Introduction: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are critical tools in evaluating respiratory health by measuring lung capacity, airflow, and overall pulmonary performance. These tests provide insights into various respiratory disorders and help assess the impact of different physiological and environmental factors on lung function. Among the numerous factors influencing pulmonary function, body mass index (BMI) has emerged as a significant determinant. Methods: A Cross-sectional study was done at Department of Physiology NMMC Ahmedabad. The selection of samples based on their body weight. The present study included 120 participants (60 males and 60 females). All participants aged 18-20 years who are apparently healthy. Male and female according to BMI categorized into two groups, i.e., BMI < 25 and BMI > 25. Results: Respiratory parameters such as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEFR are found to be significantly lower in female participants in comparison to male participants as shown in Table 1. The correlation of different pulmonary function parameters with BMI of the male and female participants are presented in Tables 2 and 3. It is observed that respiratory parameters such as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEFR of both male and female participants correlated positively with BMI < 25 but there were substantial lung function losses with increasing BMI > 25, i.e., PFTs were negatively correlated. Conclusion: Obesity influences the respiratory function enhancing dyspnoea and increasing both cardiac load and respiratory muscle fatigue of the thoracic wall and the diaphragm due to the higher pressure exerted by intraabdominal adipose accumulation. In our study the results showed that increase in BMI had an inverse relationship with FVC, FEV1 and PEFR in obese when compared to the normal weight subjects.

Background: Healthcare worker (HCW) hands becoming contaminated with microorganisms while providing patient care is thought to be the primary way nosocomial infections spread. Cross-contamination accounts for a large percentage of illnesses, and the primary means of transmission of germs is through the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs). Objective: Isolating and identifying bacterial contamination in hospital staff hands during patient treatment in Shendi hospitals was the aim of this investigation. Methodology: HCWs provided 60 samples between July and September of 2021. Seven different kinds of bacteria were separated from the 59 (98%) positive specimens throughout this investigation. Results: Bacillus cereus 1(1%), Micrococcus luteus 1(1%), Bacillus species 5(7%), coagulase-negative staphylococci 34(48%), staphylococcus aureus 27(38%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 2(3%), and other gram-negative oxidase positive bacilli (unknown) 1(1%) were the most frequently isolated bacterial contaminants from hospital staff hands, according to the results. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that some of the bacteria recovered from hospital staff member hands are extremely sensitive to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin, respectively, and resistant to ceftriaxone. Conclusion: According to this study, hospital employees at Shendi hospitals may have had bacterial contamination on their hands, which could have resulted in HAIs. Poor hand hygiene habits or the use of non-medicated soap when washing hands could be the cause of the contamination.

Introduction: Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-obliterative disorder of the extrahepatic bile ducts, representing the most common indication for pediatric liver transplantation. Despite extensive research, its etiology remains obscure, with proposed mechanisms ranging from viral triggers to autoimmune and developmental anomalies. Method: This is a retrospective study carried over 10 years (Jan 2013-Dec 2022). We investigated in 33 BA patients, with emphasis on 9 cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV) co-infection. Result: Our findings reveal no difference in long term outcome in CMV positive patients. Conclusion: These observations suggest that BA pathogenesis may involve multiple and separate mechanisms affecting the extrahepatic biliary tree warranting further investigation into multiple etiopathogenic pathways.

Background: The aim of the study was to find the maternal and fetal outcome among postdated pregnancy. Procedure: 156 patients with singleton pregnancy beyond 40 weeks were taken and maternal and fetal outcomes were calculated. Results & Conclusion: Most of the studies have shown postdated pregnancy poses risk to both fetal and maternal outcomes. With early intervention and management may decrease the complications to fetal and mother due to post dated pregnancy.

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is one of endemic illness in Iraq, and the immunosuppression is one and important clinical symptom of disease. Aim: The current study aims to measuring the level of IL-4 in patient with Kala-azar. Methods: 60 sample from patients with visceral leishmaniasis who were admitted to hospital that were let in the study from the period between September 2024 to march 2025, and other groups consist of 30 apparently healthy individuals. A five ml of blood samples were collected, for IL-4 ELISA test. Results: The Mean levels of Interleukin-4 were 1443.92 ± 112.67 and 946.13 ± 190.52, respectively, patients and healthy controls; the level (mean level) was significantly higher in patients with visceral leishmaniasis compared to healthy controls (P< 0.001). The present study confirmed the role of IL-4 in predicting kala-azar, demonstrating that 59 out of 60 patients (98.3%) had values exceeding the cutoff (>1236.55), whereas none of the healthy subjects (0%) had IL-4 levels above this cutoff. The difference is highly significant (P > 0.001). Analysis of the ROC curve indicates that the IL-4 cutoff value is >1236.55, with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV rates of 98.3%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 96.8%, respectively. Conclusion: a significant association between serum IL-4 levels in patients with Kala-azar.

Cannabis is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances worldwide, particularly among adolescents and young adults. While its medicinal applications have gained global attention, concerns regarding its psychiatric and behavioral side effects have intensified. This exploratory analysis delves into the correlation between cannabis use and the development of mental and behavioral disorders, highlighting both acute and chronic manifestations. This paper investigates the extent to which cannabis may induce disorders such as psychosis, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. The findings revealed that the prevalence of psychosis/schizophrenia among users ranges from 4–8% with a relative risk (RR) of 3.7, depression shows a 12–15% prevalence with RR 1.6, anxiety disorders occur in 10–12% of users with RR 1.9, behavioral dysregulation affects 18–22% of users (RR 2.8), and cognitive impairment is seen in 20–25% with an RR of 2.3. A bar chart visualizing these relative risks is presented. These findings suggest a strong relationship between frequent cannabis use and the onset of specific mental health disorders, highlighting the need for public health policies focused on mitigating cannabis-related psychiatric risks. The study also examines demographic trends, usage patterns, and mental health outcomes across different populations. A table and graph summarize the key statistical relationships found. This paper emphasizes the need for balanced public health policies and improved clinical awareness regarding the psychiatric risks of cannabis use.

An inflammation of the vagina called vaginitis can cause pain, itching, and discharge. The cause is typically an infection or an imbalance in the vaginal bacterial balance. Other causes of vaginitis include certain skin conditions and decreased estrogen levels following menopause. One of the most prevalent forms of vaginitis is bacterial vaginosis. This happens when the natural equilibrium is upset by an overabundance of the germs that are naturally present in your vagina. as well as fungal infection. Usually, a naturally occurring fungus known as Candida albicans is the source of these. Urinary tract infections may occur with vaginitis. 64% of those involved in this study had a urinary tract infection correlated with vaginitis. The type of vaginitis in adult women was identified through investigation. 56% of the specimens were vaginal fungal infections, 22% were bacterial infections, and the remaining percentage were a combination of bacterial and fungal infections. This is where the challenge in treating such instances resides.