The discourse makers (DMs) appear with a high frequency in English communication. In terms of influence, DMs play a very important role in language, especially in dialogues. In addition to linking function, DMs also convey many different implications in the different context in which it is used. Within the scope of this article, we present an overview of the discourse markers and focus on analyzing the effect of discourse markers in communication. Since then, this article will present the forms and functions of discourse markers used in the conversation between English and Vietnamese.

Grape seeds extract has therapeutic values including antimicrobial activity, antioxidant effect, wound healing and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate and compare antibacterial activity of different species of grape seed) Vitis labrusca, Vitis vinifera and Vitis vinifera( against some bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli). Determine antioxidant effect of grape seed extracts (qualitatively). Antibacterial effects was performed using agar cup cut diffusion method for all bacterial species, followed by using minimum inhibitory concentration MIC for the species showed to be inhibited by grape seeds extracts. Antioxidant assay was done using DPPH scavenging test, methanolic solution of each grape seeds was spotted on TLC paper, sprayed with 0.2 % methanolic solution of diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. Vitamin C was used as positive control. From the results, all grape species didn’t have any effect on K. pneumonia and E. coli, red and black grape seeds showed the highest inhibition zone (20 mm) on Staph. Aureus agar plate, green grape had the highest effect on Sterp. Pneumonia agar plate (20 mm). The lowest effect was for the red grape seeds extract (13 mm) on Acinetobacter calciaceticus. In general the three grape seeds extract had effect on Staph. aureus, Sterp. pneumonia and Acinetobacter calciaceticus. The red and black grape seed extract was effective against Sterp. pneumonia strain at MIC values of 7.8 mg/mL and black grape seeds extract had MIC at 7.8 mg/mL on Staph. aureus. However, the test for MIC of seeds extracts for the rest of bacterial species ranged between 15.62 and 87.5 mg/mL. The result showed that black grape seeds extract had the largest spot change in color indicating strong antioxidant effect. The lowest effect was by red grape seeds. From this result black grape showed to be the best grape seeds extract among the three chosen species in its antibacterial and antioxidant................

This paper reports the findings of an evaluative study on the communicative tasks of a beginner-level coursebook recently adopted at the University of Transport and Communications (UTC). The communicative tasks of a unit of the coursebook under evaluation were first described under Littlejohn’s (1998) framework. Data were then collected from a convenient sample of 62 students using a student evaluative questionnaire, which asked the participants to evaluate the communicative tasks of the unit. Descriptions of the communicative tasks and analyses of the questionnaire data revealed that the coursebook was generally suitable for the target learners. The communicative tasks were particularly useful for teaching vocabulary and reading skills. However, the grammar and speaking tasks did not seem to meet the participants’ expectation of the material. Regarding pronunciation, the students appeared to need further assistance and encouragement from the teacher.

The aim of the study was to analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of the incubation centres in Zimbabwe in creating sustainable businesses. The study was motivated by the fact that there is evidence of the fact that there is a very high rate of closure of SMEs in Zimbabwe despite the provision of business incubation services in the country. The study used a mixed research approach in which a case study research design was applied to gather data. A case study design was chosen because it allowed a lot of primary data to be gathered using multiple techniques. Data was gathered from a sample of 16 business incubation trainers and 4 school administrators who were purposively selected using snowball sampling technique. Key findings were that business incubator centres were not effective in creating sustainable businesses because they faced a number of challenges which includes inadequate skills and knowledge of incubators, lack of in-house seed funds, lack of support from stakeholders, lack of skilled entrepreneurs and professionals. The study gave concluded by giving recommendations to the Government of Zimbabwe through the Ministry of Women Affairs as well as to the Business Incubation Centres.

The study examined the determinants of household food insecurity in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State. Multistage random sample technique was used in the selection of the respondents. The result the mean age of the respondents was 50.91 years and that 94.17% were married with an average household size of 9 persons. Also, the respondents had an average of 30.21 farming experience and majority of the farmers in the study area were educated enough to enable them successfully adopt innovations to improve their productivity incomes and welfare. The mean farm size in the study area was 3.53 hectares. The results of the food security status revealed that majority (58.33%) of the respondents described their food security status to be secured while others (41.67%) were of the view that their food security status was not secured. The result of binary Probit regression analysis also indicated that age, sex and education had a significant effects on food security at p<0.05 respectively. This study therefore concluded that since education is significant, farmers will be able to gain adequate knowledge on understanding the best ways of alleviating the problems of food security.