Aquatic macrophytes play a critical role in the removal and sequestration of heavy metals from contaminated freshwater systems through bioaccumulation and phytoremediation processes. This study examines the capacity of two submerged aquatic plants, Ceratophyllum submersum and Ceratophyllum demersum, to accumulate nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) from aqueous environments. The study's findings showed physiological reactions such as lower protein content and a reduction in chlorophyll concentration, which affects photosynthesis. According to the study's findings, heavy metals have an impact on plants' evolutionary states through enzyme alterations, oxidative stress reactions, and pigmentation loss.

The present study was designed to describe of the morphological, histological, and immunohistochemical changes of the testis in local male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) postnatal period at age immature (45day), and mature(150day) with special emphasis on immunohistochemical-related components. This study was investigated to study the development of testis during postnatal periods. Thirty of male rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of postnatal period in two age (45 days immature and 150 days mature), were used in this study. Samples were collected by purchasing them from veterinary clinics. They were admitted to the university (Al - Qasim Green University) animal house and monitored for good health for 15 days. Morphological study10 rabbits, histological study 10 rabbits and immunohistochemistry 10rabbits (5for each age). The rabbits were then placed on the dissection stage after anesthesia. The weights of the rabbits were measured using an electronic balance. The rabbits were in good health, and the testicles were cut in the perineum after dissection. nAt age immature (45 day) the testis of male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) showed that located intra-abdominally on both sides near the kidneys, and the scrotum was not clearly developed. The testes appeared curved and elongated in shape with a dark brown coloration. Morphometrically, differences were observed between the left and right testes. The mean weight of the left testis was low with noticeable variation, while the right testis showed a lower mean weight with slight variation. The mean length of the left testis was greater with small variation, compared with a shorter length with small variation for the right testis. The mean width was larger with minimal variation for the left testis and smaller with minimal variation for the right testis.

Background: Oxidative stress is a key driver in the pathogenesis of oxidative-stress associated diseases, notably streptozotocin (STZ) induced-diabetes which is typically producen progressive pancreatic beta-cell destruction. Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) are rich sources of plant polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids that have antioxidant properties, but whether chia can protect against STZ-mediated beta-cell injury in rabbits had yet to be shown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective and therapeutic efficacy of chia seed ethanolic extract (CSEE) on pancreatic β-cell integrity, antioxidant status and some key biochemical indices in STZ- induce diabetic rabbits. Materials and Methods: Fourty male New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 each): Group I (negative control, healthy), Group II (positive control STZ-induced diabetes) group III (CSEE treatment, oral at 400 mg/kg/day), and Group IV (CSEE prevention with STZ). A single intravenous injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) was performed to induce the diabetes. Animals were observed for 8 weeks. Both serum glucose, insulin, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), amylase and lipase were assayed. Histopathological examination of the pancreatic tissues. Results: Fasting blood glucose, MDA, serum amylase and lipase were significantly higher (p < 0.001)—whereas insulin and T-AOC were lower compared with healthy controls for STZ-induced diabetic rabbits. CSEE treatment significantly attenuated these parameters in the direction of normalization (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination showed abundant necrosis of islets, vacuolation in beta cells, and inflammatory infiltration in the diabetic group but were significantly alleviated in CSEE-treated animals. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of chia seed protects the antioxidant and cytotoxic stress in STZ-induced diabetic rabbits, demonstrating its potential value as a natural adjunct to diabetes mellitus.

Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine diseases and often involve dysregulation of thyroid hormone production and immune responses. The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene plays a critical role in regulating thyroid gland function. Alterations in TSHR gene expression may contribute to the development of thyroid dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate TSHR gene expression levels in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism compared with healthy controls. Sixty individuals were included and divided into three groups: hyperthyroid patients (n = 20), hypothyroid patients (n = 20), and healthy control subjects (n = 20). TSHR gene expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) among the studied groups. The hyperthyroid group showed significantly higher TSHR gene expression (3.4988 ± 1.3906) compared with the hypothyroid group (0.6509 ± 0.2462) and the control group (1.1190 ± 0.4155). These findings indicate that increased TSHR gene expression may be associated with hyperthyroid conditions and could play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Background: Obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) are frequently observed in major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, contributing to increased illness burden, diagnostic complexity, and poorer functional outcomes. Aim: To assess and compare the prevalence, severity, and clinical correlates of OCS in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry at Geetanjali Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, over a period of 6 months. A total of 50 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were included using consecutive sampling. Data were collected using a structured proforma and assessed using standard diagnostic criteria (DSM-5/ICD-10) and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: The majority of patients were in the 51–60 years age group (36%), with male predominance (56%). Schizophrenia (52%) and bipolar disorder (48%) were almost equally represented. OCS were present in 36% of patients. Among them, 16% had mild, 12% moderate, and 8% severe symptoms. OCS were more prevalent in schizophrenia (46.15%) compared to bipolar disorder (25%), with statistically significant association (p < 0.05). Conclusion: OCS are common and clinically significant in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, particularly in schizophrenia. Routine screening and integrated management are essential for improving patient outcomes.

The researcher wanted to examine the implications of an aerobic swimming training program on the body composition, biochemical, and physical fitness variables of obese men aged 40-45 years. A sample size of 12 subjects was chosen, and they were put through a 12 weeks aquatic training program, 3-4 sessions every week, 45 minutes to 60 minutes in duration, with progressive intensity and the use of aquatic aids in order to increase muscular resistance. The findings indicated significant changes, which were found statistically significant after the intervention such as decreases in weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and mass and increases in fat-free mass and body density. Biochemical results showed low levels of glucose and insulin, high levels of testosterone and low levels of cortisol. There was also the improvement of the physical fitness indicators such as cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance of upper and lower limbs and abdominal muscles. The researchers concluded that aerobic aquatic exercise is effective and safe and its benefits are holistic, encompassing body composition, biochemical markers as well as physical fitness and should be introduced in the physical rehabilitation and exercise programs.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective and curative effects of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed extract (CSE) against STZ-induced pancreatic damage in male Wistar rats. Pancreatic injury was achieved by a single intraperitoneal administration of STZ at 55 mg/kg. Fifty male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10) including Normal Control group, Diabetic Control group and three treatment groups (CSE-Low; 250 mg/kg, CSE-High; 500 mg/g, Standard-treatment group; Metformin 150 mg/kg). Biochemical indicators of pancreatic activity, oxidative stress and histopathological alterations were analysed after 28 days of daily oral treatment. Results: CSE significantly (P < 0.05) decreased levels of fasting blood glucose whereas concentrations of serum insulin were found to increase after treatment in a dose dependent manner. In addition, CSE treatment also normalized the activity of pancreatic enzymes (serum amylase and lipase) which were significantly altered in diabetic control group. The pancreatic tissue oxidative stress indicator MDA was markedly decreased, and SOD and CAT were significantly increased. These results showed that Salvia hispanica seed extract has strong antioxidant and antidiabetic activity which provides a significant protection against pancreatic injury that exerted by chia seeds may be attributed to high contents of phenolic compounds, specifically alpha-linolenic acid.