Vitamin C in different in citrus juice samples was investigated; Citrus Limon, Citrus reticulate, Citrus paradise, Citrus sinensis. Iodine titration was utilized for determination of vitamin C in the different samples. Highest amount of vitamin C concentration was observed in Citrus sinensis was 95 mg / 100 ml whereas Citrus reticulate showed low levels 82 mg / 100 ml. The effect of temperature was highest in fresh lemon. In packed juices the same tendency was observed, though the content of vitamin C was found to be less than in fresh juices. Results revealed that; there is a loss of vitamin C content in citrus juice samples as much as the boiled juice Table1. The rate at which vitamin C is lost and depends on the temperature and time methods employed. It has been found out that the hot environment provides the conditions for fast decay of vitamin C content and room environment provides the conditions for slow decay of vitamin C content. In present analyzed samples values are different because of the fact that the composition of content vitamin c depends upon the environmental factors.

Among lung cancer patients, receiving supportive care alone is not rare. However, the clinical characteristics of these patients were not thoroughly studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients treated with supportive care alone. We retrospectively analysed the rate of lung cancer patients receiving supportive care alone in 3 separate hospitals, along with the reasons for this practice. Additionally, we investigated the histological types, palliative treatment forms, hospital consultation outcomes and places of death. A total of 611 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer from April 2016 to March 2022. 80 (13%) were treated with supportive care alone. The primary reason underlying treatment with supportive care alone in almost half of the patients was poor performance. In general, 40% of the patients received supportive care and 17% were admitted to a palliative care unit. 17% of the patients died at home and 42% in the palliative care unit. This study has revealed that 13% of the lung cancer patients with cytologic diagnoses are treated with supportive care alone, due to poor performance. 40% of these patients received supportive care at home, showing that a more accessible home care system is required for the patients and their families.

Human Papilloma Virus is a group of >150 related viruses and precursor to nearly all cervical cancers and genital warts. Cervical cancer ranks 1st most frequent cancer in Nepal among 15-44 years of age women. World Health organization recommends vaccination for 9–13-year-old girls as most cost-effective public health measure to diminish the risk of HPV transmission against cervical cancer. The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and attitude on HPV, its vaccination and risk factor of cervical cancer among adolescent girls. A descriptive cross-sectional research was conducted among 400 adolescent girls at selected schools of Dharan through Systematic Random Sampling. Data were collected using Self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at the level of significance 0.05 in SPSS version16. Majority (83.0%) of the respondents were of Middle Adolescence (14-16yrs) with mean age 15.48 years and standard deviation of ±1.031. More than half (52.8%) of respondents had adequate knowledge whereas more than half (55.5%) of respondents had negative attitude. There was no association between knowledge and attitude with socio-demographic variables. The correlation between levels of knowledge and attitude was positively significant with P value 0.01(r=0.243).The study revealed that more than half of adolescent girls had adequate knowledge where as less than half of respondents had positive attitude and there was no association between knowledge, attitude and socio-demographic variables but correlation between knowledge and attitude was found to be positive.

This study aims to examine socioeconomic inequalities in health status and health service of the elderly in China to provide basis for health promotion. The data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHRLS) in the year 2015 was used. Adults aged 60 and over (n=8001) were included in the analytic sample. Socioeconomic status (SES) of the elderly was assessed by annual per capita consumption expenditure, education, and regional and rural/ urban status. Health status was measured by self-rated health, activities of daily living (ADL), the prevalence rate of chronic diseases and the 1-month prevalence rate; while health service was measured by the utilization of both outpatient service and inpatient service. Overall, the elderly with higher economic level had better health status and higher ADL disability rate, but lower prevalence rate of chronic diseases, 1-month outpatient visit rate and annual hospitalization rate. The elderly with lower education level had higher self-rated "poor" health, ADL disability rate, 1-month prevalence rate and 1-month non-visit rate. The elderly in eastern region or urban areas had better health status than those in central and western regions or rural areas. However, for health service utilization, the elderly in western region used both outpatient and inpatient services more frequently. The rural elderly had higher 1-month outpatient visit rate, while the urban elderly had higher annual hospitalization rate. Socioeconomic inequalities in health existed in Chinese elderly. To promote health equity among the elderly, the government should improve health insurance and medical assistance policies, optimize health resources allocation, and narrow economic gaps between western and eastern regions, and between rural and urban areas.

Background: Based on a preliminary study conducted by researchers in Taccorong Village, the working area of the Bontonyeleng Health Center, it was found that the independence of the elderly was low because this was caused by the lack of personnel who carried out physical modality therapy, then based on preliminary data on hypertension sufferers as many as 594 people consisting of men as many as 224 people (37%) and women 374 people (63%). Research Objectives: The effect of physical modality therapy on the independence of the elderly in the work area of the Bontonyeleng Health Center. Research Methods: Research design is pre-experimental with a one case study approach. The population is all the number of the elderly. The sample size is an estimate of 38 people. The hypothesis test is the Mc Nemar Test. The study was conducted in the Bontonyeleng Health Center Working Area. Research Results: The level of independence of the elderly before the intervention was not independent, namely not independent, which was higher than independent while after the intervention, the elderly's independence was higher than the independent elderly. The hypothesis test using the Mc Nemar test obtained a P value = 0.000 > α = 0.05. Conclusions and Suggestions: There is an effect of physical modality therapy on the independence of the elderly in the Bontonyeleng Health Center Working Area. We recommend that further research use a longer time.

Culture change in the UK National Health Service (NHS) became a national concern following the Francis enquiry (2013) with increasing initiatives to develop models of compassionate management. This call was intended to create an environment to address investigations in the best possible manner creating a nurturing environment for staff and in turn their patients; a truly no-blame culture. Whilst principles of justice and compassionate are intended to underpin staff investigations, our clinical experience at the coal-face in working with Staff under Investigation (SUI) has proved that this is (too often) not the case. SUI often find they have little information about the complaint against them, little communication to clarify and await the outcome in general isolation from organisational or team access, until they are invited to the attend and explain their position. The resultant anxiety and distress mean that they are left traumatised by the investigation procedure itself. This brief paper aims to highlight the avoidable stressors caused by investigation procedures in the UK NHS themselves and aims to highlights aspects of these polices which require greater attention. This in turn would support a beneficial outcome for the investigation procedures overall. Whilst focusing on the UK, the generic processes of investigation have a number of commonalities which allow this information to be applicable to a range of health care services and investigation procedures.

Background: Theories and models are the bedrock of sound reasoning and judgments in any clinical practice. They serve as frameworks for scientific understandings and intellectual discussions. This paper provides a review of the Betty Neumann Systems Model (NSM) and how it could be applied to understanding the relationship between workload as a stressor and shift work disorder among nurses. Method: The Betty Neumann System Model was reviewed, and the main concepts were explained. A conceptual explanation of the model was then presented using the concepts relating to nurses' workload and shift work disorders among nurses. Results: The conceptual model shows that high workload as stressors if persistent could break the defence lines and results in symptoms predictive of shift work disorder among nurses who rotate shifts. However, primary prevention is needed before the individual is in contact with such a stressor. An example of primary prevention includes pre-shift napping and reducing working hours. Also, secondary prevention of stressors includes several treatment strategies such as promoting rest periods, reducing shift duration, and increasing inter-shift recovery. By augmenting inter-shift recovery, sleep debt and fatigue may subsequently diminish. When treatment occurs and is maintained, the restoration of balance may be achieved through tertiary prevention. Conclusion: The negative outcomes of workload stressors as manifested as shift work disorder (SWD) among nurses could be averted if the conceptual model of the Betty Neumann System Model is applied.