Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer networks that absorb substantial amounts of aqueous solutions. Hydrogels can be divided into two categories based on the chemical or physical nature of the crosslink junctions. Chemically crosslinked networks have permanent junctions, while physical networks have transient junctions that arise from either polymer chain entanglements or physical interactions such as ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, or hydrophobic interactions .Hydrogels, the swellable polymeric materials, have been widely investigated as the carrier for drug delivery systems. These biomaterials have gained attention owing to their peculiar characteristics like swelling in aqueous medium, pH and temperature sensitivity or sensitivity towards other stimuli. Hydrogels being biocompatible materials have been recognized to function as drug protectors, especially for peptides and proteins, from in vivo environment. Also these swollen polymers are helpful as targetable carriers for bioactive drugs with tissue specificity. This article presents an overview to the advances in hydrogel based drug delivery that have become the interest of most researchers.

Letter to the editor

Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase new cancer cases per year by 2035 in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of lives could be saved each year if countries made use of existing knowledge and the best cost-effective methods to prevent and treat cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate a provisional budget against cancer in low and middle incomes countries, according the GNI-PPP, the cancer incidence and the number of population. Economically country classification is determining with the Gross national income (GNI), per capita, Purchasing power parity (PPP), according the administrations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Cancer incidence data presented are based on the most recent data available at IARC. However, population compares estimates from the US Bureau of the Census. The provisional budget is establishing among the guidelines developed by WHO for regional and national cancer control programs according to national economic development. Provisional budget against cancer is estimated to 256,568.421 (thousands of U.S $) for a population of 4,926,330 persons in Georgia.

Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase new cancer cases per year by 2035 in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of lives could be saved each year if countries made use of existing knowledge and the best cost-effective methods to prevent and treat cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate a provisional budget against cancer in low and middle incomes countries, according the GNI-PPP, the cancer incidence and the number of population. Economically country classification is determining with the Gross national income (GNI), per capita, Purchasing power parity (PPP), according the administrations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Cancer incidence data presented are based on the most recent data available at IARC. However, population compares estimates from the US Bureau of the Census. The provisional budget is establishing among the guidelines developed by WHO for regional and national cancer control programs according to national economic development. Provisional budget against cancer is estimated to 179,449.419 (thousands of U.S $) for a population of 27,499,924 persons in Ghana.

Abstract: In this case report, we present new evidence of gluteus maximus muscle originating from posterior part of iliac crest as separate muscle from sacroiliac fibres of gluteus maximus. To the best of our knowledge, this type of variant has not been reported in previous literature. The clinical and embryological basis of the same has been discussed.

Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases are ailments that disturb the brain, precisely the neurons. The utmost mutual indicators include failures in stability, inhalation, movement, reflexes, motor skills or heartbeat activity. These can be prevented using ordinary antioxidants, like vitamins E and C, flavonoids, and polyphenols compounds. Antioxidants show a substantial effect in human’s health since they can ameliorate aging by fighting free radicals. Precisely Vitamin C can serve as a commanding antioxidant in reducing the consequence of oxidative injury triggered by pollutants, anxiety and poor diets amongst others. Hence it reduces the long-term risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, neurodegenerative diseases have no cure, but they can be managed. This diseases management reduces the symptoms so as to sustain the value of life. Management with natural antioxidants such as polyphenols through diet or dietary supplements with lots of benefits have become an attractive alternative. The present knowledge on antioxidant in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and future bearings will be discussed and also assess the value for antioxidants as neuroprotective.

Abstract: Infective endocarditis, characterized by microbial infection of the endothelial surface of the heart, can have numerous symptoms and signs. Typically they include fever, chills, a new or changing heart murmur, and bacteremia. Infective endocarditis can appear in an atypical manner and pose a diagnostic challenge. In such cases, initial signs and symptoms might be those from a complication. Purpura is a rare occurrence in the course of bacterial endocarditis but may be a prominent sign of this disease. This report concerns a patient with streptococcal infection of the mitral valve, who presented with such striking purpura that the possibility of a primary coagulation disorder was seriously considered before the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis was established.