Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is currently classified as a multi-gene hereditary metabolic disorder where the body fails to produce adequate insulin, resulting in irregular glucose regulation. Objectives: This research focuses on assessing the impact of SOD-1 gene variants rs4817415 and antioxidant index (AOI) in Iraqi individuals diagnosed with T2DM. Methods: A total of 90 participants, consisting of 45 individuals with T2DM and 45 healthy controls, were included in this study. The antioxidant index (TAO-C/MDA) was evaluated using the spectrophotometer method, while SOD-1 gene variants rs4817415 were analyzed through RT-RFLP. Results: The results of this study show that the T2DM and control groups had high statistically significant differences in TAO-C, MDA, and AOI levels (p-value < 0.05). The duration of T2DM in participants was strongly negatively correlated with TAO-C levels (r = -0.654), and it was significantly positively correlated with MDA levels (r = 0.412). According to the study's current findings, the AC hetrozygote genotype implied a statistically significant effect on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), with a P-value of 0.000 and an OR of 3.19 (1.56–3.09). Additionally, we discovered that the CC genotype and T2DM were significantly correlated, with OR= 1.45 (0.45-3.88). Additionally, the data indicated that the T2DM and CONT groups had statistically different distributions of SOD-1 gene variations, specifically (OR=3.11(1.12-4.09) rs4817415 and its alleles. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the SOD-1 gene variants rs4817415 may serve as a risk factor for the onset of T2DM and contribute to further complications in affected individuals.

A 4 yrs old baby girl presented with history of gait instability with recurrent fall without loss of consciousness since last 1 yr. with recently having urinary and fecal incontinence off and on after being continent earlier. She did not have any febrile illness or convulsion or vomiting. There was no history of consanguinity or birth injury. Examination revealed no facial dysmorphism; her speech and language were delayed with borderline delayed developmental milestones. Her gait was ataxic with hesitant steps, magnetic in nature characteristic of frontal gait disorder. She was provisionally diagnosed as normal pressure hydrocephalus. MRI brain images revealed infracerebellar Blake's pouch cyst with dilatation of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles with normal subarachnoid bathing. She was referred to pediatric neurosurgeon for assessment and intervention for possible 3rd ventriculostomy.

Introduction: Anaemia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and the amount of haemoglobin in the blood leading to inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues and organs. Telfairia occidentalis is a dietary leafy vegetable with phytochemicals that are beneficial to human health. Methodology: Anaemia was induced in rats by oral administration of phenylhydrazine and subsequently followed by administration of aqueous extract of T. occidentalis at 100mg and 200mg/kg respectively. At the expiration of the study, blood samples were taken from the animals for evaluation of red blood cell parameters. Results: The red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration of the Non extract anaemic group were significantly depressed. The corresponding values for the extract groups were similar to those of the control. Conclusion: The extract of Telfairia occidentalis was able to reverse the anaemia induced by oral administration of phenylhydrazine in animal model.

Introduction: In our study, we aimed to investigate anatomy of testicular artery in cattle and ram by plastic injection and corrosion cast method. Materials and Methods: In our study, cattle and rams were used. The testes were cleaned, paying attention to the vascular and parenchymal structure. Then testicular artery was cannulated and prepared for plastic injection. Polyester was injected into the testiculary artery. The testes were kept at room temperature for 48-72 hours polyester in the vessel. The obtained corrosion casts were examined macroscopically. Results and Conclusions: When the course of arteria testicularis is examined macroscopically; on the surface of tunica albuginea arteria testicularis was found to divide 80%, in cattle and 60% in the rams. In general, in the corrosion casts of both species, the arterial testicularis showed very convoluted distribution in the funiculus spermaticus. In both species, when the arteria testicularis reaches the extremitas inferior of the arterial testis, two main branches are separated. These branches were observed to form a vascular network on the surface of tunica albuginea. As a result; although the course of the testicular artery in both species is similar, there are differences.

Thyroid hormones and renal function known to interact. To understand the role of thyroid hormones, play in the onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to management of individuals with both thyroid and renal dysfunction. This connection still causes confusion and debate because some things about it are still unknown. The aims of this work study the correlation between thyroid hormone disruptions and renal function CKD and hypothyroidism patient and their effect in Vitamin D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH) level and calcium level. In this research, there are 60 participants (20-45 years old) with both gender; 40 patients that divided in two group, the first group 20 patient has CKD and 20 patient has hypothyroidism. A control group with 20 healthy participants where included in this study. The blood sample (5ML) drawn from each participant then centrifuged to obtain the serum that used to determine the level of thyroid hormone level (TSH, T3 and T4), PTH, Albumin and vitamin D3. In addition, determined uric acid, blood urea and creatinine. The results show there is significantly increase in the TSH level in hypothyroidism patient and CKD group. While T3 and T4 group decrease significantly in hypothyroidism and CKD patient. The level of creatinine was significantly increase in CKD and hypothyroidism patients also the level of blood urea was significantly increase in CKD patient. In addition, there is no different in the level of uric acid and albumin among these two group. The level of PTH increase significantly, while the level of Ca significantly decrease in CKD patient group and D3 was significantly decrease in both patient group. It is possible to conclude that individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely to experience hypothyroidism; also, hypothyroidism can increase the risk of chronic kidney disease.

The study carried out on 28 esophagus specimens of healthy, 14 Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptoplia decaocto) and 14 Buzzard (Beuteo beuteo vulpinus). The aimed, to study the esophagus's morphological also histological. The lumen of esophagus in dove appear narrower and shorter in length than Buzzard as well as the crop as well-developed sac , while the crop in buzzard as longitudinal narrow spindle dilation ,and the present research work was done on the histology and histochemistry of the esophagus in dove and buzzard and found that the esophagus was composed of three segment cervical, crop and thoracic ,histologically, the mucosa of cervical, thoracic part was lined by non-keratinized layer of stratified squamous cells. As well as The esophageal glands were absent in cervical part and crop in dove, whereas in the thoracic part these glands were present and their duct open toward the lumen of the esophagus. The mucosal folds well developed in the cervical portion. Histochemically, the epithelium gland of esophagus showed PAS positive reaction that indicated presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides, the esophageal glands showed strong moderate reaction by (PAS)in cervical and thoracic esophagus as well as in thoracic part in dove. Conclusion the results showed that esophagus was significantly different Morphological and histological between two birds.

Thalassemia is a genetic condition characterized by faulty hemoglobin synthesis and low hemoglobin concentration. Overload of iron is an unavoidable condition experienced by severe thalassemia patients as a result of excessive blood transfusions. We looked at impaired liver function in thalassemia individuals with Iraq as a result of these issues. Our findings demonstrated serum activity in hepatocytes, as well as a large rise in GOT and AIP in patients with elevated iron levels and a substantial rise in TSB. All of these elements may work together or independently to create chronic liver disease by causing damage in cells via oxidative mechanisms.