The microbial contamination of locally processed beverages has been familiar among microbiological researchers who have repeatedly implicated them as the major cause of endemics due to poor processing. However, due to antimicrobial resistance and the need to discover new antimicrobial plants, Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Andographis paniculata against isolates of Salmonella spp. and Esherichia coli from zobo and soya milk was studied. Andographis paniculata leaves were collected randomly from a local farm in Emene Enugu East L.G.A Enugu State. The leaves samples were identified morphologically, washed, air dried at room temperature and milled into powder. 39.7 g of the powder was macerated with ethanol during the extraction process. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract and result showed that Saponins, Tanins, Flavanoids, Phenols, Steriods were present with Flavanoids and Saponins being in higher concentration, while Terpernoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides were absent. The zobo and soya milk samples were diluted using 10-fold serial dilution method and introduced into the already prepared MacConkey and Salmonella Shigella Agar for incubation. Isolates from zobo and soya milk were characterized, biochemically and morphologically and were identified as E. coli and Salmonella spp. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli and Salmonella spp. was determined using agar well diffusion method, and result showed that there was no antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli and Salmonella spp. However, absence of Terpernoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides exhibited non-comparable activity with the positive control (ciprofloxacin).

This paper examined the use of hedging in information subsidies about the Anglophone Crisis. More specifically, it sought to determine which hedging devices were used in government information subsidies about the crisis, establish the discourse and communication functions of these hedges, and determine the crisis response postures reflected through hedging. The paper adopted a documentation and records method to obtain 83 information subsidies (speeches, communiques, reports, policy statements, media statements or ‘outings’, press releases, press conference presentations, press kits, etc.) from twelve government institutions. These twelve institutions were purposively chosen because of their centrality to the government’s crisis communications about the Anglophone Crisis between October 2016 and December 20. Nvivo was used for content analysis of information subsidies. Quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis, presentation and discussion were used. The study identified six categories of hedging devices which served varied discourse and communication functions. For example, approximators and rounders were used to distance the government from particularly controversial claims about key crisis issues; while contrastive conjunctions served to highlight support for government crisis management strategies, protect government credibility, and diminish the amount of crisis responsibility attributed to the government. Conditionals were used to express beliefs, claims and stances about Anglophone Crisis events in a way that restricts potentially controversial interpretations. Plausibility and attribution shields reduce the force of government crisis managers’ claims by signalling uncertainty towards crisis messaging content and attributing particular crisis-related beliefs or commitments to other stakeholders. These findings show the role of hedging in crisis communication about the Anglophone Crisis. Given the divergence in crisis response postures reflected, this study recommends greater synchrony in the use of hedging devices.

This study investigates the linguistic features of 50 American English food advertising slogans. An analysis of the words in these slogans will highlight the distinctive features of the term use and its impact on the customers. The result of the study will contribute more data on the language of advertising slogans and clarifies the linguistic characteristics of American English to help advertisers have more information to create exciting advertising slogans and achieve optimal performance.

Commonly described smoker’s lung disease are emphysema, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and interstitial lung disease (ILD). CPFE is heterogenous lung disease documented in smokers which includes emphysema in upper lobes and pulmonary fibrosis in lower lobes. In this case report, we have reported a 80-year male presented with progressive shortness of breath with fatigability and hypoxia treated as emphysema with inhaled bronchodilators. Response to medical treatment was not satisfactory with worsening of shortness of breath and fatigability. Clinical examination revealed bilateral basal Velcro crepitation’s with resting oxygen saturation was 88% at room air. High resolution computerized imaging documented emphysema in upper lobes with honeycombing and tractional bronchiectasis in lower lobes. Echocardiography documented pulmonary hypertension with dilated right atrium and ventricle. We have treated with oxygen supplementation during rest and ambulation, long-acting inhaled bronchodilator medicines and antifibrotic Nintedanib with strict counselling for avoidance of tobacco exposure. Cardiopulmonary parameters improvement including in 6-minute walk distance was significant with bronchodilators and antifibrotics.

In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and complex scientific research topic. In the body, stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. They are capable to regenerate body system. Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells are the two primary categories of stem cells. Through cell- replacement therapies, stem cell-based therapies can give the opportunity to replace lost, damaged, or old cells in order to regenerate or repair tissues and organs. Additionally, using genetically altered stem cells as delivery systems holds enormous potential for treating inherited genetic flaws and delivering therapeutic chemicals to specifically injured tissues and organs. The ensuing integration of science and medicine made possible by more research will enable the therapeutic application of ES cell technology. In the end, such a program might present a remarkable new weapon in the fight against human sickness.