Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp, known as Indonesian bay leaf, is a plant widely used by many ethnic groups in Southeast Asia as a traditional medicinal plant. This study aims to reveal the regenerative effects of bay leaf extract on histopathological damage to the kidneys and pancreas of hyperglycemic mice induced by alloxan. The test animals were divided into 5 groups, each consisting of 5 mice. The first group was only given food and water as a control. The second group was induced by alloxan as a negative control. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were induced by alloxan and bay leaf extract at doses of 150, 250, and 350 mg/kgBW, respectively. Alloxan induction was carried out once every two days for 6 days, while bay leaf extract was given after induction once daily for 14 days. Blood glucose levels and kidney and pancreas damage scores of mice were examined on days 1, 10, and 25. The results of the experiment showed that blood glucose levels, renal dan pancreatic histopathology damage in mice decreased after being given the extract for 14 days. Thus, it can be concluded that bay leaf extract has regenerative properties against renal dan pancreatic histopathological damage in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of broccoli sprout extract (BSE) against ovarian and renal toxicity induced by methotrexate (MTX) in female albino rats. Methotrexate, an antimetabolite frequently utilized in cancer and autoimmune diseases, has been linked to nephrotoxicity and primary ovarian insufficiency through the induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Because of their rich content in glucoraphanin and sulforaphane, two powerful antioxidants, broccoli sprouts were chosen. This study comprised six groups of Thirty female albino rat (180–225 g) (n = 5): (A) Control; (B) MTX, 0.15 mg/kg/week; (C) BSE, 5 mg/kg/day; (D) BSE, 7.5 mg/kg/day; and (E) MTX + BSE, at doses of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg respectively. All treatments were administered orally. The administration of MTX induced severe ovarian histological injuries, indicated by significantly reduced number of follicles, blood vessels rupture, inflammatory cell infiltration and partly fibrosis. Administration of MTX significantly increased the levels of urea and creatinine in renal tissues and induced glomerular damage such as congestion, necrosis, and cellular vacuolation. Consistent with this, these histopathological changes were prevented by simultaneous administration of BSE which appears to restore folliculogenesis and renal function parameters. In conclusion, the findings indicate that BSE strongly protects against MTX toxicity through a mechanism involving enhancement of antioxidant homeostasis. Thus, to summarise, broccoli sprout extract is a effective naturl adjuvant for mencerpt treatment in rescinding side effects on female reproductive and renal systems.

One of the most significant obstacles to achieving sustainable agricultural practices and ensuring ecological sustainability is the build-up of herbicides in the soil. Paraquat is a non-selective, highly toxic, and very herbicides. The main objective of this research project was to evaluate two inexpensive & sustainable techniques to enhance the degradation of paraquat residues in the soil: soil solarization and composting. The experiment was conducted over two months (July and August). Paraquat was removed from the soil through the use of four different treatments: (i) a control group, (ii) an isolated treatment group that received only solarization, (iii) an isolated treatment group that received only compost, and (iv) a combined treatment group that used both solarization and composting. Samples were taken from each group after 14, 28, and 45 days, when a separate treatment is applied to solarization (or) compost; there has been a reduction in residue by approximately 45% (or) 50%, respectively, over 45 days. However, by combining both treatments, a success rate of more than 75% has been achieved, indicating the synergistic benefit of the two methods working together more effectively than either could do alone. The reasoning behind these findings lies in the combination of the two methods, utilizing synergistic mechanisms. First, during solarization, the plastic sheeting creates an area of increased temperature that accelerates the thermal degradation of organic matter in the soil, and second, compost provides a boost to microbial enzymatic degradation of organic matter (as opposed to solely relying on the solar effect). In conclusion, it is believed that by combining solarization with organic fertilization, there is both a practical and economic option for soil improvement (contaminated soils) and further supports the movement towards eco-friendly and sustainable practices of agricultural management.

The research included studying the anatomical characteristics of the stems of four species which belong to Papaver genus, which is one of the genera that belong to the Papaveraceae family grows in the middle of Iraq. The species are P. bornmuelleri, P. curviscapum, P. polychaetum, and P. tauricola. Species samples were collected during 2024, and 7 field turns were carried out, covering the central provinces, in addition to a comprehensive survey of herbarium samples preserved in the Iraqi National Herbarium and other university herbariums for the purpose of diagnosis. The study showed that the vascular bundle consists of bark to outside and wood to inside, as this type of unilateral vascular bundle is called Open collateral vascular bundle, which is a feature that distinguished all the studied species, as the anatomical sections of the stems grand good taxonomic importance in isolating and separating the species from each other through the shape and size of the tissues, the thickness of the bark, the Xylem and Phloem tissues, the number of vascular bundles, and the thickness of the pith.

Biological invasion is one of the biggest threats to global freshwater diversity, and large transboundary rivers are subject to human impacts. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a powerful tool as it is both non-invasive and can detect the presence of species at very low population numbers. The current research focuses on the use of eDNA to identify invasive freshwater species in the Euphrates River system through eDNA-based surveillance. This includes a focus on the Shatt al-Hillah channel within the province of Babylon, Iraq. Samples were taken from several sites along the length of the river, and metabarcoding was performed to amplify the mitochondrial genes. Results indicate that the eDNA method produced reliable signals for detecting invasive species and could be used as an early warning tool for monitoring invasive species in Middle Eastern freshwater ecosystems. These results also indicate that molecular monitoring should be integrated into biodiversity conservation strategies in the region and into river basin management frameworks.

This study focused on isolating and identifying bacteria associated with oral cavity infections and exploring the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a supportive antibacterial agent. A total of 62 oral swab samples were collected from patients with oral conditions, including inflammation and ulcers. The samples were cultured on selective media, and the bacterial isolates were identified using morphological characteristics, biochemical tests, and the VITEK 2 system. The results showed that most samples (96.77%) exhibited bacterial growth, and all isolates were Gram-positive. Four main bacterial species were identified, with Streptococcus mutans being the most prevalent, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. These bacteria are commonly associated with oral infections and dental problems. The study also examined antibiotic susceptibility and the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles to enhance antibacterial activity. The findings suggest that Gram-positive bacteria largely dominate oral infections and highlight the importance of exploring alternative strategies, such as nanomaterials, to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics and help reduce bacterial resistance.

Background: One of the most common intestinal parasites affecting people, especially children, is Hymenolepis nana. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk variables linked to hymenolepiasis in children and to evaluate its prevalence. This study also evaluated blood glucose, insulin, iron, copper, zinc, and selenium. Materials and Methods: 584 stool samples were collected from children who visited pediatric outpatient clinics in Samarra city from July 2023 to the end of March 2024. Result: The results showed an infection rate of 3.9%, with 57.4% diagnosed by flotation and sedimentation and 42.5% diagnosed by direct examination. Symptomatic infection was present in 72.2% of the children, while 27.7% were asymptomatic. The highest infection rate was among children aged 7-9 years (40.7%). The current study showed non-significant differences in the level of insulin between infected children and control (p-value > 0.05). Blood glucose, selenium, zinc, and iron levels decreased in children infected with H. nana that were (92.04±21.2 mg/dl, 189.74±59.12 µg/dL, 48.31±5.52 µg/dL, 85.36±9.28 µg/dL) as compared with control that were (115.12±32.4 mg/dl, 253.61±20.77 µg/dL, 74.63±10.71 µg/dL, 145.91±16.53 µg/dL, respectively, at a p-value < 0.05. While statistically increasing the level of copper in infected children as compared with the control (219.27±17.61 and 116.89±23.74 µg/dL, respectively) at a p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: The prevalence of H. nana infection is influenced by factors such as age, sex, and source of water. Furthermore, there is an association between infection with H. nana and iron, zinc, and selenium deficiency.