The necessity of having eco-friendly disposal policies designed for biodegradation of synthetic plastics is of utmost importance and needs attention in the present scenario, considering the serious impact of widely used packaging materials such as low-density polyethylene (PE) on the environment. Our study aimed to explore the degradation of PE by three different bacterial species. Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginos. The extent of biodegradation was evaluated by weight loss of the PE samples. The weight of the plastic sample before degradation was 1 gr and after the degradation, the sample weight of polyethylene (PE) was (0.64, ,.0.686,,0.923,) gr respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that morphological changes in the surface of PE were observed while FTIR images showed functional groups changes after 90 days incubation period. The formation of biofilms on the surface of polyethylene and the adhesion capabilities of bacteria are seen as the first step in the biodegradation process. These results. can colonize, modify and utilize PE as the sole carbon source, water. This manuscript also paves the way for future studies on biodegradation to solve the global problem.

Malaria ranks among the most significant health threats, alongside human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis influenza. In 2004, Sudan implemented artesunate combined with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) as the primary treatment due to the notable resistance of falciparum to antimalarial drugs. The effectiveness of artemisinin combination therapies depends on both artemisinin and the partner drugs. Changes in the Pfmdr1 gene have been associated with chloroquine resistance in specific Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Variations in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) genes are linked to reduced sensitivity to amodiaquine and lumefantrine. However, the exact impact of these variations on treatment outcomes with artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) remains unclear. Alterations in pfmdr1 are linked to decreased uptake of multiple anti-malarial medications, resulting in diminished intracellular levels. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pfmdr1 correlate with resistance to aminoquinolines. This article examines the development of CQ resistance in Sudan, along with the evidence regarding the effectiveness of current first-line treatments. The situation in Sudan is compared with trends in other African nations and globally, aiming to clarify potential future outcomes for Sudan. Notably, Northern Sudan has been a key region where the initial signs of drug-resistant malaria parasites were identified in Africa.

The cave bat; Geoffroy's bat (Myotis emarginatus), is an important component of the animal life in Northern Iraq, which lives in huge numbers in the mountain caves of that region. These numbers when they fly hunting for food may cause spreading of some pathogenic microbes. Thus, the current study looked at identifying the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine content of these bats. In this case, 55 bats were captured, and 45 intestinal swab samples were taken. These samples were examined by using cultivation and biochemical methods. The colonies were subjected to a PCR and sequencing by recruiting the 16S rRNA gene as a target. The sequencing data were processed for the identification of any evolution properties and displayed by presenting a phylogenetic tree. The cultivation and biochemical findings revealed the presence of the bacterium in 8/55 (14.6%) of the samples. These positive results were confirmed by using the PCR and found that 8/8 (100%) of the samples were positive for the pathogen. The sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses of three randomly selected PCR purified products revealed close similarity with global sequences isolated from human lung and animal food in the UK and Italy, respectively. The current results show important information about the possible pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa present in the intestine of the examined bat, which may pose a real threat to the health of people who are in contact with these bats.

This study evaluated the effect of combined treatment of aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Balanites aegyptiaca leaves on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Twenty four (24) Wistar male rats weighing 100-150g were randomly distributed into four groups. The first group served as the normal control while the remaining three groups were induced with diabetes using streptozotocin at 60 mg/kg body weight. Group two served as diabetic control and the remaining groups were treated with the combined extracts and V. amygdalina alone at 500 mg/kg body weight respectively. The rats were treated orally once daily for 28 days. At the end of the experimental period, blood glucose level and lipid profile were measured. The result showed that there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the blood glucose level of all the treated groups compared to the diabetic control. The results also showed that HDL-C was significantly increased (p<0.05) in all treated groups compared to the untreated diabetic group. It is concluded that aqueous extracts of V. amygdalina and B. aegyptiaca leaves possess strong hypoglycemic activity with very low antihyperlipidemic activity.

Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Alternaria alternata fungus isolates on powdery mildew disease on squash and to diagnose them according to the taxonomic keys of the Alternaria spp fungus genera. They were propagated to conduct experiments on them. The experiments showed a significant effect of the two isolates on the growth and germination of powdery mildew disease in squash. The two isolates also had a significant effect on reducing the formation of conidiophores. Powdery mildew disease was sprayed with a suspension of the two A. alternata fungus isolates, as it gave the greatest effect on the germination of powdery mildew disease, in addition to the number of conidiophores, followed by the spray treatment with reproductive units when compared to the control. The plants were also sprayed with the filtrate of the A. alternata fungus isolate, as it gave a tangible effect on the germination of powdery mildew disease, in addition to the number of conidiophores when measured by the control. Time also significantly affected the germination and number of conidiophores for powdery mildew disease.

Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid is a malignant tumor originating from meibomian glands, ciliary glands of Zeis, sebaceous glands of caruncle. Without early management, it follows an aggressive course leading to widespread metastasis in regional lymph nodes and distant organs. Sebaceous carcinoma can resemble other benign tumours leading to its incorrect interpretation. FNAC plays a significant role in the diagnosis of this malignant tumor. In our hospital, we diagnosed a case of sebaceous carcinoma of the lower eyelid based on cytology that was clinically diagnosed as lacrimal gland carcinoma.

Background: Escherichia coli, sometimes known as E. coli, is a gram-negative bacterium that is typically present in people's intestinal flora. Some forms of E. coli can cause sickness, while the majority of these types are benign and aid in digestion. By creating biofilms, bacteria are able to defend themselves against mechanical, chemical, and biological assaults, giving them exceptional survival benefits. The scented medicinal grass known as lemon grass belongs to the Cymbopogon genus. Lemongrass essential oils include bioactive phytoconstituents that have a wide range of therapeutic benefits, including antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, insecticidal, and antimalarial actions. Methods: The aim of this study is to evaluating the antibacterial activity of (C. citrates) essential oil leaves extract and assessment of its effect on fimA and papC genes in E. coli. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses of the C. citrates essential oil extract. Forty-eight isolates of E. coli from different sources such as (urine, blood and stool. the diagnosis was confirmed using VITEK-2. The experiments use in this study is (Antibiotic susceptibility test, Disc diffusion method, Total phenolic content, Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of C. citrates L. m biofilm formation and Genetic analysis). Results: The objective of this study is to assess the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of extracts derived from the leaves of C. citrates and the effect on gene expression of fimA and papC genes after treatment with sub-MIC of C. citrates leaves extracts. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that (90%) of the isolates had FimA while PapC was present in (60%) of the total isolates. The gene expression revealed that there was a decrease in the expression of Fim A and PapC genes.