Drug abuse is the use of drugs in amounts or by methods that is harmful for the health. Drug use disorders (DUD) are associated with a range of adverse health outcomes including increased mortality rates [1, 2]. For example, patients in opioid substitution treatment (OST) are shown to have significantly higher non-drug-related mortality including Cancer than the general population [3, 4]. According to the American Cancer Society, substance abuse and addiction make up about 30% of all cancer deaths. In this review article we tried to summarize that drug abuse disorders are risk factors for Cancers.

Epigenetics refers to heritable and dynamic alterations in the whole genes which present in the sequence of nucleic acids. It consider as concurrent reaction with enzymes and several molecular ingredients. Epigenetic changes can cause the incorrect start of coding genes, allowing tumor development. Epigenetic modifiers are becoming potential targets in numerous malignant tumor therapies since they are sensitive to foreign drugs. Different epigenetic medicines that were lately refined and implicated in clinical experiences using of epigenetic medicines solitary or together with immunotherapy and chemotherapy has yielded promising outcomes, containing advanced anti-cancer impact, overcoming therapy resistant, and stimulation of the immune system defense.

The study was aimed to isolate, characterize and determination the antibiotic sensitivity profile of some bacteria associated with infertility in male attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital (MMSH) Kano, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) Semen specimens were collected from males with infertility attending the clinic and General out Patient Department of MMSH Kano. The seminal fluids were diluted with sterile saline, centrifuged and cultured on Nutrient agar, Blood agar, Chocolate agar and Mac Conkey agar then incubated aerobically and in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 24 hours for the isolation of pathogenic microorganism. Isolates were identified based on Gram’s staining, biochemical tests and API 20E Test. The result shows a total of seventy six (76) isolates were obtained, Staphylococcus aureus was found to have the highest occurrence of 31 (40.79%), whereas the least was found to be Mycoplasma species, 1 (1.32%). Other microorganisms encountered include; Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species 14 (18.42%), Escherichia coli 11 (14.47%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 6 (7.89%), Proteus mirabilis 5 (6.58%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (7.90%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2 (2.63%). The isolates were most sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Ceftriaxone and cefuroxime however showed superior activity against most of the isolates. The activity of the Tetracycline and Augmentin against almost all the isolates was not appreciable. Cotrimoxazole and Gentamicin showed moderate activity against most of the isolates and no activity was observed on Mycoplasma and Neisseria gonorrhoeae against most of the antibiotics.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health concern as well as leading infectious killer disease in man caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study was carried out to assess the effect of tuberculosis on some specific coagulation factors (F VII and F XII), PT, APTT and D-Dimer). It wias caried out at the Tuberculosis and Leprosy Hospital Igbogene, the Federal Medical Center (FMCY) and Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH) all in Yenagoa Local Govt Area of Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Ethical approval and participant’s informed consent were obtained. Fifty (50) newly diagnosed TB subjects and 50 apparently healthy control subjects participated in this study. Specimens used were Sputum and blood. PT was assayed by the Quick one stage method. Fortress diagnostics reagents were used for the APTT assay while D-Dimer was tested by the sandwish immunodetection method by ICHROMAX. The data gathered from this research were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 20.0. The results for the haemostatic parametres shows significantly higher (p<0.05) PT, APTT, and D-Dimer values, but significantly lower (p<0.05) F VII in newly diagnosed TB subjects when compared to controls group. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in F XII in newly diagnosed TB subjects when compared to the controls. The results from this research indicates that Tuberculosis disease greatly altered almost all the, haemostatic, parameters studied, except coagulation factor XII that was virtualy unaltered.

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is commonly caused by iron deficiency anemia. It can cause severe consequences for both the fetus and the mother. This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy of IV iron sucrose and IV iron ferric carboxy maltose in pregnant patients with anemia. Material and Methods: This is a prospective observational study; all women treated with iron sucrose & FCM for anemia during pregnancy between January 2021 to June 2021 at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ganesh Hospital, Ghaziabad. Total 36 women were selected. Each study group consisted of 18 women receiving FCM which was group A and 19 in group B receiving Injection Iron Sucrose between 30 and 36 weeks of pregnancy. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by repeat Hemoglobin and Serum Ferritin level measurement after 4 weeks of completion of therapy. Safety was assessed by analysis of adverse drug reactions during infusion and 2 hours after infusion. Results: Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose infusion significantly increased Hemoglobin values compared to Intravenous ferrous sucrose. None of the women developed serious adverse reaction in FCM group whereas 3 drug reactions were noted in patients treated with Iron sucrose. Conclusion: Ferric carboxymaltose can be used safely in Iron defciency anemia complicatinin pregnancy and has shown to have better results.

Background: The influence of household food insecurity on poor child growth has been widely studied. However, there is a lack of clarity in such relationships therefore, more studies are required. Hence, the present study evaluated household food insecurity and sciodemographic determinants of undernutrition in young children (6-59 months old) in Ghana. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tamale South using 240 mother-child pairs. Mothers and their children (6-59 months old) were recruited from child welfare clinics within the Constituency. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Child anthropometric data were measured (weight and height/length) based on World Health Organization’s prescribed procedures. Child anthropometric Z-scores for the determination of acute and chronic malnutrition were generated using WHO Anthroplus 1.0.4. Household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) was used to estimate household food insecurity. Binary logistics regression models were run using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 24.0 to estimate the odds of acute and chronic malnutrition following the independent variables (HFIAS and sciodemographic factors). Results: The prevalence of acute malnutrition (wasting) was 7.5%. Also, the prevalence of chronic malnutrition (stunting) was 29.2%. In multiple binary logistics regressions model, there was a significant relationship between higher scores of HFIAS and the odds of acute malnutrition [1.34(1.07-1.68); P=0.010]. In the study, children aged 6-23 months had lower odds for chronic malnutrition [0.36 (1.20-0.66); P=0.001] compared with their colleagues (24-59 months old). Conclusions: In the study, we found a medium and a high prevalence of acute and chronic malnutrition, respectively. Also, HFIAS was a significant predictor of acute malnutrition but not chronic malnutrition. Further, children less than 24 months old compared with those aged 24-59 months old had lower odds for chronic malnutrition. To reduce the odds for acute malnutrition, nutrition and health authorities in the Tamale South Constituency ought to intensify education on strategies to increase household food security status.

Background: The role of adequate nutrition in population health is widely acknowledged. The objective of the study was to determine associations of dietary diversity and socioeconomic factors with anthropometric failure among children (6 to 23 months old) in Sagnarigu Constituency. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which involved 231 children randomly selected from child welfare clinics within Sagnarigu Municipality. Dietary diversity of children was computed from 8 food groups based on mothers recall of foods child ate in the past 24-hour period (previous day and night) preceding the survey. Child anthropometric data were assessed based on World Health Organization’s (WHO) standard protocols. Results: From a multiple binary logistics regression analysis, children who failed to meet the minimum dietary diversity (MDDS) (1-4 food groups) compared with those who met the MDDS (5-8 food groups) had higher odds for underweight [3.54(1.18-10.60); P = 0.024), stunting [2.97(1.39-6.33); P = 0.005], and a coexistence of multiple growth faltering indicators [2.68(1.38-5.22); P = 0.004]. Also, the odds of stunting in children were higher among those whose mothers lacked formal education compared with those whose mothers had formal education [2.70(1.15-6.32); P = 0.022]. Conclusions: In the study, low MDDS was a significant predictor of stunting, underweight, and the coexistence of multiple indicators of anthropometric failure. The health management team in the Sagnarigu Constituency has to intensify education on the importance of children meeting the MDDS.