Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Platelet indices and serum iron have been implicated in cancer pathophysiology and may serve as potential biomarkers in breast cancer. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of platelet indices and serum iron in breast cancer patients attending Imo Specialist Hospital, Owerri, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 60 subjects, comprising 30 breast cancer patients and 30 apparently healthy controls, were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Structured questionnaires were administered to gather socio-demographic and clinical data. Six (6) mL of venous blood was collected from each participant; 2mL was dispensed into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) containers for platelet indices determination using an autoanalyzer, and 4 mL into plain tubes for serum separation and iron analysis using spectrophotometry. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27, with mean, standard deviation, Student's t-test, Pearson correlation, and p-values determined. Results: The mean values of mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and serum iron were significantly higher in breast cancer patients [(10.51±1.89) fL, (20.29±7.66) %, and (50.40±15.22) µg/dL, respectively] compared to controls [(7.81±0.46) fL, (15.33±2.89) %, and (27.13±8.45) µg/dL] with p-values of 0.000, 0.002, and 0.000, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in plateletcrit (PCT) (0.23±0.23) % and platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) (22.91±7.52) % in breast cancer patients when compared to controls (0.19±0.07) % and (17.59±20.09) % (p=0.338 and p=0.180]. Age-stratified analysis revealed no significant differences in MPV, PDW, PCT, P-LCR, and serum iron between breast cancer patients aged 35–50 years and those older than 50 years (p>0.05). Furthermore, there was a non-significant positive correlation between serum iron and platelet indices, including MPV (r=0.09, p=0.607), PDW (r=0.04, p=0.833), PCT (r=0.15, p=0.421), and P-LCR (r=0.19, p=0.304). Conclusion: This study shows that breast cancer is associated with significantly raised MPV, PDW, and serum iron levels, suggesting enhanced platelet activation and altered iron metabolism in affected patients. These findings imply that MPV and PDW may serve as useful markers for platelet activation, tumor progression, and inflammation in breast cancer. Additionally, elevated serum iron may reflect its involvement in breast cancer pathogenesis. Routine evaluation of platelet indices, particularly MPV and PDW, along with serum iron levels, should be recommended as part of the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of breast cancer patients. Further large-scale studies are warranted to validate the utility of these parameters as biomarkers for breast cancer progression and therapeutic monitoring.

Abstract: Introduction: Thyroid infections are rare clinical situations. These include acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST), including abscesses, where the most common infectious agents are gram-positive cocci, thyroid abscesses caused by gram-negative aerobes are rare, as is the case with salmonella. Case Report: We report a case of 50 years old female patient who presented with a painful cervical swelling, evolving since2 weeks, diagnosed as thyroid abscess due to salmonella enterica which revealed a previously undiagnosed diabetes. The abscess was treated by surgical drainage with double systemic antibiotic therapy. Discussion and conclusion: Thyroid abscesses are rare, and salmonella bacteria are an exceptional cause. This type of infection is favored by situations of immunodepression, such as diabetes, especially if undiagnosed or untreated.

The teaching of macroscopic anatomy has changed a lot from ancient times until now, since the first human being observed the anatomical parts of other human beings or animals either during a healing action, a fight or a hunting. Later on the first documented systematic anatomical dissections on the human body were carried out around the third century B.C. in Alexandria, but soon was banned for about 16 centuries. Anatomical dissections were restored during late middle age and subsequently improved during the renaissance and following centuries. In the 21st century as complement to improve the medical education new technologies to the teaching of human anatomy are being incorporated. Nevertheless, anatomical dissection will continue to be essential in medical education because cadavers impart a real-time three-dimensional perspective about human body complexities and improve medical practical skills.

Oxidative stress (OS) is the result of an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize and detoxify them. Infertility, endometriosis, preeclampsia, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are among the disorders of the reproductive system that it may cause. PCOS is a common reproductive endocrine disorder marked by irregular or absent ovulation, high testosterone levels, and the presence of polycystic ovaries as seen on an ultrasound. Patients with PCOS can have a wide range of signs. The etiology of PCOS remains unclear; however, it is believed to be associated with genetic, metabolic, endocrine, and environmental variables. Oxidative stress (OS) is when the body's oxidative and antioxidative systems are not working together properly. It is linked to the start and progression of many diseases. Research indicates that OS adversely impacts ovarian follicles and interferes with normal follicular growth and maturation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are too high can hurt granulosa cells and oocytes in the follicles, making them less healthy and threatening fertility. The link between oxidative stress (OS) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) needs to be studied in order to understand how OS affects the pathophysiology of PCOS and to find effective treatments that will improve the quality of life for women with PCOS. The possible therapeutic role of antioxidants is also examined.

The anatomy of the adult dog’s skull is a critical component of skeletal system providing shape, support and protection of brain. Its form and size exhibit significant breed and individual variations, which are influenced by the dog’s evolutionary history and selective breeding practices. The skull's structure plays an important role in distinguishing dog breeds, with phenotypic differences, especially during the initial phases of dog breeding. The structure of the skull is central to breed standards, often utilized in clinical practices, where understanding the regional anatomy can aid in diagnosis and surgical interventions where the skull of local dog, with its distinct features like a narrow, elongated cranium and well-developed frontal sinuses, showcases notable differences from other breeds. use terms of radiological anatomy, computed tomography good idea for internal structure analysis of skull, although despite its limitations. As a result, radiography remains the most common method of skull examination in many medical cases. This study investigates the anatomical and radiological characteristics of the adult Husky dog’s skull, focusing on the neurocranium and facial skeleton. Notable features include the bones of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal regions that provide protection the brain, and the facial skeleton consisting of the mandible, maxilla, and zygomatic bones. Further, the research explores the variation in skull morphology, with particular reference to the unique characteristics of the Iraqi local dog breed. The findings emphasize the role of skull shape in breed differentiation and provide a basis for understanding the radiological implications in veterinary practice.

Cardiac syndrome is a varied condition, both clinically and pathophysiologically, including several pathogenic pathways. The management of this illness poses a significant challenge to the treating physician. Patients frequently want medical attention due to persistent and debilitating chest discomfort, sometimes necessitating recurrent and expensive invasive and non-invasive evaluations. Thoroughly examining the patient to find underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and ruling out other possible causes of chest pain, along with taking into account psychosocial factors, can help reduce the stress and distress these people are feeling. This article examines the existing research on the pathophysiology and ongoing debates over the therapy of this challenging disease.

The Methyldopa (Aldomet) a medicine was classified under alpha-2 agonist category, which relaxes muscles and reduces blood pressure by targeting certain biochemical processes implicated in the development of hypertension. The objective of study was to detect the impact of methyl dopa on liver and kidney function. Methods: Fifteen male mice, whose weight ranged between (20-25 gm) and their age ranged between (4-6 weeks), the mice are gotten from the College of Science /University of AL-Kufa. They had been divided randomly and distributed into 3 group, with 5 in each group. The first group (T1) was gavaged with dose of 250 mg/kg B.W, the second group (T2) was gavaged at 500 mg/kg body weight, third control group (C) was gavaged by physiological solution (Normal saline) throughout the experiment by oral cavage method for 60 days. Result: A renal function test showed that the T1 and C groups for urea and cratinine concentrations differed significantly. The T2 group's higher urea and cratinine concentrations than the C group, indicated a significant difference (p <0.05). Glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels (GPT) within T1 group were highest from C group, indicating a significant change within liver function test results. Additionally, the T2 and C groups differed significantly. Glutamic-Oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) levels in the T1 compared with C group differed significantly. Additionally, T2 differed significantly from the C group. Conclusion: The levels of creatinine and serum urea were markedly elevated by methyldopa. Caused the levels of the liver enzymes ALT and AST to rise noticeably as well. Methyldopa overdoses can cause liver damage. Increased transaminase levels attest to this injury. Excessive methyldopa dosage can cause kidney damage, which is confirmed by high urea and creatinine.