Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen in poultry, causing tuberculosis in broilers. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective disease management. This study evaluated bacterial culture and PCR methods for the detection of C. perfringens, and correlated the results with the clinical manifestations of necrotic enteritis the alpha-toxin gene was targeted using conventional bacterial culture and PCR so tested fifty samples from chick sheep. Statistical analyzes were performed to compare the detection rates and to assess their relationship with clinical characteristics. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to clarify the PCR results. Bacterial culture detected C. perfringens in 28 of 50 samples (56%), whereas PCR detected the pathogen in 42 samples (84%). The difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 11.245, p = 0.0214). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) was observed between PCR-diagnosis and expression of clinical signs of necrotic enteritis Gel electrophoresis verified the 324 bp PCR product for the alpha-toxin gene. PCR showed higher sensitivity than bacterial culture for the detection of C. perfringens in flocks of poultry. The strong correlation between PCR findings and clinical manifestations suggests a potential increased risk of necrotic enteritis these findings recommend the use of PCR-based diagnostic technologies about in standardized surveillance programs to improve disease control in poultry production.

Animal carcasses are currently being thrown into rivers, particularly in Iraq. This situation began when security concerns restricted the way carcasses are disposed of. The carcasses are increasing to the detriment of both the native fish population and people who use the water in their homes. The main concern is the parasitic stages that are present on the carcass skin and muscles. Parasitic transmission through this new practice can directly affect the environment using two adaptive strategies: endoparasites associated with immune disorders and external parasites in direct physical contact with aquatic fauna. An approach investigating a deep understanding of species of interest correlated with socio-economic variables in Al-Diwaniyah Province in the middle of Iraq is lacking [1]. A unified response to resolve this challenge is currently needed. The continuous dumping of animals in the rivers of the third qualification material prevents humans from using the water systems for domestic purposes and threatens the health of both native and exotic aquatic species. This issue should be addressed. Branching from this point, the irrigation and drinking segment of those who are most affected, often the most critically important for human security, can be examined through a network of diseases and may lead to innovative methods for investigation [2].

The prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are rising and Mycobacterium abscesses is a fast-growing NTM that is frequently linked to infections of skin and soft tissues. We report the case of a 31-year-old immunocompetent woman who presented with a history of a painful right breast lump with discharge following five days of antibiotic therapy in a community health facility with no discernible improvement. The patient underwent quadrantectomy at our hospital after being diagnosed with breast abscess. Histopathological examination revealed Granulomatous Mastitis with abscess formation of right breast. Ziehl-Neelsen stain was positive for Acid Fast Bacilli, Gram staining of representative tissue and pus revealed pus cells with free of microorganisms and GeneXpert MTb/Rif assay revealed no MTb, indicating Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis infection. Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria were detected in the acid-fast bacilli (AFB) culture and MALDI-TOF further identified the isolate as Mycobacterium abscesses. Antimicrobial susceptibility test by broth microdilution assay revealed susceptibility to clarithromycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, linezolid and intermediate susceptibility to cefoxitin. The patient was prescribed clarithromycin, linezolid, amikacin resulted in a stable and uneventful discharge.

Background: One important cytokine that modulates the immune response during infections is IL-6. Gaining knowledge about the correlation between IL-6 genetic variants and susceptibility to disease can be quite beneficial in understanding the pathophysiology of various illnesses. Objective: Present study aims to explore the relationship between the polymorphisms IL-6-174 G/C and IL-6-597 A/G and their potential role in disease susceptibility and progression. Methods: A 210 adenovirus respiratory patients at Baghdad Hospital. Patients with comorbidities or previous respiratory infections were excluded. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and tested for adenovirus using PCR. From the specimen, genomic DNA was isolated. Genotyping PCR-RFLP was used to genotype the Interleukin-6 (-597 A/G, rs 1800797) polymorphism. Results: Interlukin-6-174 G/C polymorphism and illness sensibility are strongly correlated, according to the study's findings. More precisely, it was found that both a worse development and a race probability of contracting a severe COVID-19 infection were analogous with the IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism. In addition, it was linked to the periodontitis probability. Discussion: Current studied results point to the potential importance of the IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism in disease vulnerability, especially in cases of acute COVID-19 infection and periodontitis. However, as there is no proof of a strong association between the IL-6-597 A/G polymorphism and type 2 diabetes or malignant tumors, its significance in detected disease susceptibility remains unclear. Conclusion: Our study highlights the potential role of IL-6 genetic variations, including IL-6-174 G/C, in the development and vulnerability of illness. To understand how these genetic polymorphisms affect the course of disease and their molecular relationship, more research is required.

Background and Aim: Mastitis is a prevalent and costly disease that significantly impacts the dairy industry, affecting both sheep's health and milk quality. In order to determine the bacterial causes of subclinical mastitis in Iraq and its susceptibility to antibiotics, the study aims to molecularly detect resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sheep infected with mastitis. Methods: Molecular assay and phylogenetic study to detect Staph aureus isolates by using 16 Sr RNA and resistance virulence genes (aac-aph, tetk) by the conventional method of PCR. Two hundred samples were collected from the subclinical mastitis of infected ewes, Samples were reserved on an icebox and transported to the laboratories. Milk samples were cultured on Blood Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar (7.5%) plates. The culture plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Results: The PCR assay revealed amplification of the 16S rRNA gene in all 20 isolates, amplification of the aac-aph gene in 19 isolates, and the tetK gene in all 20 isolates. The PCR products of 20 positive samples for (16 Sr RNA) target genes were sequenced, evaluated, and dropped on the Genbank-NCBI under the accession number, which became a reference to Iraq and the world. According to the current study, Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in milk. To combat drug resistance, antimicrobial drug use should be normalized, and antimicrobial resistance surveillance should be conducted regularly. Conclusion: PCR-product of 8 positive samples for 16sr RNA target gene were sequenced, analyzed, and deposited on the Genbank-NCBI under the accession number and became a reference to Iraq and the Middle East and the world.

The current study was carried out to evaluate the current prevalence of the food-borne pathogen; Shigella spp., in local stored cheese in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq, by using the virulence ipaH and uidA genes as targets for molecular tools. The study included the bacterial cultivation of 450 local cheese samples (collected during June to September, 2022) utilizing conventional methodology. The recovered Shigella spp. isolates were subjected to a real-time PCR (RT-PCR) that focused on the genes mentioned above. The results of the cultivation revealed the presence of 110 (24.4%) Shigella spp. isolates in the examined cheese samples. The RT-PCR showed that the virulence genes were identified in 84 (76.4%) and 98 (89.1%), respectively, in the bacterial isolates, which indicated the existence of Shigella dysenteriae. The current findings indicate the presence of Shigella spp. in local cheese, which needs urgent control to eliminate the source of infection or contamination.

The study involved 200 feces samples of cattle and sheep, in Babylon Governorate in Iraq. Used for diagnosis of hydatid cyst, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using specific primers and the method was the conventional PCR. Cattle and sheep was classified into subgroups according to age, area and sex in this study association of these risk factors with rate of infection. The diagnosis of hydatid cyst in cattle and sheep was determined by (pcr). study which are collected from human, sheep, cattle The prevalence of Hydatid Cysts infections was highest in Al-Qassim and western hamza districts which were 36.36b % (40) of cattle, 22.5a% (9) of sheep and 17.5a % (7) of cattle , 22.72b% (25) of sheep respectively , while the prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Al-Hilla District was 18.18ab% (20) of cattle, 37.5c% (15) of sheep and the lower prevalence of was in Al-Musayyab and Al-mahaweel district which was 9.09a % (10) of cattle, 12.5ab % (5) of sheep and 13.63ab % (15) of cattle , 10b % (4) of sheep respectively. The results of present study were exhibited on high prevalence of in cattle and sheep of some districts in Babylon province. The statistical analysis recorded that there was Significant difference (at P<0.05) difference in the prevalence of parasite among geographical areas. In the present study the incidence of hydatid cysts was different according to age of the host. In sheep the incidence of hydatid cysts has a positive proportion to age of sheep; a high prevalence rate (45b%) was observed in age of sheep (1-2 years); while less prevalence rate observed in (>3) years ages (10a%),In cattle a higher rate (58.18b%) was recorded at ages (2-5 years) while a lower rate (3.63a%) was recorded in (>8) years with Highly significant difference at P<0.05 difference in the prevalence of parasite between age intervals. The result of infection with hydatidosis according to sex revealed that Females were exposed to infection more than males, with no significant difference at P<0.05 in sheep and cattle.