Background: Escherichia coli, sometimes known as E. coli, is a gram-negative bacterium that is typically present in people's intestinal flora. Some forms of E. coli can cause sickness, while the majority of these types are benign and aid in digestion. By creating biofilms, bacteria are able to defend themselves against mechanical, chemical, and biological assaults, giving them exceptional survival benefits. The scented medicinal grass known as lemon grass belongs to the Cymbopogon genus. Lemongrass essential oils include bioactive phytoconstituents that have a wide range of therapeutic benefits, including antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, insecticidal, and antimalarial actions. Methods: The aim of this study is to evaluating the antibacterial activity of (C. citrates) essential oil leaves extract and assessment of its effect on fimA and papC genes in E. coli. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses of the C. citrates essential oil extract. Forty-eight isolates of E. coli from different sources such as (urine, blood and stool. the diagnosis was confirmed using VITEK-2. The experiments use in this study is (Antibiotic susceptibility test, Disc diffusion method, Total phenolic content, Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of C. citrates L. m biofilm formation and Genetic analysis). Results: The objective of this study is to assess the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of extracts derived from the leaves of C. citrates and the effect on gene expression of fimA and papC genes after treatment with sub-MIC of C. citrates leaves extracts. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that (90%) of the isolates had FimA while PapC was present in (60%) of the total isolates. The gene expression revealed that there was a decrease in the expression of Fim A and PapC genes.

The presence of parasites, especially nematodes, in the intestines of Cyprinus carpio fish causes structural deformities of the intestine (Necrosis), accompanied by the occurrence of cases of rupture in the villi, as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells in the villi and degeneration of cells in the mucosal layer. The results of the current study, through the histological section of the intestines of infected and uninfected Carasobarbus luteus, showed the pathological effects of nematodes on the intestines of Leuciscus vorax and Planiliza abu, accompanied by necrosis of the villi, as well as necrosis and damage to the muscular layer and epithelial tissue, fibrin deposition in the mucosal layer, peeling of the submucosal layer, necrosis and rupture of the intestines of Carasobarbus luteus. In addition, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the villi causes a clear decrease in the number of villi, the tearing of the superficial epithelial cells in the mucosal layer, as well as necrosis and rupture in the muscular layer, which causes a change in the function of the intestine and a decrease in its efficiency, represented by poor nutrition, weight loss, and cases of lethargy and inactivity. The attachment of the threadworm to the epithelial layer leads to the withdrawal of part of the epithelial cells and the dissolution, erosion and death of the cells.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant public health concern, and Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of these infections. The rise of antibiotic resistance among K. pneumoniae strains necessitates accurate and timely identification for effective treatment. Aim: This study aimed to isolate and identify K. pneumoniae from urine samples of patients with UTIs. It also sought to evaluate the effectiveness of different diagnostic methods, including phenotypic, biochemical, Vitek 2, and molecular techniques. Method: The study was conducted between August 2023 and November 2024 in Babylon province, Iraq, encompassing both public and private healthcare facilities. A total of 100 urine samples were collected from patients with UTIs, covering a diverse range of age groups and both sexes. The study employed a combination of diagnostic approaches. Phenotypic and biochemical tests were performed for initial identification. The Vitek 2 automated system provided rapid and accurate identification. Molecular identification was carried out using PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: K. pneumoniae was isolated from 12% of the urine samples. The highest prevalence was observed in the 10-30-year age group, and females had a higher incidence compared to males. All isolates were successfully identified using all diagnostic methods employed in the study. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the significant role of K. pneumoniae in causing UTIs in the studied population. The findings highlight the importance of utilizing a combination of diagnostic approaches for accurate and timely identification of this pathogen, which is crucial for effective treatment and infection control.

Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen in poultry, causing tuberculosis in broilers. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective disease management. This study evaluated bacterial culture and PCR methods for the detection of C. perfringens, and correlated the results with the clinical manifestations of necrotic enteritis the alpha-toxin gene was targeted using conventional bacterial culture and PCR so tested fifty samples from chick sheep. Statistical analyzes were performed to compare the detection rates and to assess their relationship with clinical characteristics. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to clarify the PCR results. Bacterial culture detected C. perfringens in 28 of 50 samples (56%), whereas PCR detected the pathogen in 42 samples (84%). The difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 11.245, p = 0.0214). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) was observed between PCR-diagnosis and expression of clinical signs of necrotic enteritis Gel electrophoresis verified the 324 bp PCR product for the alpha-toxin gene. PCR showed higher sensitivity than bacterial culture for the detection of C. perfringens in flocks of poultry. The strong correlation between PCR findings and clinical manifestations suggests a potential increased risk of necrotic enteritis these findings recommend the use of PCR-based diagnostic technologies about in standardized surveillance programs to improve disease control in poultry production.

Animal carcasses are currently being thrown into rivers, particularly in Iraq. This situation began when security concerns restricted the way carcasses are disposed of. The carcasses are increasing to the detriment of both the native fish population and people who use the water in their homes. The main concern is the parasitic stages that are present on the carcass skin and muscles. Parasitic transmission through this new practice can directly affect the environment using two adaptive strategies: endoparasites associated with immune disorders and external parasites in direct physical contact with aquatic fauna. An approach investigating a deep understanding of species of interest correlated with socio-economic variables in Al-Diwaniyah Province in the middle of Iraq is lacking [1]. A unified response to resolve this challenge is currently needed. The continuous dumping of animals in the rivers of the third qualification material prevents humans from using the water systems for domestic purposes and threatens the health of both native and exotic aquatic species. This issue should be addressed. Branching from this point, the irrigation and drinking segment of those who are most affected, often the most critically important for human security, can be examined through a network of diseases and may lead to innovative methods for investigation [2].

The prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are rising and Mycobacterium abscesses is a fast-growing NTM that is frequently linked to infections of skin and soft tissues. We report the case of a 31-year-old immunocompetent woman who presented with a history of a painful right breast lump with discharge following five days of antibiotic therapy in a community health facility with no discernible improvement. The patient underwent quadrantectomy at our hospital after being diagnosed with breast abscess. Histopathological examination revealed Granulomatous Mastitis with abscess formation of right breast. Ziehl-Neelsen stain was positive for Acid Fast Bacilli, Gram staining of representative tissue and pus revealed pus cells with free of microorganisms and GeneXpert MTb/Rif assay revealed no MTb, indicating Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis infection. Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria were detected in the acid-fast bacilli (AFB) culture and MALDI-TOF further identified the isolate as Mycobacterium abscesses. Antimicrobial susceptibility test by broth microdilution assay revealed susceptibility to clarithromycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, linezolid and intermediate susceptibility to cefoxitin. The patient was prescribed clarithromycin, linezolid, amikacin resulted in a stable and uneventful discharge.

Background: One important cytokine that modulates the immune response during infections is IL-6. Gaining knowledge about the correlation between IL-6 genetic variants and susceptibility to disease can be quite beneficial in understanding the pathophysiology of various illnesses. Objective: Present study aims to explore the relationship between the polymorphisms IL-6-174 G/C and IL-6-597 A/G and their potential role in disease susceptibility and progression. Methods: A 210 adenovirus respiratory patients at Baghdad Hospital. Patients with comorbidities or previous respiratory infections were excluded. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and tested for adenovirus using PCR. From the specimen, genomic DNA was isolated. Genotyping PCR-RFLP was used to genotype the Interleukin-6 (-597 A/G, rs 1800797) polymorphism. Results: Interlukin-6-174 G/C polymorphism and illness sensibility are strongly correlated, according to the study's findings. More precisely, it was found that both a worse development and a race probability of contracting a severe COVID-19 infection were analogous with the IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism. In addition, it was linked to the periodontitis probability. Discussion: Current studied results point to the potential importance of the IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism in disease vulnerability, especially in cases of acute COVID-19 infection and periodontitis. However, as there is no proof of a strong association between the IL-6-597 A/G polymorphism and type 2 diabetes or malignant tumors, its significance in detected disease susceptibility remains unclear. Conclusion: Our study highlights the potential role of IL-6 genetic variations, including IL-6-174 G/C, in the development and vulnerability of illness. To understand how these genetic polymorphisms affect the course of disease and their molecular relationship, more research is required.