This review investigates the central role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the chronic inflammatory disease underlying cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim is to summarize the current knowledge about the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis and the therapeutic strategies against inflammation. A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science articles between 2010 and December 2024. Thirty-six studies focusing on inflammatory pathways, biomarkers, and anti-inflammatory therapy for treatment in clinical trials were included in the search. The principal findings have been that oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) promotes endothelial dysfunction leading to EmD, by inducing an inflammatory cascade with monocytes, macrophages and T-cells involvement. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and TNF-α play a part in exacerbating plaque progression, with CRP used as a clinical marker. Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory therapies such as canakinumab may be beneficial in decreasing cardiovascular (CV) events but the delicate balance between efficacy and safety is yet to be established. The review points out that the therapeutic potential for the manipulation of these pathways is low-hanging fruit, but notes that gaps in the knowledge base and conflicting reports on long-term outcomes and patient-specific responses call for further research. Ongoing future strategies include personalized medicine and new antimediatory agents to enhance clinical outcome.

Backgrounds: diabetes mellitus is one of the most dangerous disease in human .so it's important to complaint the therapeutic plan of diabetes mellitus continuously which can reduce the complications and mortality of this disease. Aims of the Study: The aims of study is to identify the association between diabetes mellitus with complications and complaints. Methodology: A cross sectional study done to patients with diabetes mellitus from 1st February 2023 to 10th April 2023. A convenient sample of 245 patients with diabetes mellitus. Results: male and female equal percentile. The most of the sample is blood group (O) 43.3% and followed by blood group (A) is 24.9%. 22.9 % were smokers and the major of the sample were had family history of DM either by their parents or brother and sisters. Regarding the complication of the Dm we found the eye complication were 15.9%, cardiovascular complications were 8.9%, neuropathy were 16.3%, teeth complications were 10.6%, diabetic foot were 6.5%, dermatological complications were 4.1%, GIT complications were 7.8%, genital complications were 4.9%, nephropathy 11.4%, recurrent infection were 11.8% and other 5.7%. Regarding the problems of the DM thyroid were 5.7%, adrenaline were 0.8%, asthma were 6.5%. Allergy were 14,7 and autoimmune disease were 9.4%. 39.6% were go to the emergency room or lie in the hospital because of diabetes. 73.9 % were complain to treatment, 4.9 % were not complain and 21.2% were often not complain. 33.5% were complain to diet, 26.9 % were not complain and 39.6% were often not complain. 62.1% were complain to measure his sugar regularly, 10.2 % were not complain and 27.7% were often not complain. 57.5% were use pills, 28.9% were use insulin and 2.1% were use both (insulin and pills), 7.8% were use pills and now insulin and 3.7 % were only diet. Conclusions: We conclude that were association between DM and complications (eye complication, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, teeth complications, diabetic foot, dermatological complications, GIT complications, genital complications, nephropathy, recurrent infection) and there were association between problems of the DM (thyroid, adrenaline, asthma, allergy, autoimmune disease). There were significant association between DM and complaint to medication, complaints to diet and using insulin and pills.

Background: Refractive errors is the most common cause of visual impairment among school-aged students, forming a raising trend all over the world, reflecting negative impact on the achievement of two vital global indicators of development in the form of education and health. not Much existing new dated data on school-aged students refractive errors prevalence in Iraq were gathered to Understand prevalence of refractive errors which is vital to reduce the consequences of uncorrected refractive error as its most common causes are avoidable by early diagnosis and treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors among secondary school students in Baghdad, Iraq. Method: a school-based descriptive cross-sectional study of 68 students (aged 16-17 years) whom was selected through random sampling technique, in one randomly selected high school in Baghdad, Iraq on March, 2024 was done. Data collection was done through a self-generated questionnaire that's been answered by targeted students themselves, there was 68 respondents have been gathered, data was graphed and analyzed, pie charts and frequency tables were used to summarize the data. Results: of 60 valid respondents were gathered, 30% (18) of students complained about visual problems, known cases of refractive errors with an exception of one case, the prevalence among students of myopia was 29.41% (5), hyperopia was none, astigmatism 17.64% (3), and a combined refractive error of myopia + astigmatism of 52.94% (9), a 66.66% (12/18) complain of negative impact on their life. Students with history of using spectacles were 28.33% (17), with a variable adherence of very good 58.82% (10), good 23.52% (4), average 5.88% (1), and poor 11.76% (2). Study shows a prevalence of compliance to annual eye examination of visual acuity of 36.66% (22). Study records an increase in time that's being spent on electronic devices with a 53.33% 3-5 hrs. period of time, and a predominance of 78.33% of smart phones being the most used, also a decreased out door time and near-vision tasks of 60% 3-5 hrs. period of time. Study shows a positive family history of refractive errors in both students parents of 26.66% (16), and in only one of them 40% (24). Conclusion: prevalence of refractive errors among Al-Harythia D.H.S students in Baghdad was high, these results suggest that lifestyle changes and prolonged near work activities may contribute to heightened eye strain. The findings provide information for screening programmes in school-aged children.

Globally, an estimated 5% of all cervical cancer cases are attributable to HIV, with a five-fold higher risk of occurrence in HIV-positive women. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice of cervical cancer screening among HIV patients at Federal Medical Centre Makurdi, North-central Nigeria. This cross-sectional study involved 123 HIV-positive women recruited by systematic random sampling over twelve weeks. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The study revealed that the mean age of participants was 44.93±10.00 and 38(28.1%) had HIV infection between 11-15 years duration. Less than half of the participants 59(43.7%) had good knowledge of cervical cancer screening, while the majority 102 (75.6%) had a positive attitude towards cervical cancer screening and 76(56.3%) had undergone cervical cancer screening. The study concluded that the majority of HIV-positive women had poor knowledge of cervical cancer screening; however, most of them had positive attitude and perception concerning cervical cancer screening. This calls for a scale-up of health education programs.

Bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm formation as essential adaptation and persistence strategies in harsh settings, which contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance and persistent infections. Through signaling molecules, QS allows bacteria to coordinate group behaviors, and biofilms improve microbial resistance and offer structural protection. A potentially effective physical intervention for interfering with QS signaling and biofilm integrity is ultrasound. The modulation of QS pathways by ultrasound, including signaling molecule degradation and interference with QS receptor binding, is examined in this article. The physical disruption of biofilm structures by ultrasonic via cavitation and shear stress is also investigated. Important discoveries demonstrate how well ultrasound attenuates QS and encourages biofilm disintegration, which in turn increases bacterial sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs. The possible uses of ultrasound in both medical and environmental contexts are discussed, emphasizing its role as a non-invasive, targeted strategy for controlling biofilm-related infections and microbial persistence. Despite its promise, the purpose of this review is to provide a brief background on biofilms, and implants, and advance approach for treatment. Further research is needed to refine ultrasound parameters and optimize its integration with other therapeutic approaches for broader clinical and industrial use.

Periodic Medical Examinations (PMEs) is a preventive healthcare strategy for early detection and management of medical conditions like hypertension and diabetes in order to mitigate potentially fatal outcomes. This is particularly relevant for individuals over 40, where annual PMEs are recommended for optimal health and productivity. A study was conducted in Apir community, Northcentral Nigeria, to investigate factors influencing PME uptake among adult residents. This community-based cross-sectional study, involving 420 participants, utilized questionnaires to assess knowledge, uptake, and associated factors. The study revealed a high level of PME knowledge (70%) and awareness (82.4%), primarily sourced from hospitals. However, awareness of existing PME policies was limited (57.6%), and actual uptake was low, at only 29.5%. Statistically significant associations were found between PME uptake and education level, occupation, and income (p<0.05). Knowledge regarding PME frequency and timing, coupled with awareness of hospital policies, also correlated with uptake (p<0.05). Furthermore, lifestyle factors, including cigarette smoking and sufficient sleep, exhibited significant associations with PME utilization (p<0.05). The conclusion highlights a disparity between PME knowledge and uptake, depicting trends observed in other studies. This underscores the need for targeted interventions. Government and stakeholders should leverage on these findings to develop policies promoting health education, lifestyle modifications, and financial empowerment, ultimately aiming to improve PME uptake and public health outcomes.

Background: This study aimed to assess the attitude of Jordanian healthcare workers (HCWs) toward modern assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), including gamete donation and sex selection. Design and Methods: The HCWs from three municipalities in Jordan were randomly selected to participate in a self-administered, cross-sectional survey. The study settings included hospitals and clinics in the public and private health sectors. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of demographic characteristics and fertility experience with the attitude toward modern ARTs. Results: A total of 382 HCWs were included in the study. Most participants did not support the donation of fertilized or unfertilized eggs for any purpose (86.4% and 75.4%, respectively). Overall, only 39.3% and 42.9% of the respondents supported the use of in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination for sex selection, respectively. Religious considerations were the main reason (71.1%) for the negative attitude toward ARTs. However, more supportive attitude was observed among male participants and medical doctors. Logistic regression analysis showed that none of the variables were significantly associated with the attitude toward sex selection and gamete donation. Conclusion: The use of ARTs was generally more acceptable for sex selection than for gamete donation. The attitude of HCWs was primarily driven by religious beliefs, which typically shape the cultural values and the acceptance of such technologies. Additionally, sex and profession seem to play a significant role in shaping the attitude of HCWs toward ARTs.