Background: Diazepines, the most commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs with anxiolytic action, may cause hyposalivation. Aim of Study: Is to throw light on the structural alternation in the rat parotid gland after administration of diazepam. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Control groups received a saline solution for 30 days. Group two and Group three salivary tissue was taken for histological assessment and biochemical assays. Results: The serous acinar cells were showed autolysis and nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis). There was an increase in the interstitial spaces between each parenchymal element associated with few mononuclear cell infiltrations. The intra-lobular ducts were reduced in size and were indistinct throughout lobes. Malondialdyhid (MDA) concentration had been increaseh high Significant (P≤0.01) in diazepam group of animals compared with control group. The diazepam group showed significantly decrease levels of GPX, SOD, GSH and CAT compared with the control group. Conclusion: Diazepam administration produces noticeable histological changes in a dosedependent manner associated with increased oxidative stress markers.

Recent warm reception to military takeovers and mongering for coups d’état by citizens in some African nations due primarily to the disillusionment that has accompanied the promise that democracy in a globalized world will lead to prosperity and improve standards of living coupled with the myriad of social, economic, security and political challenges have become of great concerns to scholars, social scientists, advocates, and observers of African democracy. Three decades since the publication of Huntington’s famous work, Democracy’s Third Wave and Prezeworski’s recent book “Crisis in Democracy”, political observers of Africa’s democratic transitions and consolidation are questioning whether recent successful coups and attempts since 2010 in countries such as Mali, Burkina, Faso, Niger, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Madagascar, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Gabon, Sudan amongst others raise serious questions about the future of African democracy. The numerous and successful military takeovers across the continent particularly in the West African sub-region raise a myriad of questions as to the direction of African democratic transition and consolidation. These causing many scholars, political analysts, academics, democratic advocates and experts on military takeovers/coup to begin to analyze whether recent happenings on the continent can be characterized as “debris” of coups d’état in the post-independence-democratic transitional era or a reversal of the Third Wave of democracy on the continent. Building upon earlier analytical work on military coups this paper explores the concept of securitization of elections through the recruitment and prioritized treatment of political vigilante groups into the regular and specialized security agencies) as long terms risks for “debris” of coup d’états by adopting elections as a “minimalist” or “electoralist” definition of democracy.

Polysaccharides have accepted consideration because they are found in all living organisms such as, animals, plants, microorganisms and algae, as they have many essential biological activities for the organism, and have many pharmacological and biomedical actions, making them one of the most hopeful compounds in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedicine. They are anti-inflammatory; wound healing feature, anticoagulant, antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetes agent. Because of the multiple physical and chemical properties of polysaccharides, it is possible to change these properties into improved properties, as this is the basis of their various uses in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, the applications of polysaccharides in these areas will be clarified, with their potential as alternatives to proper treatments.

Background: Neuroendocrine tumor of the appendix is a rare neoplasm discovered only incidentally. They are mainly found in the histological examination of appendices operated due to acute appendicitis. The treatment is essentially surgical, and depending on the size of the lesion, it can range from a simple appendectomy to right hemicolectomy. Case presentation: In our work, we report the case of a neuroendocrine tumor of the appendix in a 15-year-old female patient admitted for symptoms of acute abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with appendicular peritonitis and admitted to the surgical unit. The anatomopathological examination of the vermiform appendix obtained after appendicectomy showed a histological aspect of a neuroendocrine tumor. Conclusion: We recommend that appendectomy specimens be routinely sent for pathological examination malignancy and NETs, may be missed without histopathological examination.

The increased rates of microbial resistant to synthetic drugs have paved way for the use of medicinal plant extracts for treatment. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Mangifera indica leaves extract on some isolates from dental cavities was studied. The leaves were randomly collected from a local farm in Agbani Nkanu West L.G.A Enugu State Nigeria. The leaf samples were morphologically identified, washed, air dried at room temperature for 48 days and milled into powder with a milling machine in Chemistry Department, Enugu state University of Science and Technology. The solvents used for extraction were ethanol, methanol, N-hexane and water. Ethanol and methanol extracted most of the bioactive ingredients, followed by water and N-Hexane. The phytochemicals screened were; terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins and alkaloids. The extracts were divided into dialyzed and undialyzed fractions. The dialyzed fraction was done for 48 hours in a refrigerator. Organisms isolated from dental cavities were; Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus spp, Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar well diffusion method and the result showed that the dialysed extracts of ethanol and methanol had higher sensitivity against the dental isolates than the undialyzed extracts. Streptococcus mutans was the most inhibited organism with inhibition zones of 12mm and minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.25mg/ml. Hence, dialysed ethanol and methanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica can be used as an adjunct therapy for dental cavities.