Background: HVA in mass gathering is usually named Hazard Vulnerability Assessment which is an important procedure in the effort to control health risks in mass gatherings. Mass gatherings, such as big sports championships or religious pilgrimages, present their own major issues to public health because they create high density of the population, requiring local health services capacity to rise and therefore risks of communicable diseases, injuries and other causes of emergency, Therefore, the research undertaken here is Assessment of the Hazard Vulnerability during Karbala religious mass gathering in Iraq\ on 20th Safar (Al Arbeen). Methodology: Descriptive study (retrospective) study between (2008-2012) covers: data collection of hazards assessment at health departments of ministry of health in Iraq. Results: Hazard Vulnerability assessment will be done as there had been occurrence of risks in the history of this events which occurred within the period between (2008-2012), which include: terrorist acts 1281 injured and 360 died, road traffic accident that mainly affected the male population and the poisoning accidents and other fires, the worst region with regard to injuries is Karbala (51.6%), whereas the high rate in death was 33.3%, and the road traffic accident in Karbala indicated a rise in those who As well the findings indicate that conversely, the poisoning accidents have the highest figures in 2010 and the fire accidents that have been occurring mainly in the shrine area being mainly as a result of electrocution. Discussion: The Challenges and risks for Al Arbaeen event indicates that displays of terrorist acts in Karbala 2008-2012 was greater and this impact on the medical services in Karbala specially in this event which has a big crowd. Conclusion and Recommendations: The medical plans used in this event should be modified and the incident command system all levels activated so as to reduce the hazards, this should be done in co-operation of the ministries and organizations (national and international) and Attabas (the shrines medical departments).

Context: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common and severe side effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents, requiring prompt and accurate treatment. Aims: The current study aimed to estimate nurses' knowledge and confidence in managing DKA, investigate their relationship with sociodemographic factors, and determine the correlation between nurses' knowledge and self-confidence. Settings and Design: The current study adopted a cross-sectional approach in four teaching hospitals in Baghdad city. Methods and Material: This descriptive cross-sectional study included nurses from four Baghdad hospitals. A proportionate stratified random sampling method selected 200 nurses from distinct departments. A standardized, validated questionnaire assessed nurses' sociodemographic features, knowledge, and self-confidence in managing diabetic ketoacidosis. Cronbach's alpha of 0.79 validated the questionnaire's dependability. Statistical Analysis: In SPSS, the researchers calculated mean scores, Spearman's rank test, and Pearson's analysis. Results: The results proved that the participants’ overall knowledge and self-confidence were unacceptable. The study also demonstrated a positive relationship between education level and their knowledge of managing DKA. A statistically significant relationship was also found between the training courses nurses received about DKA and their confidence in managing DKA. The study finds a statistically significant correlation between nurses' self-confidence and their level of knowledge. Conclusions: Although nurses' general knowledge and confidence in managing diabetic ketoacidosis were moderate, the results indicated room for improvement, particularly in practical aspects. It was also found that the effect of educational level on the variables of knowledge and training among nurses improves confidence.

Background/Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted children's play behavior. Study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the play behavior of Indian school children aged 10-12 years in rural and urban areas. It aims to assess changes in various forms of play, including indoor play, outdoor play, creative play, natural play and virtual play, before and after the pandemic. Methods: The study used a quantitative, descriptive approach with a self-constructed play behavior questionnaire. A sample of 150 children from urban and rural areas in selected districts of Kerala State in India. Was selected via multi-stage random sampling. Results: The findings highlight notable changes in children's play patterns, with a marked increase in virtual play and a decline in outdoor and natural play among both rural and urban children following the COVID-19 pandemic. Natural play was consistently higher in rural areas, while creative play became more common in urban settings after the pandemic. Virtual play was notably higher in urban areas throughout. Socio-demographic variables such as gender, number of siblings, and passive screen time were found to influence play behavior. Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into how the COVID-19 pandemic altered play behaviors among Indian school children aged 10-12 years, with distinct patterns emerging between rural and urban settings. A significant shift towards virtual play and a decline in outdoor and natural play were observed across both areas, with rural children maintaining higher levels of natural play, while urban children engaged more in creative and virtual play after the pandemic. The study sheds light on the changes in play and their potential effects on children’s social and cognitive development. The COVID-19 pandemic brought noticeable changes in children's play behaviors, with differences observed between rural and urban areas.

Background: Children spend a significant amount of time in schools, where they are exposed to health emergencies that require rapid intervention, such as cuts, bruises, bleeding, asthma attacks, and even loss of consciousness. Teachers are the most likely to handle these situations, and therefore must possess adequate first aid knowledge. A lack of this knowledge can lead to serious complications or even death. Therefore, assessing teachers' first aid knowledge is an important step toward enhancing student safety and improving emergency response within schools. Objective: The objective of the study is to analyse the knowledge level of the primary school teachers both in government and privately run schools on the first aid issues and to see their preparedness to handle any emergency situations that could happen at the school and might need their attention. Methodology: The study applied a cross-sectional study design to assess knowledge of the primary school teachers in Babil Governorate, in both governmental and private schools regarding the first aid procedures. This study commenced on march 14, 2025 to July 1, 2025. Target samples: (499) male and female teachers in the governmental and private schools in Babil Governorate. The sample is assigned to the research as per certain criteria. An instrument that was designed to assess the study is a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire largely comprises three sections, which include personal data, general information and the final section is information about the knowledge regarding first aid of the teachers. Results: The study represents the ages of the participants in the questionnaire, and the largest percentage (17.4%) was from the age group (31-34 years), The majority (71.5%) were females, the majority (78%) were from the government sector, have you received first aid training before? The majority (65.3%) answered no, while the question Is there a first aid kit or box at school? The majority answered with yes about (86%). Conclusion: This recent study aimed to assess primary school teachers' knowledge of first aid. The results indicated that a large percentage of teachers did not know the emergency number, and that half of the participants had not attended first aid courses. Many of them did not know how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Recommendation: Coordination with health authorities to conduct training courses for teachers on first aid for students.

The global prevalence of maternal obesity has increased dramatically, with approximately 39 million pregnancies annually complicated by maternal obesity. This review examines the multifaceted risks associated with excessive gestational weight gain and maternal obesity, exploring both established complications and emerging concerns through current research evidence. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of recent literature on maternal obesity, focusing on epidemiological trends, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes. The review synthesizes findings from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials published primarily within the last decade to provide an evidence-based assessment of obesity-related pregnancy complications. Results: Maternal obesity demonstrates strong associations with numerous adverse outcomes, including fertility impairment, early pregnancy loss, hypertensive disorders, and gestational diabetes. For every 5 kg/m² increase in BMI above the ideal range, stillbirth risk increases by 24%. Obese women exhibit 3.69-fold higher risk of gestational hypertension and significantly elevated pre-eclampsia risk through mechanisms involving adiposopathy, insulin resistance, and complement system dysregulation. Labor complications include threefold higher odds of induction failure and cesarean rates reaching 52.3% in morbidly obese women. Importantly, maternal obesity programs lasting metabolic dysfunction in offspring, with effects detectable even at age 60. Conclusion: The evidence demonstrates that maternal obesity represents a significant modifiable risk factor affecting both immediate pregnancy outcomes and long-term health trajectories of mothers and offspring. While dietary interventions show greater efficacy than physical activity alone in managing gestational weight gain, intervention timing is critical, with implementation before 20 weeks’ gestation yielding superior outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of preconception counseling and early pregnancy interventions to mitigate obesity-related pregnancy complications.

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with impaired immune function, heightening susceptibility to viral infections such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV), particularly plantar warts. Despite this risk, HPV-related skin conditions are under-recognized in diabetes care. This study investigates the impact of nurse-led interventions, education, routine screening, and community outreach, on managing HPV-related infections in T2DM patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 T2DM patients aged 40–75 years between January 2020 and February 2021. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and medical record reviews. A complementary meta-analysis of 10 peer-reviewed studies published from 2010 to 2023 assessed the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions in glycaemic control and infection management, using metrics such as HbA1c reduction, foot care adherence, and ulcer prevention. Results: Plantar warts were observed in 14.18% of patients, with higher prevalence among those aged 60–69 (43%) and those with obesity (28%). Nurse-led education programs improved infection prevention practices, especially in high-risk groups. Screening revealed comorbidity associations: 78.31% had hypertension, and 42.55% had a family history of diabetes. The meta-analysis showed significant improvements in HbA1c (e.g., Cho & Kim, 2021: -0.55, p < 0.001), foot care behavior, and early detection accuracy (e.g., Oh et al., 2022: AUC = 0.717, p = 0.011). However, socio-economic disparities persisted, with 23% residing in underserved rural areas and 13% in low-income brackets. Discussion: Nurse-led interventions significantly improve early detection, infection prevention, and patient self-care among T2DM patients, particularly when tailored to demographic and comorbidity profiles. Mobile clinics and community outreach reduced barriers, but structural inequities in rural and low-income groups remain a challenge. Conclusion: Integrating nurse-led education and screening protocols into routine diabetes care enhances the management of HPV-related infections. Addressing socio-economic disparities through targeted outreach is essential for equitable healthcare delivery and improved patient outcomes.

Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose a major threat to patient safety and healthcare quality. Adherence to standard precautions is essential for infection prevention, particularly among nursing students who are frequently exposed to clinical risks during training. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and compliance of nursing students with standard precautions for the prevention of HAIs at South Kashmir Paramedical and Nursing College, Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 nursing students using a structured, self-administered questionnaire based on CDC guidelines. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation to evaluate the relationship between knowledge and compliance. Results: The mean knowledge score was 5.2 ± 1.1 (out of 7), and the mean compliance score was 36.8 ± 5.4 (out of 45), indicating moderate to high levels of awareness and adherence. A statistically significant moderate positive correlation (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) was found between knowledge and compliance. Conclusion: While students demonstrated satisfactory knowledge and compliance, gaps remain in translating knowledge into consistent clinical practice. Strengthening hands-on training, mentorship, and institutional support is recommended to enhance infection control outcomes.