The effect of Indocid® was determined using thirty (30) albino rats of mixed sex, aged 3 months weighing 110-200g. They were acclimatized to their environment for 2 weeks during which they were fed with standard pelleted feed and water. The study is divided into acute toxicity testing and main experimental phase. The acute toxicity testing for the determination of the median lethal dose was ascertained using 12 rats divided into groups K, L, M. The main experiment using 18 rats divided into groups A, B, C, D, E and F of three (3) rats in a group in different cages, cage A served as control. The rats were orally administered graded doses of Indocid dissolved in water once daily along with their feed for 30 days. Cages B-F received 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0 mg/kg respectively and were closely observed. At day 31, the rats were randomly selected, sacrificed, the stomach, and small intestine were excised, examined grossly and subsequently processed for light microscopy. Grossly the organs and tissue appeared to have several perforations especially evident in the small intestine. Further histological examination revealed erosion of the stomach and intestine. This result forms the basis for further research into the danger posed to indiscriminate users of Indocid®.

This study reveals the distribution and levels of the organochlorine pesticide residues in fish, water and sediments in South-South, Nigeria. They were extracted with dichloromethane and screened for organochlorine pesticides with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). All data collected were exposed to analysis of variance at (p<0.05) and the means were separated by means of Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). It was discovered in this study that organochlorine pesticide residues were not discovered in all the fish and water sampled, while there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the levels of some organochlorine pesticides detected in the sediments. Sediment samples from Oron in Akwa-Ibom State recorded 1.50±0.25 µg/kg and 30.80±0.20 µg/kg for lindane and aldrin residues respectively; Mkpana Beach (Akwa-Ibom State) had lindane (3.70±0.20 µg/kg), aldrin (4.20±0.20 µg/kg), endosulfan (0.60±0.30 µg/kg) and ortho-para-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro ethane (o,p’- DDT) (0.20±0.10 µg/kg). Illushin and Agenebode in Edo State had 0.10±0.02 µg/kg and 1.00±0.30 µg/kg of aldrin residues correspondingly. They were all above the allowable limit of 0.05 µg/kg recommended by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The pesticide-free fish and water could be as a result of the fact that the Fisher folks no longer use pesticides in fishing due to the awareness of the imminent dangers involved. However, the high levels of Pesticide residues in sediments may be as a result of overtime bioaccumulation of extensive and repeated use of the pesticides in fishing.

Introduction: The consequences of expensive antipsychotics medication can be two-folds. One, patients can become more impoverished due to the spending of limited financial resources on the procurement of antipsychotics. Second, the high cost of antipsychotics may be discouraging and therefore lead to poor adherence and therapeutic failure. The objective was to determine the levels of impoverishment, catastrophic expenditure and the number of days the least paid government worker will have to work due to out-of-pocket (OOP) payments of antipsychotics in a sample of patients receiving treatment for schizophrenia in Benin City. Method: A community-based cross-sectional survey among respondents who are being managed for schizophrenia was conducted using two-stage cluster sampling procedure. Outcome measures were poverty headcount ratio, poverty gap index, catastrophic expenditure and the number of days the least paid government worker will have to work to procure antipsychotics. Results: Patients with schizophrenia receiving olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol, trifluoperazine or chlorpromazine medication are being further impoverished by 11.1%, 7.4%, 3.7%, 3.7% and 1.9% respectively, at the risk of catastrophic expenses by 70%, 64%, 28%, 28%, 34% respectively while that of number of days the least paid government worker will have to work to get their drugs were 1.8 day, 1.35 day, 0.15 day, 0.15 day, 0.21 day respectively. Conclusion: Antipsychotics such as olanzapine and risperidone are far less affordable than chlorpromazine, haloperidol and trifluoperazine.

This article attempts to examine the pre-and-post migration poverty and non-poverty status of returned migrants in a village of Bangladesh and underlines the factors that shape those statuses. It finds that out of forty-two migrants who returned mostly from Malaysia, twenty-two were poor before their migration, ten were from the lower middle class and the remaining ten were from middle class background. A substantial number of twenty-two poor migrants have been able to increase their household resources and have moved out from poverty. Furthermore, the majority of lower middle class and middle class migrants have plused extra resources with their pre-migration household resources and thereby have led an improved livelihood compared to that in their pre-migration period. The study also finds that upon returning home, a portion of migrant households from all classes has experienced a decrease in resources and is now living in a ‘stressful economy’. In order to evaluate the impacts of migration and remittances on the poverty situation of returned migrants, and to find out the underlying factors behind this, the present study conducted a baseline survey on 371 households, collected personal narratives from all returned migrants and interviewed ten key informants through in-depth interview, as a qualitative data collection method. To analyze and interpret the information on subjective judgements of migrants on their pre-and-post migration periods ‘narrative analysis’ method is used throughout the article.

The study sought to find out the effectiveness of psychological interventions provided to rape survivors in selected post-rape care centres in Nairobi and Uasin-Gishu Counties in Kenya. The study was guided by the Crisis theory by Caplan. The study utilized a descriptive survey research design. The target population included rape survivors aged 10-45 years who had attended at least three psychological interventions while the key informants were the counsellors in these centres. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of 44 rape survivors and 9 key informants from the two selected post-rape care centres. Consent forms were issued to the adult participants (18 years and above) to sign. The participants (aged 10-17years) were given assent forms after they were made to understand about the purpose of the research in the presence of their parents or guardians. The data was collected by use of structured questionnaires developed by the researcher. The researcher assisted the primary school children and illiterate participants using Kiswahili translation. The data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Most of the rape survivors were given individual counselling, group counselling, follow-up counselling and support group. Only 63.6% received legal services. The findings revealed that psychological interventions were generally effective. The combined perceived usefulness of psychological interventions was relatively high (M=3.3). There was also a significant reduction of combined mean of psychological effects (M= 3.7) before treatment compared to after treatment (M=1.5), and a statistical significant difference between the mean severity level of the psychological effects experienced before treatment (M =3.742, SD=1.2777) compared to after treatment (M=1.513, SD=0.4958). The study thus concluded that there was significant reduction of psychological effects after treatment. Based on the study findings and conclusion, it is recommended that, to improve the overall effectiveness of psychological interventions provided to rape survivors in post-rape-care centres, there should be a review of the interventions provided to ensure adequate provision especially of the legal services, follow-up and family counselling.