Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance pathogen is an important health risk, usually gram-negative bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics by the production of beta-lactamase enzyme, CTX-M-type enzymes are a group of class A extended-spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs) that are rapidly Spreading among gram-negative worldwide. CTX-M-type ESBLs exhibit powerful activity against cefotaxime and ceftriaxone antibiotics but generally not against ceftazidime, in some geographical areas, CTX-M is now the most prevalent ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae. There are 172 known variants of CTX-M genes identified until August 25, 2016. Objectives: This present study aims to identify the gene, namely: CTX-M, Responsible for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from different samples of Sudanese patients in Shendi city (urine, pus, and wound). Methodology: 200 samples were identified as gram-negative bacteria. Identification of the isolates was done by using conventional biochemical methods, and ESBLs were screened according to (CLSI) guidelines. ESBLs Positive strains were tested for the presence of ESBL encoding CTX-M, Gene by using PCR with specific primers for the detection of CTX-M. Results: ESBL found to be higher in P. aeruginosa n=18(78.3%) Klebsiella spp n=45 (64.2%). Escherichia coli n=51(57.3%) Proteus n=8(53.3%) the total of ESBL from all gram-negative isolate represent n=122 (61%). The presence of the CTX-M, the gene was confirmed in n=57(46.8%) in all isolates. The CTX-M gene were detected in n= 17 (37.8%) Klebsiella spp, n=28(55%) of Escherichia coli, n=3(37.5%) in Proteus and n=9 (50%) in P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa isolates represent a high percentage of ESBL producers followed by Klebsiella spp, then Escherichia coli and proteus spp CTX-M gen detected commonly in Escherichia coli followed by P. aeruginosa then Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp. The study concludes that the ESBL production within gram-negative bacteria was high and the CTX-M gene was spread in Shendi city.

Nearly two years since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which has caused over 5 million deaths, the world continues to be on high COVID-19 alert. The World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with national authorities, public health institutions and scientists have been closely monitoring and assessing the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 since January 2020. The emergences of specific SARS-CoV-2 variants were characterized as Variant of Interest (VOI) and Variant of Concern (VOC), to prioritize global monitoring and research, and to inform the ongoing global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO and its international sequencing networks continuously monitor SARS-CoV-2 mutations and inform countries about any changes that may be needed to respond to the variant, and prevent its spread where feasible. Multiple variants of the virus have emerged and become dominant in many countries since January 2021, with the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants being the most prominent to date. The paper was aimed to review the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC).

Falciparum malaria still represents the big obstacle to communities in Sub-Sahara African countries and more concentrated efforts against COVID-19 pandemic, may influence the lives of millions of children in that malaria-endemic area. Hyperuricemia associated with plasmodium falciparum infection reflects the density of parasitemia and it may lead to kidney injury, resulting in low vitamin D production. Furthermore, hyperuricemia leads to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines counting interferon γ-induced protein, which is invested vitamin D deficiency in the development of Burkitt’s lymphoma. Experimental research is required.

Background: Kidney transplantation represents the optimal therapeutic tool for patients affected by end-stage renal disease (ESRD), Candidiasis is a major challenge among renal transplant recipients (RTRs) worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Fluconazole is the most commonly used agent for Candida infections Aim: to identify Candida spp from renal transplanted patients. Method: cross sectional study were done, 51 Urine sample was collected on sterile urine container then cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, incubated at 35 °C and observed daily for 7 days. When the growth of yeast colonies was observed, the Gram stain method was done to verify the absence of bacterial contamination. The yeasts were identified via germ tube test and chromogenic media to differentiate between candida spp. Results: out of 51 patients; female were more than male wit mean age group 45 years for both male and female.The cause of ESRD was; 19 (37.3%) had DM, 12(23.5%) had hypertension, 10(19.6%) had Glomerulonephritis and 3(5.9%) had kidney stone candida species among study group as follow; c.albicans isolated from 28 (54.9%) pt., c.glabrata isolated from 11 (21.6%) pt., c.tropicalis isolated from 6 (11.8%) pt., c.krusie isolated from 3 (5.9%) of pt. and 3(5.9%) had mixed infection. C.albicans, tropicalis and C.krusie had been distributed more among DM groups and less among kidney stone groups, on the other hand C.glabrata more isolated among Glomerulonephritis groups. There was no association between candida species and ESRD. Conclusion: There was no relation between candida spp and cause of ERDS.

This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Cinnamon extract on Candida species isolated from 100 diabetic patients suffering from urinary tract infection between May to August 2018. Twenty-five Candida species were isolated, different Candida species were isolated then identified biochemically, in vitro sensitivity testing using well diffusion technique against Cinnamon extract was done. The cinnamon extract showed good antifungal activity against Candida species. The largest zone of inhibition against Candida tropicalis was (25 mm) and the least zone of inhibition was against Candida kefyr was (10 mm). The results of antimicrobial activity of crude extract were compared with the positive control (Clotrimazole) for evaluating their relative percentage inhibition and statistical significance the aqueous extract exhibited maximum relative percentage inhibition against Candida kefyr (89%) and minimum relative percentage inhibition against Candida glabrata was (12.3%). The p. values (0.018) are statistically significant.

Rota virus is the second causes of diarrhea among childrenIn Sudan [2]. The current study was conduct to detect rotavirus gastroenteritis among vaccinated children Methodolgy: A total of59 diarrheal samples was collected from children with acute diarrhea admittedto Mohammed AL Amin Hamid paediatric Hospital throw period from October to November 2019, ELISA was dine to detect Rota virus antigen. Result: Out of 59 samples 84.7% was vaccinated were 15.3% was unvaccinated.in total of 50 vaccinated children 30% is re-infected with rota virus with acute to chronic illness and show positive antigen with ELISA. Conclusions: vaccinated children is infected with rota virus and symptoms is occurs samples for virus antigen was record positive result in ELISA this may related to other genotype or serotype or mutation.

Abstract: Back ground: The goal of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to isolate and identify several bacterial species in mobile phones among hospital staff at Almak Nimer University Hospital and Shendi Teaching Hospital in Shendi town, River Nile State, North of Sudan. Between December 2019 and November 2020, the research was carried out. Methodology: One hundred (100) swabs were randomly taken from the phones of male and female medical staff volunteers from Almak Nimer University Hospital and Shendi Teaching Hospital, Blood agar and MacConkey agar were used to grow the specimens. Finally, colonial morphology, gram stain, and biochemical tests were used to identify the isolated bacteria. Results: Eighty-seven (87) mobile phones were discovered to be cultured positive in the research (87 %). The isolated organisms were: S. aureus (28; 32%), Coagulase gram negative staphylococci (26; 30%), Bacillus spp (16; 18%), P. aeruginosa (7; 8%), K. pneumonia (5; 6%), E. coli (4; 4%) and Diphteroid (1; 1%). Laboratory technicians (93%) were the most likely to be contaminated, followed by nurses (88%), physicians (80%), and pharmacists (50%). In terms of gender contamination, females account for 87%, while males account for (86 %). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that medical staff's phones might be a source of nosocomial infection.