This study examines the impact of ferric iron contamination in mixing water on the bending and shears strength of reinforced concrete beams, addressing a critical yet explored durability concern in modern concrete construction. Although ferric iron is a common contaminant in tropical groundwater, its structural implications remain insufficiently quantified compared to chloride or sulfate ions. The research aims to bridge this gap by experimentally assessing how ferric iron-laden water alters the flexural and shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams. Three beams were cast using a 1:2:4 mix ratio and a constant water–cement ratio of 0.6, two with ferric-iron-contaminated water (5.3–12.3 mg/L Fe³⁺) and one with potable control water, were tested under four-point loading after 28 days of curing. Parameters measured included yield load, deflection, failure load, bending capacity, and failure mode. Results revealed that ferric-iron-contaminated beams exhibited increased deflection, reduced stiffness, and wider cracks relative to the control, indicating stiffness degradation, early corrosion, and loss of bond integrity at the steel–concrete interface. Although one ferric beam attained a slightly higher ultimate load, its larger deformation signified reduced elastic modulus and premature ductility loss. These findings establish that ferric iron contamination significantly compromises both bending and shear performance by altering hydration chemistry and promoting corrosion expansion within the concrete matrix. The implications are far-reaching for construction practices in groundwater-dependent regions, emphasizing the urgent need for water-quality assessment and regulation in concrete production. This study contributes empirical evidence for refining mixing-water standards and calls for sustainable engineering policies to mitigate corrosion-induced failures in reinforced concrete structures.

Plastic waste has become an issue of serious concern because it is persistent, not biodegradable, and greatly inefficient to recycle. The traditional mechanical type of recycling is restrained by the degradation and contamination of plastics, whereas the thermochemical process typically requires large energy inputs and yields complicated by-products. Hydrolysis also presents a scientifically viable alternative, which will allow chemical depolymerization of condensation-type plastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamides (PA), polyurethanes (PU)). The reaction works through cleavage of the ester, amide, or urethane bonds in the presence of water, acids, or bases as reactants to generate high-purity monomers that can be repolymerized or used in industry. In this paper, the performance of hydrolysis-based plastic waste recycling has been reviewed, including the mechanisms, catalyst development, process parameters, and relative environmental performance. According to life-cycle and techno-economic analysis, hydrolysis will prove to be capable of generating significant carbon reductions and energy savings compared to pyrolysis and incineration with the optimization of reaction conditions and solvent recovery systems. Although scaling, reactivity, and purification of monomers are still problematic, heterogeneous catalysis, solvent engineering, and integration of renewable heat development all increase the promise of using heterogeneous catalysis as an effective tool in ensuring sustainable polymer recycling and material recycling.

The accumulating piles of plastics have emerged to be among the greatest environmental issues across the world because of their inability to degrade, the low recycling rates, and non-biodegradability. Gasification has potential as a sustainable and technologically encouraging pathway towards converting plastic waste into useful energy carriers, and, in particular, synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. As opposed to incineration, gasification is controlled with the oxygen conditions, which transforms the plastics into clean syngas with less emission and more energy efficiency. By facilitating the recovery of energy, reuse of resources, and the possibility of downstream generation of fuels and chemicals, this process promotes waste reduction as well as the objectives of the circular economy. The current paper is a review of the gasification of plastic waste, focusing on the mechanism of the process, reactor configuration, operating parameters, the composition of the syngas, and its environmental performance. It also addresses the concept of techno-economic viability and the results of life-cycle assessment and integration in the context of the circular economy. Even though there are still some challenges, such as tar formation, feedstock heterogeneity, and scalability, the improvement of catalytic reforming, co-gasification, and integration of renewable energy is improving the possibility of large-scale implementations. Gasification, therefore, is an important way forward in ensuring sustainable waste management and a low-carbon system of energy, which helps to not only protect the environment but also enhance economic strength.

There is the ever-increasing plastics waste leading to serious environmental and economic challenges, which need to be addressed through sustainable recycling solutions. The quality of the recycled plastics is limited due to the degradation of the polymer and contamination in traditional mechanical recycling approaches. New chemical recycling technology is an alternative which allows the depolymerization of plastic down to the practical monomer, recovering it in high purity and offering closed loop recycling. The focus of this review is on the integration of pyrolysis methods in the area of chemical recycling which mainly provides means of enhancing the management of plastic waste. Furthermore, the environmental and economic impacts of chemical recycling are evaluated based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study and compared to the mechanical recycling as well as landfill disposal. However, its promise is yet to be widely adopted due to many challenges including high energy consumption, process scalability, economic feasibility, etc. Future research should aim towards finding ways to optimise catalyst efficiency, reduce operational costs and also integration of chemical recycling within the framework of the circular economy. Chemical recycling technologies should play a strategic role in reducing the global plastic waste crisis and their large-scale implementation will be crucial and need to be facilitated by strategic policy interventions and industrial collaborations.

Management’s decisions are dictated by the anticipated results from an investment. In the case of oil and gas, the Petroleum Engineer compares the estimated costs in terms of dollars for some investment opportunity as against the cash flow resulting from production of barrels of oil or cubic feet of gas. This analysis may be used in formulating policies for exploring and developing oil and gas properties. The present work therefore aimed at comparing two of the various methods of estimating reserve. These methods are: Volumetric and Decline Curve Analysis. The volumetric method of estimation was based on a detailed geological analysis. The Area Vs. Depth graph was plotted using planimetry readings, and this was used to estimate the reservoir bulk volume. Arithmetic averages of petrophysical data from five wells were used. The Net-To-Gross ratio of the average sand thickness was estimated from log responses; and thus, the reserve was estimated with this method. The decline curve analysis was based on observed production history. The reservoir used in this work shows an exponential decline trend with a constant. Thus, the-reserve was estimated with this method.

Reserves estimation is one of the most crucial tasks in the petroleum industry. It is the process by which the economically recoverable hydrocarbons in a field, area, or region are evaluated quantitatively. A major goal in this initiative is preparation of training modules that depict industry’s recommended practices. The scope of this investigation was limited to comparing two of the various methods of estimating reserve. These methods encompass: Volumetric and Material Balance. The volumetric estimation procedure was based on a detailed geological analysis. The Area vs. Depth graph was plotted using planimetry readings, and this was used to estimate the reservoir bulk volume. Arithmetic averages of petrophysical data from five wells were used. The Net-to-Gross ratio of the average sand thickness was estimated from log responses; and thus, the reserve was estimated with this method. The Material balance method was carried out using Pressure, Volume and Temperature (PVT) data, pressure and production history of the reservoir. The reservoir used as a case study has a combination drive mechanism; thus, the water influx was calculated using Hurst and Van Everdingen model. The Havlena and Odeh linear form of material balance equation was employed. The reserve estimate obtained from the Volumetric and material balance methods are in close agreement.

The pervasive integration of computers into teaching and learning activities has generated a pressing demand for effective monitoring solutions to support the management and regulation of students’ learning behaviors within educational contexts. Nevertheless, many existing monitoring systems exhibit notable limitations, including high implementation costs, limited adaptability, inadequate compatibility with mid-range hardware configurations, and reliance on users possessing advanced technical expertise. This paper presents the design and implementation of a computer activity monitoring software solution tailored for educational environments, with a particular focus on students engaged in both school-based and home-based learning settings. The proposed system facilitates the systematic collection, organization, and analysis of computer usage data, thereby assisting parents and educators in supervising, assessing, and managing students’ learning processes. The solution is developed with an emphasis on system robustness, ease of deployment, interoperability with widely adopted information technology infrastructures in Vietnam, and compliance with fundamental security requirements. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate the system’s practical applicability and its potential contribution to the establishment of a secure, structured, and effective learning environment.