The teaching of macroscopic anatomy has changed a lot from ancient times until now, since the first human being observed the anatomical parts of other human beings or animals either during a healing action, a fight or a hunting. Later on the first documented systematic anatomical dissections on the human body were carried out around the third century B.C. in Alexandria, but soon was banned for about 16 centuries. Anatomical dissections were restored during late middle age and subsequently improved during the renaissance and following centuries. In the 21st century as complement to improve the medical education new technologies to the teaching of human anatomy are being incorporated. Nevertheless, anatomical dissection will continue to be essential in medical education because cadavers impart a real-time three-dimensional perspective about human body complexities and improve medical practical skills.

Oxidative stress (OS) is the result of an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize and detoxify them. Infertility, endometriosis, preeclampsia, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are among the disorders of the reproductive system that it may cause. PCOS is a common reproductive endocrine disorder marked by irregular or absent ovulation, high testosterone levels, and the presence of polycystic ovaries as seen on an ultrasound. Patients with PCOS can have a wide range of signs. The etiology of PCOS remains unclear; however, it is believed to be associated with genetic, metabolic, endocrine, and environmental variables. Oxidative stress (OS) is when the body's oxidative and antioxidative systems are not working together properly. It is linked to the start and progression of many diseases. Research indicates that OS adversely impacts ovarian follicles and interferes with normal follicular growth and maturation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are too high can hurt granulosa cells and oocytes in the follicles, making them less healthy and threatening fertility. The link between oxidative stress (OS) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) needs to be studied in order to understand how OS affects the pathophysiology of PCOS and to find effective treatments that will improve the quality of life for women with PCOS. The possible therapeutic role of antioxidants is also examined.

The anatomy of the adult dog’s skull is a critical component of skeletal system providing shape, support and protection of brain. Its form and size exhibit significant breed and individual variations, which are influenced by the dog’s evolutionary history and selective breeding practices. The skull's structure plays an important role in distinguishing dog breeds, with phenotypic differences, especially during the initial phases of dog breeding. The structure of the skull is central to breed standards, often utilized in clinical practices, where understanding the regional anatomy can aid in diagnosis and surgical interventions where the skull of local dog, with its distinct features like a narrow, elongated cranium and well-developed frontal sinuses, showcases notable differences from other breeds. use terms of radiological anatomy, computed tomography good idea for internal structure analysis of skull, although despite its limitations. As a result, radiography remains the most common method of skull examination in many medical cases. This study investigates the anatomical and radiological characteristics of the adult Husky dog’s skull, focusing on the neurocranium and facial skeleton. Notable features include the bones of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal regions that provide protection the brain, and the facial skeleton consisting of the mandible, maxilla, and zygomatic bones. Further, the research explores the variation in skull morphology, with particular reference to the unique characteristics of the Iraqi local dog breed. The findings emphasize the role of skull shape in breed differentiation and provide a basis for understanding the radiological implications in veterinary practice.

Cardiac syndrome is a varied condition, both clinically and pathophysiologically, including several pathogenic pathways. The management of this illness poses a significant challenge to the treating physician. Patients frequently want medical attention due to persistent and debilitating chest discomfort, sometimes necessitating recurrent and expensive invasive and non-invasive evaluations. Thoroughly examining the patient to find underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and ruling out other possible causes of chest pain, along with taking into account psychosocial factors, can help reduce the stress and distress these people are feeling. This article examines the existing research on the pathophysiology and ongoing debates over the therapy of this challenging disease.

The Methyldopa (Aldomet) a medicine was classified under alpha-2 agonist category, which relaxes muscles and reduces blood pressure by targeting certain biochemical processes implicated in the development of hypertension. The objective of study was to detect the impact of methyl dopa on liver and kidney function. Methods: Fifteen male mice, whose weight ranged between (20-25 gm) and their age ranged between (4-6 weeks), the mice are gotten from the College of Science /University of AL-Kufa. They had been divided randomly and distributed into 3 group, with 5 in each group. The first group (T1) was gavaged with dose of 250 mg/kg B.W, the second group (T2) was gavaged at 500 mg/kg body weight, third control group (C) was gavaged by physiological solution (Normal saline) throughout the experiment by oral cavage method for 60 days. Result: A renal function test showed that the T1 and C groups for urea and cratinine concentrations differed significantly. The T2 group's higher urea and cratinine concentrations than the C group, indicated a significant difference (p <0.05). Glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels (GPT) within T1 group were highest from C group, indicating a significant change within liver function test results. Additionally, the T2 and C groups differed significantly. Glutamic-Oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) levels in the T1 compared with C group differed significantly. Additionally, T2 differed significantly from the C group. Conclusion: The levels of creatinine and serum urea were markedly elevated by methyldopa. Caused the levels of the liver enzymes ALT and AST to rise noticeably as well. Methyldopa overdoses can cause liver damage. Increased transaminase levels attest to this injury. Excessive methyldopa dosage can cause kidney damage, which is confirmed by high urea and creatinine.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, joint pain, and progressive joint damage. It affects approximately 1% of the global population, disproportionately impacts women and is associated with significant morbidity, reduced quality of life, and economic burden. Aim: This study was aimed at determining the changes in some haematological parameters and C-reactive protein in rheumatoid arthritis patients attending Federal University Teaching Hospital, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from the month of June to August, 2023, and all subjects who gave a written informed consent were enrolled in the study. The study population consisted of 50 rheumatoid arthritis and an equivalent number of age matched apparently healthy patients who served as controls. The procedure was carried out at the Federal University Teaching Hospital, Owerri, and standard operating procedures were followed. The results of the tests were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Eight millilitres of venous blood sample was collected at the ante-cubital vein aseptically, 4ml was dispensed into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid containers for the estimations of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell (WBC) and differential white cell counts, while the remaining 4ml was dispensed into plain containers for the determination of C-Reactive Proteins. The EDTA and plain containers were properly labeled with the subject’s name, sample number and date of collection. The blood sample dispensed into the EDTA containers were stored in a refrigerator at 40C while the serum was stored in a freezer at -200C prior to use. Results: The mean values of TWBC, (15.04 ± 13.98) cells/μl, neutrophils (62.67 ± 16.08) %, eosinophils (5.47 ± 3.39)%, and monocytes (4.70 ± 3.12)% were significantly raised in rheumatoid arthritis patients when compared to controls (8.93 ± 2.35) cells/μl, (51.52 ± 10.79)%, (28.07 ± 10.12)%, (3.28 ± 2.54)% and (1.80±1.29)% (p = 0.031, p= 0.000, p= 0.001, p= 0.002 and p=0.000). The mean values of lymphocytes (28.07 ± 10.12) %, was significantly reduced in rheumatoid arthritis patients when compared to controls (40.48±10.92) %. The mean value of ESR (50.16 ± 40.87) mm/hr and C-reactive protein (79.16 ± 55.55) mg/dl were significantly increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients when compared to controls (6.89 ± 2.09) mm/hr and (8.32 ± 3.03) mg/dl respectively (p= 0.000 and p=0.001). There were no significant differences in the mean values of WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, ESR and C-reactive protein in male rheumatoid arthritis compared to female rheumatoid arthritis patients (p=0.886, p=0.695, p=0.881, p=0.652, p=0.341, p=0.516 and p=0.434). A significant positive correlation of C-reactive protein occurred with ESR, WBC and neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis patients (r=0.32, p=0.011, r=0.44 and p=0.021, r=0.54, p=0.043), and a non-significant positive correlation with lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils (r=0.87, p=0.179, r=0.96, p=0.317 and r=1.06, p=0.398). Conclusion: Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increase in total white blood cell, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes counts, ESR and C-reactive protein. Lymphocytopenia is linked to rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, monitoring the parameters in rheumatoid arthritis is essential for diagnosis, disease activity assessment, and management.

A 4 yrs old baby girl presented with history of gait instability with recurrent fall without loss of consciousness since last 1 yr. with recently having urinary and fecal incontinence off and on after being continent earlier. She did not have any febrile illness or convulsion or vomiting. There was no history of consanguinity or birth injury. Examination revealed no facial dysmorphism; her speech and language were delayed with borderline delayed developmental milestones. Her gait was ataxic with hesitant steps, magnetic in nature characteristic of frontal gait disorder. She was provisionally diagnosed as normal pressure hydrocephalus. MRI brain images revealed infracerebellar Blake's pouch cyst with dilatation of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles with normal subarachnoid bathing. She was referred to pediatric neurosurgeon for assessment and intervention for possible 3rd ventriculostomy.