It is not easy to make a solution for coronavirus as soon as someone peels the banana skin and cover again the part to the banana. But it is necessary to think the procedure and to prepare the solution of this pandemic disease. The human-being invaded the realm of this wild animal. In this case, it is for the wild bat. It seems good to find the polluted condition for the wild bat. At first we do recover the original or optimum condition for the wild bat, it is necessary to prevent the possible continual occurrence of this disease. At the second part, the scientist might see the physiological change of the bat with the recovering the normal living condition of the wild bat, and then they can obtain possible viewpoint in order to prepare its vaccine. Experiment A: You will feed bats on polluted water. Experiment B : You will give the ill bat the normal water. Experiment C: In this process of the turning point from the disease to health condition of the diseased bat, you can observe and analyze the blood or urine or saliva in order to find the immune material and system.

Kenyan population mainly lives in rural underdeveloped areas spread across the country. Rural areas in Kenya is characterised by low formal employment, low income as well as high level of food insecurity which eventually leads to increased poverty levels. Rural folk considers indigenous chicken as key in economic empowerment and as part of the social life. Chicken provides cheap animal proteins especially white meat and eggs and contributes to convenient cash income. Chicken farming is easy to implement and carrying out feeding is indeed much easier than any other agricultural enterprise hence considered convenient to resource poor rural households. Chicken, especially indigenous are prevalent in the rural areas owing to increased adaptation to harsh scavenging conditions, survival in poor nutrition and tolerance to disease and parasite. Women being found in the homesteads more hours than male counterparts provides a biased operation of women carrying out the feeding operations more than male. This study therefore explains the gendered participation in feeding of chicken among the households in North Rift Region in Kenya. Since feeding is a crucial component in the chicken production value chain, it is important to involve all the players in the household to enable ownership and enhance the investment through chicken farming.

This study was conducted during July to October 2017, in the White Nile at Khartoum state, to determine the effect of industrial sanitation on plankton, the discharge come from Soba Sanitation plant, Elyarmok industrial complex and other industrial waste water to the White Nile water. The phyto and zooplankton were investigated under microscope in the laboratory of agriculture. Phytoplankton green algae were dominant in location A with species Ulothrix (27%), and location with species Oedogonium (34%), in locations C and D. Blue- Green algae was dominant with species Spirrolina (31%). Zooplankton, Rotifers in site a (26%), site B (10%), site C (5%) and site D (21%). Crustacean in site A (57%), site B (52%), site C (5%), and site D (37%). This study concluded that the direct disposal of sewage and industrial effluent in the White Nile degrade its water quality and planktonic biodiversity.

This study was done to assess the diversity of indigenous forage plants of the dry season in Combretum-Terminalia woodlands of Guba District, North West of Ethiopia. A total of 69 species of plants were identified and of which all are consumed as a feed resource by the local animal breeds during dry season. The diversity (H) values of the forage plant species ranged between 0.65 to 1.67 across the plots sampled. The similarities (J) between the plots in terms of species composition of all forage species were 0.56 and 0.94. The evenness (E) values of all forage species were in between 0.78 and 0.86 across the sampled plots. The densities of all forage species, including seedlings, were 1216 stems ha-1. In the study area Combretum colinum, Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, Terminalia laxiflora, Acacia polycantha and Ziziphus mucronata were the five relatively abundant forage species. The Importance Value Index (IVI) values of all the forage species ranged between 0.31 (Strychnos innocua) and 81.67 (Combretum colinum). Particularly local goat breeds of the study area were known to feed on various plant resources than other breeds. Moreover, Bigariya local cattle breeds were also know to feed on various similar plant resources hence adapted to harsh environmental condition known in western Ethiopia. Pounded barks of Cordia Africana and roots of Securidaca longepedankulata is used in treatment of diarrhoea and common cold cases of goats. Moreover the sheath of Hyphenea thebiaca is used to treat the eye disease of Goats, sheep and cattle.

Study was conducted at Savanna Forestry Research Station Samaru, Zaria to evaluate effect of different pre-germination treatments on the germination and early growth of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds. The treatments includes partial cracking of seed, partial burning of seed, removal of seed coat, soaking in boiling water and untreated control. The experiments was laid out in a completely randomized design with five replication. The results of the germination test shows significantly (P<0.05) higher germination percentage among all treatments. Partially cracked seed recorded highest (67.3%) germination and seed with removed seed coat (45.6%) had the lowest germination among all the pre-germination treatments, while untreated control (9.6%) recorded the least germination. There were no significant (P>0.05) difference in the growth of B. aegyptiaca seedling among pre-germination treatments, although partially cracked seed (5.81cm and 7.40) recorded the highest seedling height and number of leaves, while seed with removed seed coat (5.61cm and 6.87) had the lowest seedling height and number of leaves respectively. The control (0.71cm and 0.71) recorded the least seedling height and number of leaves during the study period. The above findings has shown the potential of all the pre-germination treatments especially partial cracking of seed coat as most effective mechanism to break the dormancy of the seed in order to initiate germination and growth for efficient plantation establishment.

Mosquito are small insects, have three pairs of legs, two scaly wings, and a mouth (proboscis) to pierce and suck blood. Mosquito have various characteristics, especially in the morphology of the type of mosquito and their beneficial role for the ecosystem, namely as a food chain and their role that is detrimental to their host with their nature as a vector. This study aims to determine the biodiversity of mosquitoes and its prevalence in mountains ecosystems and beach in Luwu District. This type of research is a descriptive ecological study using an observational approach. The population and sample of the study were all mosquitoes and mosquitoes caught in the villages of Siteba, Limbong, Sangtandung as a mountains ecosystem and Bonepute, Temboe, Babang villages as a beach ecosystem in Luwu District. Data were obtained using the Animal Baited Trap, Human Landing Collection and Light Trap methods, then identification was carried out at the Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University. The results of research in the mountain ecosystem of mosquito biodiversity obtained four genera, namely Anopheles, Aedes, Armigeres and Culex. Beach ecosystems are found in three genera Anopheles, Aedes and Culex. The density of mosquito in the mountains is more dominant, namely Cx.Tritaeniorhyncus, bait for people in the house 4.03 mosquito / person / night and bait people outside the house 4.39 mosquito / person / night. The more dominant biting beach ecosystem is Cx.Tritaeniorhynchus. Insider bait 3.47 mosquitos / person / night, bait outside the house 6.19 mosquito / person / night. The effectiveness of mountain traps obtained 14 species, beach 11 species. Further research is needed in depth information about the distribution patterns of mosquito fauna and their intensiveness in the mountains and beach ecosystems of Luwu District.

The habit of people disposing of solid waste, especially plastic type waste in the marine environment is the cause of the discovery of microplastic content in seawater. Microplastics with very small sizes can enter the body of marine life, such as mussels. This situation will form the food chain system. This study aims to analyze microplastic exposure through consumption of mussels in communities in the coastal area of Pa'lalakkang Village, Galesong, Takalar District. This research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The human sample in this study amounted to 30 respondents, and the environmental sample was 20 mussels with tofu mussels. Data obtained by interview using questionnaires and food pictures, weight measurement, examination of mussels samples in the laboratory, identification of polymer types using FTIR spectroscopy, and documentation. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively to describe the intake of mussels containing microplastics by the community. The results showed that the average concentration of microplastics found in mussels was 6.7 items/mussels, with Polystyrene polymer content. This proves that people have been directly exposed to microplastics through consumption of mussels. It is known that the average intake of mussels by the community is 91 g / day, with an average exposure frequency of 96 days/year.