Objective: The development of bacterial pathogens that are resistant to many drugs poses a major threat to global health care. Some of the bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are considered very difficult opportunist because of their drug-resistance nature and ability to form biofilms. With this situation, the identification of new antimicrobial compounds from natural sources takes an important role. Therefore, in this study, the purpose was to find out the effect of Camellia sinensis extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Methods of Work: The study used ten isolates obtained from patients with different diseases. These included the tests for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion test, MIC test, and MBC test. Various concentrations of green tea extract were used, namely 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL. Ciprofloxacin acted as positive control while distilled water was the negative control. Results: The inhibition zone was between 8 to 17 mm. The highest inhibition zone was recorded for ciprofloxacin (22 mm). MIC ranged from 0.8–2 mg/mL, whereas MBC was within the range of 2–4 mg/mL. Statistical significance through one-way ANOVA analysis indicated extremely significant differences among the treatments (p < 0.001). Antibacterial activity can be explained by the presence of catechins and polyphenols found in green tea. This means that green tea extract could be a promising alternative for fighting bacteria that have developed resistance.

Objective: In the present study, the biological activity of the hexane extract of the honey bee Apis mellifera was evaluated against different pathogenic bacteria, as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics to prevent side effects and bacterial resistance. Methods of Work: Bacterial samples were collected from medical laboratories and outpatient clinics in the city of Tikrit; eight isolates of pathogenic bacteria previously identified using the VITEK system were collected, comprising K. pneumoniae, P.auroginosa, P.fluorescence, Staph. haemolyticus , E. aerogense , S. aureus , P. vulgaris , E. coli . Samples of the honeybee Apis mellifera were collected from the Tarmiyah area, north of Baghdad Governorate, using standard insect collection methods. Extracts were prepared at four concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) using hexane as the solvent. The tests were conducted using the agar well diffusion method. Results: The results showed that the 200 mg/ml concentration exhibited the highest inhibitory efficacy, with a mean inhibition zone diameter of 17.1 mm, significantly outperforming the other concentrations, while the lowest concentration (25 mg/ml) showed the least efficacy, with a mean inhibition zone diameter of 9.7 mm. The Gram-positive bacterium S. haemolyticus demonstrated the highest sensitivity, with an inhibition zone diameter of 18.0 mm. In contrast, E. coli (Gram-negative) exhibited the weakest response, with an inhibition zone diameter of 8.25 mm. The inhibitory activity of the extract against the studied bacterial isolates, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, is attributed to the specific biochemical composition of the honeybee extract. The superior performance of the hexane extract is attributed to its high capacity for extracting non-polar, hydrophobic organic compounds such as free fatty acids, their esters, and lipophilic substances, which possess a strong ability to penetrate the lipid layers of microbial cell membranes; this highlights the importance of solvent selection in determining the extract's biological activity.

The increasing deposition of scrap metals in urban environments has contributed significantly to microbial corrosion and heavy metal contamination of soils, posing ecological and public health risks. The study aimed to determine the total mesophilic count, isolate and identify bacterial species present in the contaminated soils, quantify the concentration of selected heavy metals (Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Chromium), and assess the correlation between bacterial occurrence and heavy metal contamination levels. Soil samples were collected from three designated points (A, B, and C) across the dump site and the mesophilic bacterial count bacterial isolates were obtained using serial dilution and spread plate techniques on nutrient agar, followed by morphological and biochemical characterization. Heavy metal concentrations were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometry after acid digestion of soil samples. The highest Mesophilic bacterial count (5.5x106) was observed in samples from the most heavily polluted areas (B4) while the least (1.2x107) was obtained from A2. The results revealed significant microbial diversity, with fifteen bacterial species identified, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Micrococcus luteus. These isolates displayed varied biochemical characteristics. Heavy metal analysis showed that Sample C had the highest concentrations of all tested metals particularly Zinc (0.34±0.04 ml/kg), Cadmium (0.20±0.05 ml/kg), and Lead (0.34±0.03 ml/kg) while Sample A recorded the lowest levels. It is concluded that the microbial diversity and heavy metal concentration in soil from a scrap metal revealed both high contamination level and the present of metal tolerant bacteria.

Background: The global rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens, particularly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, has narrowed therapeutic options for urinary tract infections (UTIs) and renewed interest in plant-derived antimicrobial adjuvants. Objective: To evaluate the in vitro synergistic activity of three phytochemical extracts pomegranate peel (Punica granatum), garlic (Allium sativum), and green tea (Camellia sinensis) combined with conventional antibiotics against MDR clinical isolates recovered from UTI patients attending Tikrit Teaching Hospital. Methods: Ninety MDR isolates (54 E. coli, 36 K. pneumoniae) were collected, identified, and screened for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method against a 13-agent panel, with MDR classified according to Magiorakos et al., criteria. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethanolic extracts were determined by broth microdilution, and interactions with ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole were assessed by the checkerboard method, expressed as the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). A time-kill assay verified the most active combination. Results: Isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin (94–98%), amoxicillin–clavulanate (79–86%), and third-generation cephalosporins (72–83%), with lower resistance to meropenem and amikacin. All three extracts showed synergistic or additive interactions with the tested antibiotics; green tea extract combined with ciprofloxacin produced the strongest synergy (mean FICI 0.18–0.24; 100% synergy rate) and an 8–11-fold reduction in antibiotic MIC, followed by pomegranate peel and garlic extracts. Time-kill assays confirmed complete eradication of the test inoculum within 24 hours with the green tea–ciprofloxacin combination, versus partial inhibition with either agent alone. Conclusion: Phytochemical–antibiotic combinations, particularly green tea extract with fluoroquinolones, may restore antibacterial efficacy against MDR uropathogens and merit further in vivo and clinical evaluation.

Intradermal nevi are common benign melanocytic lesions; however, their occurrence in anatomically distinct locations such as the breast may present diagnostic challenges due to site-specific histological variations. Pigmented lesions in the breast region, particularly in the nipple–areola complex, often raise clinical suspicion for malignancy, necessitating careful evaluation and histopathological assessment. Such lesions may occasionally be detected incidentally during evaluation or surgical management of unrelated breast conditions. We report a rare case of an intradermal nevus identified incidentally in the skin overlying a benign breast lump in a middle-aged female, representing a nevus of special site. Histopathological examination revealed classic features of an intradermal nevus, including dermal confinement of nevus cells, progressive maturation, and absence of cytologic atypia or mitotic activity. Immunohistochemistry showed diffuse positivity for S100 protein, confirming melanocytic origin. Awareness of nevi of special sites and their characteristic histological features is essential to avoid misdiagnosis as melanoma and prevent unnecessary aggressive management.

This review examines the critical challenge of evolving animal virus resistance to vaccines, a phenomenon threatening veterinary medicine, global food security, and public health. While effective for controlling bacterial diseases, vaccination against rapidly mutating RNA viruses often imposes strong selective pressures, driving the emergence of antigenic variants that evade host immunity. These vaccines escape mutants, evidenced in viruses like canine parvovirus (CPV), avian influenza (AIV), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), lead to outbreaks in vaccinated populations and complicate disease management. The paper elucidates the mechanisms behind this resistance, primarily genetic mutations in antigenic sites and sophisticated immune evasion strategies, which enable viruses to circumvent neutralization by vaccine-induced antibodies. It critically evaluates the limitations of current vaccine technologies, including inactivated, live-attenuated, and subunit vaccines, noting that imperfect immunity can inadvertently promote the selection of resistant strains. To address this ongoing evolutionary arms race, the authors advocate for a paradigm shift in vaccine design. They propose leveraging advanced technologies such as viral vector platforms, structural biology, and predictive modeling to develop next-generation vaccines targeting conserved epitopes. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the necessity of global surveillance programs to monitor viral evolution in real-time and calls for a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to create more robust and future-proof vaccination strategies, thereby mitigating the risk of vaccine-driven viral and ensuring long term efficacy.

Street vended foods are widely enjoyed because they are inexpensive, easy accessible and flavorful. However, poor hygiene during their preparation and handling can lead to contamination by harmful and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, 30 street food samples were collected and tested, including momos (n=10), manchurian (n=10), and noodles (n=10). The results showed that all the samples were contaminated with S. aureus while Pseudomonas sp. was only found in the momos samples. No Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. were detected in any of the samples. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that most of the isolates were found to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, cefpodoxime, gentamicin, meropenem, doxycycline hydrochloride, amikacin, and tobramycin. On the other hand, a significant level of resistance was observed against ampicillin and ceftazidime in both S. aureus and Pseudomonas isolates. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in street-vended foods points to poor hygiene practices and poses a serious risk to public health. To prevent the spread of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens, regular microbial quality monitoring, improved hygiene practices, and appropriate use of antibiotics are essential.