangers because environmental pollution from petroleum products produces rising amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Bioremediation has gained interest as a sustainable removal method because traditional petroleum hydrocarbon removal practices prove both inefficient and expensive. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the growth and adaptability of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, under different contamination levels in Babylon Province, Iraq, in order to determine its biodegradation potential for petroleum hydrocarbons from used engine oil. Methodology: Researcher cultivated P. ostreatus samples through laboratory settings using PDA media with three oil concentrations of used engine oil starting at 1% up to 3%. The research tracked the growth rates while observing morphological changes through an 8-day timeframe. The analysis of data determined whether the treatment conditions produced different growth patterns. Results: At the highest used engine oil concentration (3%) P. ostreatus growth decreased but the microorganism demonstrated adaptive capabilities as inhibition reduced between day one and day eight. Lower concentrations of oil retained stable inoculum viability throughout the period yet viability decreased slightly at high concentrations after 8 days. Conclusion: The biotechnical potential of P. ostreatus exists as a viable approach for cleaning petroleum pollutants from soil environments. Though aggressive at first growth suppression occurs the fungus demonstrates sufficient adjustability to degrade hydrocarbons which positions it as an effective agent for sustainable bioremediation. Additional investigations into petroleum biodegradation through optimal environmental conditions and real applications will improve its overall effectiveness.

Abstract: The phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria represents a significant global health challenge, particularly in hospital environments where resistance genes proliferate through mechanisms such as class 1 integrons and ISCR1 elements. This study investigates the impact of these genetic elements in facilitating antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) dissemination among non-pathogens and key pathogens, specifically Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which are notorious for causing nosocomial infections. Through isolation and identification of bacterial strains, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and genomic analysis, we demonstrate a concerning prevalence of resistance to critical antibiotics, particularly β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. Our findings reveal that both Int1 and ISCR1 contribute to the genetic mobility of resistance traits, complicating treatment protocols and elevating healthcare costs due to ineffective therapies. The study emphasizes the urgent need for continued research into the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance dissemination and the development of novel antimicrobial strategies targeting these genetic elements. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of understanding the historical context of antibiotic resistance gene mobilization as a means to inform healthcare practices and mitigate the rising threat of MDR bacteria on a global scale.

The synthetic insecticides that are frequently used in mosquito control programs have developed insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. Thus, this study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy of essential oils from the arial part of leaf of Plectranthus parciflorus against adult Culex quinquefasciatus. The aerial parts of P. parciflorus was screened for its phytochemical constituents and used for adulticidal assay with stock solution of 5 g of the extract into 100 ml of water. A stock solution of the oil was prepared using 15% tween-40 solution as the diluent. Four different concentrations (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 ul/ml) of the extract with four replicates each. Forty (40) adults each of Culex quinquefasciatus were separately exposed to each extract concentration for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mins. Rate of knockdown and mortality was recorded after each stipulated time intervals. The results revealed that the efficacy of the extract exposed to the samples increased with increased concentrations and duration of exposure. The knockdown and mortality rate of P. parviflorus oil against the Cx. quinquefasciatus samples were 200 (100%) and 148 (74%) respectively. This study revealed the susceptibility of adults Cx. quinquefasciatus to the extract as evident by the 50min LC50, KD50 and KD95 values of 49.223 µL/mL, 6.726 µL/mL and 110.438 µL/mL respectively. Results obtained from this study suggest that the aerial parts of P. parviflorus is an effective constituent in the formation of pesticides or insecticidal of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Also, based on the exposure time, studies are yet to identify any eco-unfriendly attributes. Hence, it is a recommendable plant-based species with adulticidal potential against Culex quinquefasciatus.

Degradation of soil quality is an inevitable consequence of modifications to the characteristics of the soil that contribute to a decrease in ecosystem services. Numerous stressors, including chemical, biological, and physical ones, as well as those originating from both natural and artificial sources. The most prevalent kind of soil contamination that contaminates soil biota is agrochemicals. Soil is the most common place for xenobiotic dumping, which makes it the most probable source of other natural resources' pollution, such as surface and ground waters, based on the results of several studies. The danger to the environment posed by polluted soils is influenced by a variety of biological and physicochemical mechanisms that regulate the mobility and transformation of pesticides. However, species that are both above and below ground and are vital to the functioning of soil are seriously threatened by the insecticides' ability to linger in soil. Using living soil biota selectively is one of the effective ways to clean soil. This procedure is known as. In the past, chemical residues in soil have been removed or their toxicity decreased by the use of bioremediation. Even though microbes are frequently used in bioremediation, some well-known soil fauna, such as earthworms, contribute significantly to the disintegration and purification of substances. Because they change the state of the People consider earthworms to be soil engineers. Earthworms are capable of soil, help break down pesticide residues in one of two ways: directly by releasing detoxifying enzymes into their digestive tracts or indirectly by favorably influencing microbial communities that have the ability to break down pesticides. The earthworm-supported breakdown of pesticides is mostly limited to the worms' processed soil and gut milieu. Histological alterations brought on by pollutants are believed to be a sensitive method of determining the test organism's direct exposure to certain chemical contaminants. This study's objective was to ascertain how the pesticide methiocarb affected earthworms. After ten days of exposure to sublethal dosages (200 and 400 mg/kg), earthworms underwent several histological changes. such as villi fusion, tearing of the body wall, as well as the breakdown of the cuticle and circular muscle layer. They also become less able to dig in the ground.

The purpose of this study was to remove different concentrations of heavy metal salts Cadmium chloride and Lead chloride by some aquatic plants Elodea Canadensis and Myriophyllum verticillatum for one month. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of the components in the aquatic plants used in the test increased at the end of the study in a different way than those in the control sample.