Background: Operating room contamination is recognized as one of the most common life-threatening microbial contaminations in hospital environments, especially operating rooms and other specialty units, and is an ever- increasing cause of nosocomial infections. Objective: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify bacterial contaminants in Shendi hospital operating room. Between July-September 2021. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples were collected from various locations in the operating room and all isolated bacteria were identified. The study isolated five types of bacteria from the Shendi Hospital operating room. Results: The results showed that Micrococcus was the most common bacterial contaminant isolated from the operating room. Leteus 21 (32.3%) Staphylococci. Epidermis 16 (24.6%), Staphylococci aureus 11 (16.9%), Bacillus sp. 9 (13.8%), Bacillus cereus 8 (12.3%)) and the lowest contaminants were isolated from soil 15 (23%), and focus lamp 5 (7.7%). This study may point to the fact that the Shendi Hospital operating room had bacterial contamination that could lead to postoperative wound infections (SSI). Reasons for contamination may be due to excessive attendance, personnel movement, and ineffective sterilization and disinfection procedures. Conclusions: Bacterial contamination was highest in operating room beds, followed by carts, floors, and focused lambs. Micrococcus spp, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and Bacillus species have proven to be the most serious contaminants in the operating room, and are a dangerous cause of hospital-acquired infections, killing patients and hospital staff threatening. This may indicate that the sterilization method is not efficient enough, putting the patient at risk for postoperative infection. Some organisms were resistant to Gentamicin and highly sensitive to Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Ceftriaxone.

Background: Urinary tract infections frequently occur in diabetic patients due to an impaired immune status and increased glucose content in the urine among other reasons. This makes UTIs very important to investigate. Complicated cases of UTI may be frequent but are more common in diabetics with more severe consequences. And so warrant further investigations. The proper management of UTI in diabetics is crucial as prompt diagnosis and correct use of antibiotics are vital for treatment. Finding alternative antimicrobial agents from plant extracts has received growing interest. Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) is a safe, non-toxic, cheap spice that has been reported to have antimicrobial effects against various pathogenic bacteria. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ginger extract on different types of bacteria isolated from diabetic patients suffering from urinary tract infections. Methodology: A cross- sectional and hospital-based study has been conducted at the University of Shendi –faculty of medical laboratory sciences- department of microbiology from May to November 2018. Following informed consent, 100 diabetic patients suffering from UTI of different ages were enrolled in this study. Sixty-two bacteria were isolated, different Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in vitro sensitivity testing using a well diffusion technique against ginger extract. Results: The main causative agent of UTI in the study population was E. coli 32.3% then S. aureus 29%, S. saprophyticus 29%, and E. faecalis9.7%. The largest diameter of the inhibition zone appeared in Gram-positive S.saprophyticus (13.4mm). The concentrations of ginger extract used were 100, 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/ml. mean of inhibition zone of chloramphenicol for isolated bacteria S.aureus 31mm, S.saprophyticus 20.2 mm, E.coli 17.7mm, and faecalis24.6mm. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of the crude extract was compared with that of standard antimicrobial chloramphenicol based on the mean diameter of the inhibition zone. The extract exhibited maximum relative percentage inhibition against S.saprophyticus(42.3%) and minimum relative percentage inhibition against S. aureus (6.3%).

Background: Coronaviruses are large groups of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. This virus has a higher degree of lethality than other endemic viruses Covid-19 diagnosis is based on viral detection, isolation, or serological changes. For cytopathic effects, sputum cytology is routinely performed for nearly all patients with chest symptoms. Objective: The study aimed to find Cytological change in sputum samples of COVID -19 patients in Shendi town. Materials and Methods: This study includes 45 subjects. Thirty were known as Covid 19 positive cases by PCR, and 15 were healthy subjects. Two sputum smears were collected from the study group then fixed in (95% Ethanol alcohol) and stained with Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains, then screening for any cytomorphological changes and microbes. Result: In cytology screening, intranuclear inclusion and inflammatory cells were observed in all sputum samples (100%) of patients infected with covid-19, other cytomorphological changes that appeared were nuclear atypia (96.6%), cytolysis (64.4%) and destructive change (fibrocytes) in (30%). None of the cytomorphological changes mentioned above were observed in the control sample. Co-infection with bacteria and fungi (aspergillus & Candida) exists in (66.6%) of Covid-19 patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between infection with covid-19 and the cytomorphological changes characterized in their sputum P. value was less than (0.05). Intranuclear inclusion in this study was a specific and sensitive indicator for Covid-19. There was no correlation between the period of infection and distractive change appearance or invasion with micro-organisms of the study group (P. value more than 0.05), But confections with microorganisms were statistically correlated to the age of the study group (P. value less than 0.05). Conclusion: Cellular changes and consistency of Sputum and saliva samples can provide inexpensive, rapid diagnostic, minimally invasive techniques for Covid-19, particularly in densely populated developing countries and areas.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections seen in all age groups with diabetes mellitus (DM). The term asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) refers to the isolation of bacteria in a urine specimen of individuals with unobserved symptoms of UTIs. DM is one of the risk factors of UTIs and causes complications including renal abscess, cystitis, fungal infections, pyelonephritis, and renal papillary necrosis. Objectives: This study aimed to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for isolated organisms among adult, asymptomatic diabetic patients were attended selected diabetic hospitals and centers in Khartoum state. Methods: A descriptive, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 asymptomatic diabetic patients from July to October 2022 in Khartoum state, Sudan. Information about patient demographics and clinical status was obtained from each patient using a written questionnaire. Clean-catch midstream urine specimens were collected and cultured on CLED, then processed for isolation and identification of uropathogens through conventional microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method through culturing the isolates on Mueller- Hinton agar. The collected data and laboratory results were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: 120 asymptomatic diabetic patients were included in this study, the age -mean was 44.8±11.76, out of which 16.7% (n=20/120) showed significant ASB and 75% (n=15/20) of them were females. In this study, there was a significant association between the level of HbA1c (P. value 0.049), bacteriuria (P. value 0.000), and ASB among studied diabetic patients, on the other hand, no significant association between age, gender, or type of DM, duration of DM, recurrent UTIs, other study variables and ASB. S. aureus was the commonest isolated uropathogen (40%) followed by P. aeruginosa (25%), E. coli (15%), E. faecalis (15%), C. koseri (5%), S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin in (62%). The isolated organisms were resistant to cefotaxime (50%), gentamycin (50%), imipenem (35%), nalidixic acid (75%) ciprofloxacin (40%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of ASB among asymptomatic diabetic patients was high (16.7%). In this study poor glycemic control is a significant risk factor for ASB. Regular screening for ASB through culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is recommended mainly for females over 45 years.

Background: Schistosomiasis is a debilitating disease, infects millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions. Objectives: This study assessed the situation of the urinary schistosomiasis among the people of the Alsyal village, River Nile State, Sudan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2016, in the Alsyal village, and 220 samples of urine were collected and processed using the centrifugation/sedimentation technique. Results: The overall prevalence and intensity of the disease among the pupils studied were 4.1% and 95.9 eggs/10ml urine, respectively. The prevalence of infection among male pupils was 77.8%, and for females was 22.2%, while the intensity among males was 64.9eggs/10ml and for females was 35.1 eggs/10ml urine. The highest infection rate (71.4%) was reported among the 12- 24 years age group, while the infection was (14.3%) among less than 12 years and more than 24 years age group. Conclusion: Findings show the need for an integrated control program against urinary schistosomiasis including the treatment of all infected the people and the implementation of a health education program.

The quality of the liqueurs and their organoleptic properties depend on the characteristics of spirits or milk cream used as well as on the preparation procedures, including maceration and maturation processes. Hence the aim of this study is to produce a cream liqueur using whiskey as the spirit base and observe its shelf life stability. The specific objectives of this study were to produce cream liqueurs of different concentrations using whisky and milk cream, to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the cream liqueurs, to determine the shelf stability of the produced cream liqueur after three months of storage, to carry out sensory evaluation on the cream liqueurs in comparison with a commercial cream liqueur and to determine the acceptance of the liqueurs statistically based on parameters tested using One-Way ANOVA at P≤0.05. Ten (10) samples of cream liqueur were produced using standard method with different concentrations of sodium caseinate and were labelled Samples A to J. The cream liqueur samples were kept and stored at 30oC for 3 months for shelf study. The result of organoleptic evaluation showed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in taste, aroma, appearance and overall acceptability between the cream liqueur samples and a commercial cream liqueur. The presence of alcohol in the cream liqueur helps in the preservation of the liqueur and ensures maximum microbial stability and extended shelf life. It can be concluded therefore, that whiskey and cream milk are good raw materials for cream liqueur production.

Background: Covid-19 can Cause Various Conditions Including respiratory, enteric, and neurological diseases, and led to a pandemic that has affected millions worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Shendi teaching hospital which is located in Shendi town in Sudan to evaluate Haematological parameters and D. Dimer in patients with Covid-19 Infection in the period between May to September 2021. The study included (50) patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 Infection and the study groups were compared with (50) healthy volunteers as a control group. 50 venous blood samples as case and 50 as control transferred into Tri sodium citrate and EDTA anticoagulant. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (22) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the Covid-19 Infection patients were; (60%) males and (40) females. Complete blood count (CBC) indicated the mean values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCV, MCH, MCHC, in case group were (12.5 g/dl), (38.9%), (4.5x1012/l), (86.7 fl), (27.7 pg) and (32.0 g/dl) respectively. Also prevailed the mean of TWBCs, Neutrophil, lymphocyte, MID, Absolute Neutrophil, Absolute lymphocyte, Absolute MID, were (13.09x 109 /l), (79.27%), (11.79%), (8.77%), (10.38), (1.54), and (1.16) respectively. The study revealed the mean of platelet, D.dimer (296.63x 109 /l), (6.07ug/ml), respectively. Conclusions: Covid-19 Infection is responsible for significant changes in hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total white blood cells count differential and absolute neutrophils count and differential and absolute lymphocytes count and D. dimer.