The harmful or hazardous use of substances including illegal drugs, prescription medications used non-medically, alcohol, and inhalants is known as drug abuse. Males tend to have a higher prevalence and more varied substance use, often starting at a younger age than females. Drug abuse is emerging as a global public health issue. Youth are more vulnerable because their brains are still developing, which makes drug use potentially more harmful. Early drug exposure may lead to addiction, poor academic performance, risky behavior, and mental health issues. The aim of this study is to Evaluate and compare the prevalence and types of substances commonly abused by male and female out of school in Kano metropolis. This study was a cross-sectional study that assesses and compares the pattern of substance abuse among males and females out of school youths in Kano metropolis. A total of 463 (257 males and 206 females) out of school youths were taken from eight local governments in Kano metropolis, with age between 18 and 29 years. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data using an adapted interview administered semi structured questionnaire, SPSS Version 24 was used to analyse the data. The study revealed that the substances abuse by males and females out of school youths in Kano metropolis includes: alcohol, cigarette and shisha, marijuana, syrups and tramadol, among others while males commonly abuse cigarette and shisha the female, abuse more of syrups. The male out of school youths abuses drugs mainly to do something un-usual while females abuse drugs due to friend influence.

Introduction: Hypokalaemia or potassium deficiency in cancer patients is the second highest Electrolyte Disorder (ED) after Hyponatremia. Deficiency of potassium can cause sudden vital organ failure in malignancy, if it is not diagnosed and manage immediately. Additionally, there remain many risk factors related to malignancy and its treatment to developing potassium deficiency. This narrative review was conducted to document an overview of aetiology of Hypokalaemia in patients with different stage of various types of cancer. Aim: The narrative review could be informative and important in recognizing Hypokalaemia in oncology treatment and management. Research Question: What is the aetiology of developing hypokalaemia in cancer patients? Methodology: Literatures were selected for review based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Selection was done purposively based on several outcome and information regarding potassium deficiency in cancer patients. Articles were reviewed by mainly considering the population and results of the study. Main author reviewed the papers and cross-checked with third author, and finally came to conclusion after consensus. Inclusion Criteria: a) Study on cancer patients developing hypokalaemia, b) Study on hypokalaemia as an outcome of cancer treatment and management, c) Study on mechanism of developing hypokalaemia in cancer patients, and d) Study on hypokalaemia resulting from risk factors as a consequence of cancer. Exclusion Criteria: a) Study on hypokalaemia not due to cancer treatment or management, b) Incomplete study, c) Not found in online publications/digital libraries/e-journals. Study Period: Review period was January to March 2021. Literature Search: Keyword based scientific paper search underwent through Google Scholar, PubMed and Embase. Results and Discussion: Aitiology of hypokalaemia can be grouped under four headings: a) Malignancy, itself, b) treatment of the cancer that includes chemotherapy and targeted therapies; c) concomitant drugs and d) concomitant diseases; endocrine dysfunction, toxic epidermal necrolysis, inflammatory bowel diseases among others. There are three mechanisms found to be involved which are caused by the above mentioned risk factors. They are: an inadequate potassium intake, redistribution of potassium among intra- and extracellular compartments, and potassium losses. Conclusion: Hypokalaemia in cancer patients is a life-threatening situation and increases mortality and morbidity. Recognizing and understanding the aetiology could be helpful for the clinicians, especially the oncologists to reduce the suffering and improve palliative management in cancer patients.

Introduction: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are critical tools in evaluating respiratory health by measuring lung capacity, airflow, and overall pulmonary performance. These tests provide insights into various respiratory disorders and help assess the impact of different physiological and environmental factors on lung function. Among the numerous factors influencing pulmonary function, body mass index (BMI) has emerged as a significant determinant. Methods: A Cross-sectional study was done at Department of Physiology NMMC Ahmedabad. The selection of samples based on their body weight. The present study included 120 participants (60 males and 60 females). All participants aged 18-20 years who are apparently healthy. Male and female according to BMI categorized into two groups, i.e., BMI < 25 and BMI > 25. Results: Respiratory parameters such as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEFR are found to be significantly lower in female participants in comparison to male participants as shown in Table 1. The correlation of different pulmonary function parameters with BMI of the male and female participants are presented in Tables 2 and 3. It is observed that respiratory parameters such as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEFR of both male and female participants correlated positively with BMI < 25 but there were substantial lung function losses with increasing BMI > 25, i.e., PFTs were negatively correlated. Conclusion: Obesity influences the respiratory function enhancing dyspnoea and increasing both cardiac load and respiratory muscle fatigue of the thoracic wall and the diaphragm due to the higher pressure exerted by intraabdominal adipose accumulation. In our study the results showed that increase in BMI had an inverse relationship with FVC, FEV1 and PEFR in obese when compared to the normal weight subjects.

Background: Healthcare worker (HCW) hands becoming contaminated with microorganisms while providing patient care is thought to be the primary way nosocomial infections spread. Cross-contamination accounts for a large percentage of illnesses, and the primary means of transmission of germs is through the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs). Objective: Isolating and identifying bacterial contamination in hospital staff hands during patient treatment in Shendi hospitals was the aim of this investigation. Methodology: HCWs provided 60 samples between July and September of 2021. Seven different kinds of bacteria were separated from the 59 (98%) positive specimens throughout this investigation. Results: Bacillus cereus 1(1%), Micrococcus luteus 1(1%), Bacillus species 5(7%), coagulase-negative staphylococci 34(48%), staphylococcus aureus 27(38%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 2(3%), and other gram-negative oxidase positive bacilli (unknown) 1(1%) were the most frequently isolated bacterial contaminants from hospital staff hands, according to the results. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that some of the bacteria recovered from hospital staff member hands are extremely sensitive to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin, respectively, and resistant to ceftriaxone. Conclusion: According to this study, hospital employees at Shendi hospitals may have had bacterial contamination on their hands, which could have resulted in HAIs. Poor hand hygiene habits or the use of non-medicated soap when washing hands could be the cause of the contamination.

Introduction: Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-obliterative disorder of the extrahepatic bile ducts, representing the most common indication for pediatric liver transplantation. Despite extensive research, its etiology remains obscure, with proposed mechanisms ranging from viral triggers to autoimmune and developmental anomalies. Method: This is a retrospective study carried over 10 years (Jan 2013-Dec 2022). We investigated in 33 BA patients, with emphasis on 9 cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV) co-infection. Result: Our findings reveal no difference in long term outcome in CMV positive patients. Conclusion: These observations suggest that BA pathogenesis may involve multiple and separate mechanisms affecting the extrahepatic biliary tree warranting further investigation into multiple etiopathogenic pathways.

Background: The aim of the study was to find the maternal and fetal outcome among postdated pregnancy. Procedure: 156 patients with singleton pregnancy beyond 40 weeks were taken and maternal and fetal outcomes were calculated. Results & Conclusion: Most of the studies have shown postdated pregnancy poses risk to both fetal and maternal outcomes. With early intervention and management may decrease the complications to fetal and mother due to post dated pregnancy.

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is one of endemic illness in Iraq, and the immunosuppression is one and important clinical symptom of disease. Aim: The current study aims to measuring the level of IL-4 in patient with Kala-azar. Methods: 60 sample from patients with visceral leishmaniasis who were admitted to hospital that were let in the study from the period between September 2024 to march 2025, and other groups consist of 30 apparently healthy individuals. A five ml of blood samples were collected, for IL-4 ELISA test. Results: The Mean levels of Interleukin-4 were 1443.92 ± 112.67 and 946.13 ± 190.52, respectively, patients and healthy controls; the level (mean level) was significantly higher in patients with visceral leishmaniasis compared to healthy controls (P< 0.001). The present study confirmed the role of IL-4 in predicting kala-azar, demonstrating that 59 out of 60 patients (98.3%) had values exceeding the cutoff (>1236.55), whereas none of the healthy subjects (0%) had IL-4 levels above this cutoff. The difference is highly significant (P > 0.001). Analysis of the ROC curve indicates that the IL-4 cutoff value is >1236.55, with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV rates of 98.3%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 96.8%, respectively. Conclusion: a significant association between serum IL-4 levels in patients with Kala-azar.