Background: The fifth Millennium Development Goal aims for a decrease in maternal mortality and universal access to high-quality reproductive health care. Every year, around a third of a million women die as a result of pregnancy-related complications. Three-quarters of these deaths might have been avoided. One of the most important markers of mother and child health care is the Maternal Mortality Ratio. One of the most significant aims of the national family welfare program is to reduce maternal fatalities are thought to be preventable. Objective: The study's focus is to document, investigate, and report the events and circumstances behind maternal fatalities, as well as to study maternal deaths in River Nile State in order to identify the maternal mortality rate and causes of death. Methodology: This is a hospital and community-based research that took place from January to December 2018 at River Nile State. Information on every maternal death was obtained using a questionnaire which was filled out and rechecked to completely cover State, and then analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The overall number of live births was 25988, with 29 incidents of maternal death. 112/100000 live births was the death rate. 27 of the patients (93%) died in a hospital, whereas two instances (7%) died at home. Obstetric hemorrhage was the leading cause of maternal death in seven cases (24.1%), followed by hypertensive disorders in seven cases (24.1%), sepsis in four cases (17.2%), indirect obstetric causes in three cases (10.3%), embolism (PE & AFE) in three cases (10.3%), unclassified causes in four cases (13.7%), and abortion in one case (3.4 %). The bulk of the cases were delayed at home (14 cases, 48.3%), with 10 cases (34.4%) having no delay and five (17.2%) being delayed in reaching hospitals. Unfortunately, 19 instances (65.5%) died as a result of preventable causes. Conclusion: In 2018, the maternal death rate in River Nile State was 112/100,000 live births, which was higher than in the previous report. Maternal fatalities were mostly caused by hemorrhage, hypertensive diseases, and sepsis. The bulk of deaths were postponed until they reached their final destination.

In the present work aqueous fruit peel extract of Punica granatum was evaluated for its Anthelmintics activity against earthworm at three different concentrations (25, 50, 100 mg/ml). The Antihelmintic activity of extract was comparable with Marketed allopathic drugs (i.e. Piperazine citrate, Albendazole, Ivermectin, Levamisole- 25, 50, 100 mg/ml). 2% v/v Tween 80 in water was taken as a normal control. Marketed allopathic drugs concentrations were prepared using 2% v/v Tween 80. Antihelmintic activity was evaluated by considering the time required for mobility, paralysis and death of worms by the prepared extracts and marketed allopathic drugs concentrations. The data were found statistically significant by using one way ANOVA (P< 0.001).

Background: CVA is the loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood supply of the brain. This disturbance is due to either ischemia or hemorrhage. Aim: To study the major risk factors &amp; presentation among patients with stroke in Atbara teaching hospital. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive hospital based study was conducted in Atbara teaching Hospital from February 2021 to April 2022. The data was collected by interviewing the patients through a closed-ended questionnaire and analyzed by using the statistical computerized program SPSS. Results: In our study, we found that 86.2%of study group their age group was more than 51years and most of them are males, 73.1% of them had a hemiplegic weakness, 60.8% of them had a transient ischemic stroke,90% had an ischemic stroke, 66.9% with one attack of stroke,77.7% of them have a chronic illness,53.1%have diabetes,63.8% have hypertension,28.5% of them have ischemic heart disease,23.8%have atrial fibrillation,11.5% have the valvular disease, 35.4 % of them are smokers and 6.9% are drinking alcohol. Conclusion: The study concluded that stroke increased with age above 51 years old and most commonly in males. The most common risk factor is HTN, DM, and heart disease. The common risk bad habit in strokes patients are smoking.

Background: Beginning in December 2019, the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a pneumonia epidemic that began in Wuhan, China, and is rapidly spreading throughout the whole world. Nutrition support has become one of the important treatments for severe and critical patients. Objective: To assess the adequacy of nutritional support in COVID-19 patients receiving oxygen support. Methods: A multicenter prospective study enrolled 88 COVID-19 patients receiving oxygen support in Fedail Hospital, Albaraha Hospital, Aliaa Hospital, and Royal Care Hospital during the period from January to April 2021. Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, types of oxygen therapy, vital signs, laboratory investigations, methods of nutrition support, estimated calorie achievement, and outcomes were collected. Nutritional adequacy was assessed by using the Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 (NRS- 2002) test. Results: Among 88 patients, 50(56.8%) were males and 38(43.2%) were females; their mean age was 67±11 years. CPAP (n=28; 32%) and mechanical ventilation (n=27; 27%) were the main types of oxygen therapies. Estimated calories were achieved in only 36(40.9%) of patients and failure to the achievement of estimated calories was commonly due to hypoxia (n=33; 37.5%) and poor appetite (n=23; 26.1%). About 66(75%) patients were adequately nourished, 16(18.2%) were at risk of malnutrition, and 6(6.8%) patients were malnourished. The mortality was significantly associated with malnutrition (P. value= 0.000), and parental feeding modes (P. value= 0.000), and underweighted BMI (mean= 17.8 kg/m2; P. value= 0.000). Moreover, multi-organ failure was significantly correlated with risk of malnutrition (P.value= 0.000), NG feeding (P. value= 0.000) and overweighed BMI (mean= 28.8 kg/m2; P. value= 0.000). Additionally, mortality and multi-organ failure were significantly correlated with hypoalbuminemia among our study subjects (P. value= 0.001). Conclusion: The rates of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition were 6.8% and 18.2% among COVID-19 patients who received oxygen therapy, respectively. Inadequacy of nutritional support or failure in the achievement of estimated calories among our study subjects were commonly due to hypoxia and poor appetite. Mortality was significantly associated with malnutrition, parental feeding modes, and underweighted BMI. Furthermore, multi-organ failure was significantly correlated with the risk of malnutrition, NG feeding, and overweighed BMI. Both, mortality and multi-organ failure were correlated with hypoalbuminemia.

A direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is not routinely used in developing countries including Sudan. The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is a screening test for antibodies present in an individual’s red cells and is used to diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The study was to determine the prevalence of DAT among infants at Atbara and Eldamer. The study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out among neonates during January and February 2019 Atbara and Eldamer. ABO group and DAT were carried out among 100 samples of neonatal cord blood. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. A total of 100 neonates were recruited for the study. Among 100caces ABO incompatibility status was determined in 74 cases. The higher frequency was (O+, O+)(40%), the lower frequency was (AB+/AB+)(2%) while ABO incompatibility between neonates and mothers was found in 26 (26.0%) cases, The higher frequency of (A/O) incompatibility (15%), the lower frequency was (B+/A+),(AB+/A+)(1%) by the ABO group distribution at the Atbara & Eldamer localities. in this study positive DAT was detected in 2/100 (2.00%) cases (positive DAT was attributed to a typical antibody) two cases are the (O+/O+) group, These two neonates (O RhD positive) and the mothers (O RhD positive), The two cases of alloimmunization were mothers multipara without a history of past transfusions. The study concluded that sensitization with alloantibodies was found among neonatal blood which reflects the importance of detection of allo Abs among cord blood and mothers.

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a group of diseases that includes: stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. It is within the cluster of cardiovascular conditions of which it is the multiple expected kinds. Iron is an essential trace element. It has a pivotal role in maintaining various cellular functions and enzyme reactions; whereas, iron overload has been known as a risk factor in the progression of atherosclerosis. Abnormal deposition of iron in the heart cause hemochromatosis and dilated cardiomyopathy and this causes ischemic heart disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of serum iron, serum ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in the causation of coronary heart disease (CHD) and their relationship with other risk factors of CHD. Methods: This is a cross-sectional case-control prospective analytical study conducted at Al-Mc Nemir University Hospital in Shendi town to evaluate the iron profile in ischaemic heart disease patients in the period between (March 2018—July 2018). The study included (50) patients who were diagnosed with ischaemic heart disease and the study groups were compared with a mean of the normal value. Serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC were estimated by spectrophotometer. Data was collected using a structured face-to-face questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (11.5) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the ischaemic heart disease patients were; (40%) male and (60%) female, and the mean age was (57.612 ± 28.24), with a range of (36-65) years distributed as (96%). The study showed that the mean of s. iron was 203.9ug/dl (p.value 0.170), the mean of s. ferritin was 207.6ug/dl(p.value 0.447), the mean of TIBC was 663.0ug/dl( p.value 0.281) when compare with the mean of normal value. No significant difference was found between iron profile and CHD. Serum iron and serum ferritin levels are elevated in patients with CHD when compared with normal values. TIBC levels were lower in patients than normal values. When body iron was analogized with different risk factors (like smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco, etc) of the condition it was found to be seriously raised. Conclusion: The study concluded that the level of serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC might not be associated with coronary heart disease.

Background: While most people follow social distancing and are avoiding contact with anyone displaying flu-like symptoms, still asymptomatic patients are having positive SAR COV 2 test can transfer disease to others, as well as the outcome of their disease sill not well understood. Objective: To assess the clinical course of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients who had a positive PCR test in multicenter. Methods: This was a prospective cohort multicenter study conducted in the study was conducted in Khartoum State COVID-19 Centres. Namely Alia Hospital, Fedail, and Ministry of Health Laboratories during the period from December 2020 to April 2021. Data was collected using a questionnaire from 98 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire was filled with patients after taking informed consent. Results: The mean age was 49±7.3 years. Males were 58(59.2%) and females were 40(40.8%). The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The frequency of symptomatic patients' COVID-19 positive test results experience symptoms was 80(81.6%), while the frequency of asymptomatic patients was 18(18.4%). The time and period of appearance of manifestations among COVID 19 patients, the study indicated that among symptomatic patients after PCR test, the moment of appearance of symptoms was 1 – 7 days in 76(95%) and 8 – 14 days after test in 4(5%). After 28 days follow up the outcome of the patients was recovery 76(76.6%), remain Asymptomatic 18(18.4%), and remain symptomatic 4(4.0%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the appearance of symptoms before and after the PCR test was significantly affected by chronic diseases as well as chronic medications in use (P. value <0.05).