Polysaccharides have accepted consideration because they are found in all living organisms such as, animals, plants, microorganisms and algae, as they have many essential biological activities for the organism, and have many pharmacological and biomedical actions, making them one of the most hopeful compounds in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedicine. They are anti-inflammatory; wound healing feature, anticoagulant, antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetes agent. Because of the multiple physical and chemical properties of polysaccharides, it is possible to change these properties into improved properties, as this is the basis of their various uses in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, the applications of polysaccharides in these areas will be clarified, with their potential as alternatives to proper treatments.

This study was conducted in the laboratory of fungi of the Department of biology of the collage of Science in Mustansiriyah University to investigate the contamination of grain (maize ) displayed in the markets of the city of Baghdad mycotoxins type aflatoxin, was isolated the fungi associated with contamination of maize and the number of 10 isolates where the record Aspergillus flavus isolates the most isolates occur 7 Aspergillus niger isolates followed by 2 isolates and one isolated Penicillium sp. ، Aspergillus flavus isolates done Pathogenicity test to identify the isolates of the study. Four isolates were identified (Afla1, Afla2, Afla3, Afla4). The results of the aflatoxin detection in four different samples of positive yellow maize samples showed that all samples tested were contaminated with Aflatoxin, sampled from different regions, Adhamiya, Al-shaab and Palestine Street, had the highest pollution rate of 2149μg/g for Afla 1, while Afla 2 recorded the lowest pollution rate of 114μg/g.

Objective: to characterizeand prepare pomegranate extract and study its antioxidant, anti-cancer activity, determine the total phenols and flavonoidsdetermine the active ingredients using LGC MAS technology. Materials and Methods: Preparation of Punicagranatum extract in distilled water and alkaline energy water, and characterization of the ingredients in each extract was carried out using GC-MASS spectroscopy; cytotoxicity was measured against MCF-7 cancer cell line. Results: it was found that alkaline water extract showed the highest concentration of phenols and flavonoids at a concentration of 34.32 and 59.65μg/g and the percentage of the two compounds in the GC-MASS assay Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 11- Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester. In alkaline water with the highest concentration (24%), 15.34%) compared to distilled water extract Punicagranatum, as it was found to be 25.67 and 39.22, noting that these two compounds are anti-cancer compounds. Furthermore, the study proved that Punicagranatum alkaline extract showed a high inhibitory activity for a type of cancer breast cancer cells line MCF-7. Conclusions: MCF-7 cell proliferation were significantly decreased with a concentration-dependent response, and it was found that a concentration of 0.5 µg/ml gave an inhibition rate of 93.47%, and Punicagranatum extract with alkaline water showed a high effectiveness in inhibiting the following microorganisms: S. aureus B. cereus E. coli S. typhimureum A. niger C. albicans, inhibition and antioxidant activity 87.18 at a concentration of 40mg/ml, the concentration of the ingredients are more in alkaline energy water extract than distilled water extract. Keywords: Punicagranatum extract, alkaline water, phenols, flavonoids.

The current study aimed to conduct a statistical study to find out the numbers of men with primary and secondary infertility, immunological infertility and Idiopathic infertility in the city of Tikrit with an estimate of the levels of some sex hormones and physiological and immunological variables. The study included 400 married men who attended the Urology Department at Salah Al-Din Hospital and private clinics in the city of Tikrit and its environs for the period from April 2021 to February 2022, and their ages ranged from (20-50) years, and they were divided into two main groups as follows: It included (80) men, and it was divided into four sub-groups, namely: - The group of patients with primary infertility and included 20 individuals. The group of patients with secondary infertility included 20 individuals. And the group of immunocompromised patients included 20 individuals. And the group of patients with unexplained infertility included 20 individuals. The group of natural (fertile) individuals: It is the fifth group and represents the control group, which included (20) individuals. The results showed that the percentage of primary infertility was the highest among infertile patients, reaching 41%, while the percentage was lowest for immunological infertility, reaching 7%. While the percentage of secondary and unexplained infertility was 21% and 31%, respectively. On the other hand, the results showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in sperm parameters between the study groups, as sperm concentrations and the percentage of mobile sperm showed a significant decrease (P<0.05), especially in the secondary infertility group compared to the control group. As for the percentage of slow-moving sperms, there were no significant changes (P<0.05) in all infertile groups compared with the control group. As for the percentage of non-motile sperms, it showed a significant increase (P<0.05), especially in the unexplained infertility group compared with the control group. With regard to sperm shape, the percentage of deformed sperm showed a significant increase (P<0.05), especially in the primary infertility group compared with the control group. The results of the current study also showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the concentrations of hormones between the study groups, as the concentrations of testosterone showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05), especially in the primary infertility group compared with the control group, while the least significant decrease was recorded (P<0.05) in testosterone concentration in the unexplained infertility group. Regarding the prolactin hormone, a significant increase (P<0.05) was recorded in the infertility groups compared with the control group, as it was significantly higher in the secondary infertility group. LH also showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the study groups, and the highest significant increase was in the primary infertility group compared to the control group, while the unexplained infertility group did not show any significant differences compared to the control group. As for the FSH hormone, it showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the study groups, as it recorded the highest significant increase in the primary infertility group compared to the control group, while the unexplained infertility group did not show any significant differences compared to the control group. The results of the current study also showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the concentrations of immunoglobulins between the study groups, as the concentrations of IgA showed a significant decrease (P<0.05), especially in the secondary infertility group compared with the control group, while the least significant increase was recorded (P<0.05). 0.05) in the concentration of IgA in the immunocompromised group. Regarding IgG, a significant increase (P<0.05) was recorded in the infertile groups compared with the control group, if the highest significant increase was in the immunocompromised group. While the primary and secondary infertility group did not show any significant differences compared to the control group. IgM showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the study groups, and the highest significant increase was in the immunocompromised infertility group compared with the control group, while the primary and secondary infertility groups did not show any significant differences compared with the control group. Also, ASA concentrations showed a significant increase (P<0.05), especially in the unexplained infertility group, while no significant change (P<0.05) was recorded in the ASA concentration in the primary infertility group. With regard to white blood cells, the percentage of white blood cells showed a significant increase (P<0.05), especially in the group of immunocompromised infertility, while the percentage of white blood cells was lowest in the group of primary infertility.

In humans, the spleen is a highly compartmentalized organ. The structure, cell population, and functions are unique for each compartment. The red pulp comprises non-filtering lymphoid areas, the perifollicular zone that separates the red and white pulps, the red pulp cord tissue and sinuses, and the perivascular rim. B-follicles and T-cell areas can be found in the white pulp. The obtained specimens were divided into three groups: Group 1 (0 to 14 years), Group 2 (14 to 50 years), and Group 3. (Over 50 years). The results show diminish diameter of white pulp in spleen with aging in G1, G2, and G3 (279.39±50.61, 354.51±39.44, and 222.48± 46.24) respectively. Conclusion, the white splenic pulp's diameter decreases with advancing years.

The objectives of the current study were conducting a statistical study to find out the number of men with primary and secondary infertility, immune infertility, and unexplained infertility in the city of Tikrit. Isolation and identification of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, and the study of some patterns of sensitivity to antibiotics of the isolated bacteria. The results showed that the percentage of primary infertility was the highest among infertility diseases, as the percentage reached 57%, while the lowest percentage was for immunological infertility, as it amounted to 7%. While the percentage of secondary and unexplained infertility was 15% and 31%, respectively. About the bacteriological study, the results showed two types of isolates, single bacterial isolates (52%), mixed bacterial isolates (38%). Percentages of isolates from E. coli and Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were 100%, 12%, 18%, and 10%, respectively. E. coli showed total (100%) resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin. 50% resistance to Nalidixic. Otherwise, Escherichia coli showed resistance of 40%, 20%, 60%, 20% and 50% to Imipenem, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Azithromycin and Cefepime respectively. Klebsiella showed total (100%) resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin. 40% resistance to Nalidixic. Otherwise, Klebsiella spp. showed resistance of 20%, 10%, 10%, 40% and 20% to imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, azithromycin and cefepime respectively. Staphylococcus aureus showed complete resistance to penicillin, oxacillin and cefoxitin. 10%, 0%, 30%, 30%, 0%, 90% and 50% are resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin, azithromycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin respectively. Streptococcus spp. completely resistant to penicillin, oxacillin and cefoxitin. 30%, 0%, 20%, 10%, 0%, 70% and 30% are resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin, azithromycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin respectively.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, gram-negative bacteria, able to colonize such injuries, gammaproteobacterium, found in different environmental such as soil and water. The sepsis of burn wounds causing a morbidity and mortality are complex microenvironments where infections by bacterial pathogens such as P. aeruginosa. The P. aeruginosa pathogenicity is intercede by its capacity to produce a big range of virulence factors which include biofilm formation and it is have resistance to antibiotics, environmental stresses and disinfectants, and heavy metals. The losses of the skin barrier and tissue destruction are part of the most devastating form of trauma and require medical care to maintain homeostasis.