This study addressed the importance of bacterial infections in diabetic foot as a serious complication that can lead to ulcers and chronic inflammation, increasing the risk of limb loss. The study reviewed the most common types of bacteria that infect diabetic foot and the role of these bacteria in complicating wounds and injuries. Thirty foot swab samples (15 patients and 15 controls) were collected and cultured in the microbiology unit at Al-Marjan Hospital in Babylon, statistical analysis was done and results shows some types of bacteria are more common, such as Staphylococcus aureus. also noted that men with diabetic foot ulcer more than women, and that middle-aged people (aged 52-62, 63-73) are more likely to be infected with diabetic foot. This study concluded that staphylococcus aureus was common pathogenic bacteria that cause diabetic foot ulcer, also male sex is regarded as risk factor for diabetic ulcer. Additionally no relation between agent species with severity of disease.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, joint destruction, and immune dysregulation. Vitamin D, a key regulator of the immune system, has been implicated in various autoimmune diseases, including RA. However, the exact role of vitamin D in immune modulation and its potential relationship with immune markers in RA patients remains underexplored. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and immune dysregulation in RA patients, with a focus on inflammatory markers, cytokines, and regulatory T-cells. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st January to 30th August 2024, including 100 RA patients (50 males, 50 females) and 50 control participants (25 males, 25 females). Blood samples were collected from all participants to measure serum vitamin D levels, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]), and immune parameters (IL-10, IL-17, and regulatory T-cells). Data were analyzed using correlation analysis to examine relationships between vitamin D levels and immune parameters. Results: RA sufferers exhibited drastically decrease nutrition D degrees as compared to controls (18.5 ± 6.2 ng/mL vs. 32.1 ± 7.8 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Additionally, better inflammatory markers had been determined in RA patients, with CRP and ESR levels considerably expanded compared to controls (p < 0.001). A widespread high-quality correlation turned into found among vitamin D stages and IL-10 (r = 0.582, p < 0.001) and regulatory T-cells (r = 0.421, p < 0.001), whilst an inverse correlation changed into determined with IL-17 (r = -0.645, p < 0.001). Moreover, a terrible correlation between vitamin D stages and ESR (r = -0.512, p < 0.001) become additionally cited, suggesting a link between nutrition D deficiency and systemic irritation in RA. Conclusion: The outcomes of this observe assist the position of diet D in immune modulation and irritation in RA patients. Vitamin D deficiency turned into associated with better inflammatory markers and adjusted immune responses, together with accelerated levels of seasoned-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17) and reduced regulatory T-cellular characteristic. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic function of vitamin D supplementation in managing immune dysregulation and infection in RA. Further studies are had to affirm these outcomes and discover the medical benefits of diet D in RA remedy.

Kidney transplantation is a major operation, where patients after undergoing a transplant are at risk of having metabolic disorders due to weight gain such as Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia as well as heart disease and stroke. Knowing the right nutritional therapy in kidney transplant sufferers both immediately after undergoing a transplant and long after undergoing a kidney transplant in order to get optimal health quality. References that discuss nutritional therapy in kidney transplantation both for the provision of the amount of energy, the type and amount of carbohydrates, the amount of protein intake and the type of fat given from various sources. There are guidelines in providing nutrition to kidney transplant patients with calories starting from 25-30 kcal / kg BW, protein starting from 0.8 grams / kg BW, limiting fat and cholesterol intake and micronutrient supplementation if according to indications. Appropriate nutritional regulation in patients with renal transplantation is expected to reduce the risk of metabolic disease and improve outcomes.

Cardiac amyloidosis is characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded proteins. Currently, there are more than 30 proteins that can form amyloid fibrils in vivo, 9 of which accumulate in the myocardium. A 70-year-old male with a history of supraventricular tachycardia, type 2 diabetes, systemic arterial hypertension, and prostatic adenocarcinoma. As part of the treatment for bone metastases due to a history of cancer, a Tc99m methylenediphosphonate bone scan was performed, revealing an abnormal increase in myocardial bone turnover. A technetium-99 (Tc99) and pyrophosphate cardiac scan was performed, yielding a positive result for infiltrative process (AC-ATTR), Perugini 3, and H/CL ratio of 1.52. Based on cardiac scan findings of infiltrative process, absence of a polyclonal light chain spike, and a negative ATTR gene, the diagnosis of ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis was reached.

Background: Learning theories play a crucial role in shaping clinical instructional strategies, materials, and activities. By applying these theories, clinical teachers can create engaging, interactive, and student-centred learning experiences. However, some theories are complex and require time and adequate training to fully understand and implement. This study presents a theoretical concept analysis aimed at identifying clear and readily applicable concepts from well-known learning theories to enhance clinical teaching and learning in contemporary settings. Methods: A search for published articles on well-known learning theories was conducted. Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar and PubMed using search terms such as 'learning theories,' 'learning theories and clinical teaching,' 'applying learning theories to clinical teaching,' and 'learning theories in clinical instruction.' The principal investigator screened articles at the title, abstract, and full-text levels. Selected articles were thoroughly reviewed to identify relevant learning theories, from which key concepts underpinning clinical teaching and learning in contemporary settings were extracted and described. Results: We retrieved 625 articles, removed 38 duplicates, and screened the remaining articles at the title, abstract, and full-text levels. Ultimately, 23 articles were included in the study. The documented learning theories included behaviorism, social learning, constructivism, social constructivism, discovery learning, meaningful learning, experiential learning, humanistic theory, self-determination theory, and expectancy-value theory. Conclusion: Guiding clinical teaching sessions with well-established learning theories can significantly enhance learning outcomes in contemporary settings. Therefore, we recommend the intentional application of learning theories in clinical education to improve student engagement, knowledge retention, and skill acquisition. Additionally, policymakers should integrate evidence-based learning theories into clinical teaching guidelines and training programs to standardize and enhance the quality of education in healthcare settings.

External marketing is a vital marketing communications strategy for establishing relationships with customers, providing information about the company's commitment, and explaining how the service will be provided. Lavalette Hospital, as a health service institution, recorded fluctuations in the number of outpatient visits between 2019 and 2024. This research aims to analyze the relationship between the application of external marketing and patient interest in repeat visits at the hospital. Using a cross-sectional approach, this research collects data observationally to identify correlations between existing variables. The results of the analysis show that there is a positive relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.460, which indicates that the more effective the external marketing strategy, the higher the patient's interest in making repeat visits. With a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), the alternative hypothesis is accepted, confirming that external marketing has a significant influence on the patient's decision to return to visit. This finding is in line with previous studies which show that the marketing mix has a significant impact on outpatient loyalty. These results emphasize the importance of implementing appropriate marketing strategies to increase patient satisfaction and interest in repeat visits at Lavalette Hospital.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Mortality have reached a plateau and appear to be dropping this decline has been attributed to several factors, such as early detection through the use of screening mammography and appropriate use of systemic adjuvant therapy. Aims: To assess the value of type breast screening in women more than 40y age group and to assess the value of BIRAD system application in breast screening. Patients and methods: The study was performed during the period covered fourteen months from October 2012 to December 2013 in the Oncology teaching hospital in Baghdad Medical Teaching Complex. The study include 350 females with an age more than 40 years, Mammograms were performed for them and categorized using the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Correlations between imaging findings, risk factors and pathological findings were analyzed. Result: Present study show that there was no cancer diagnosed in women categorized as BIRAD I, II and III. However among 8 women with BIRAD IV and V 75% had malignant disease and 25% had benign lesions. Correlation was found between known risk factor (age, menopause, early menarche less than 12years and BMI) and cancer diagnosis. Conclusions: Breast screen is very effective and important in discover breast cancer in asymptomatic women by using the mammogram which is an effective tool in detecting breast cancer in breast screening. BIRAD system minimized both over-utilization and under-utilization of follow-up tests/procedures.