This narrative review evaluates the most recent studies on the health effects of whey protein (WP) supplements, with a focus on potential risks and negative consequences. WP, which is frequently taken by bodybuilders to gain muscle and lose weight, has been linked to a number of health problems. Twenty-four preclinical and human studies that provide a complete overview of the health effects of WP were included in our comprehensive review after a comprehensive search of various databases. The review provides important findings, including a possible link between WP and kidney and liver damage, changes in bowel activity, acne, effects on bone metabolism, and pancreatic beta cell activity. The above findings highlight the complex nature of the impact of weightlifting on human health, revealing both positive and negative consequences in relation to different situations in diverse contexts. Research suggests that individuals with impaired liver and kidney function, as well as those prone to acne, should be cautious when consuming protein, and polycystic ovary syndrome. However, there may be positive effects on gut activity, bone and muscle metabolism, and pancreatic activity in humans and experimental animals, emphasizing the importance of consuming WP in a balanced manner and calling for more comprehensive research to understand its long-term health consequences.

Human immunodeficiency virus is grouped into the genus Lentivirus within the family of retroviridean, a subfamily of retrovirinae. Since its emergence, it has remained a global public health crisis with approximately 39.0 million (33.1 – 45.7 mil) people living with HIV globally in 2022, with some countries reporting increased trends in new infections and it is incurable. There has been documented success in decreasing new cases and mortality resulting from HIV/AIDS globally; however, in sub-Saharan Africa, the rate of new infections has increased disproportionately among young women. Thus, the region accounts for about 9 – 10 women and children living with HIV. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV occurs when HIV is transmitted from the mother to the child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, although the rate of MTCT of HIV in high-income countries has significantly reduced to less than 1% in some low-income countries, MTCT of HIV remains high at 8.9%, and about 90% of HIV infection in children occurs through MTCT of HIV. Prevention of Mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is recommended to curb the menace of MTCT of HIV (Falnes et al., 2010). It involves a series of events, services, or interventions, which, when fully implemented, result in a reduction in the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016) that involves the use of drugs and non-drug-related services. Health care workers play an important role in the provision of services and interventions aimed at reducing HIV transmission. Therefore, this study intends to Asses Health Care Workers' Attitude Towards PMTCT of HIV At Primary Health Care Center. The study is an institutional-based cross-sectional descriptive survey study. The sample size was calculated using the formula of Yamane (1967), a multistage sampling was used to select sampling unit. A self-administered closed-ended questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection, all responses to the completed questionnaire were coded and entered into SPSS v25.0, edited, and checked accordingly. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the frequency distribution and measures of central tendency, whereas inferential statistics were used to determine the relationship between the study variables. The study finding reveals that the general attitude score of the respondents on PMTCT of HIV was Positive (3.1) and there is a statistically significant level of association between years of work and attitude (p<0.024). In this study, it can be concluded that the level of health care workers attitude towards PMTCT of HIV was positive and there is a statistically significant level of association between years of work and attitude. This shows that health care workers with more year of working experience have a better attitude, this could be related to the fact that they have more contact time and training on PMTCT and HIV in general, it is recommended that further studies be conducted to the explore the reason behind the statistical association above.

Community pharmacists, like other health care providers, have a crucial role in controlling and preventing the spread of the COVID-19 virus. They should possess adequate knowledge to help in the response against this infection. This study assessed the knowledge and preparedness of community pharmacists working in community pharmacies within a component city in northern Philippines. A descriptive quantitative design was used. Sixty community pharmacists responded to the online survey of a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage and mean while tests to determine significant difference were done using Independent Samples T-test and One-way ANOVA. Results showed that the community pharmacists are fully knowledgeable about the signs and symptoms, screening guidelines, and transmission prevention for COVID-19. Furthermore, the community pharmacists were fully prepared to manage or control COVID-19 transmission and implement preventive measures to address the pandemic. There is no significant difference in the knowledge and preparedness of the community pharmacist when grouped according to demographic profile. Moreover, there is no significant relationship between the knowledge and preparedness of the community pharmacists toward COVID-19. The researchers conclude that community pharmacists possess the knowledge and preparedness needed to help in the effective response against COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the significance of telemedicine for delivering healthcare services. However, the rapid development of a framework for telemedicine implementation necessitates the investigation of the existing acceptance and satisfaction of Filipino respondents and physicians. This study assessed the satisfaction of patients with telemedicine in Tuguegarao City in terms of system, information and healthcare service quality. Employing a descriptive quantitative design was used and 230 respondents were included and selected through snowball sampling. A structured questionnaire based on Yip et al., (2003), Bakken et al., (2006), Lin, Z. (2017), and Parmanto et al., (2016) was also used. Gathered data were analyzed using mean, frequency, and percentage while test of significant difference was also conducted using independent sample T-test and One-way ANOVA. Results indicate slight satisfaction among telemedicine users in Tuguegarao City across quality dimensions: system, information, and health service. Moreover, significant differences in the level of satisfaction exist in the respondent’s age, educational attainment, average monthly income, occupation, type of residences, and number of health services availed. It was revealed that respondents who are 18 to 24 years old and are commonly senior high school and college graduates had the lower level of satisfaction with the overall quality of telemedicine. While respondents with lower monthly income, in rural areas and who availed more than two services appeared to have better satisfaction with telemedicine services. In conclusion, the results of the study showed that the respondents are slightly satisfied with the telemedicine services within Tuguegarao City.

Early childhood is a time when almost all of the child's potential is experiencing a sensitive period to grow and develop rapidly and violently. This growth and development are influenced by nutritious and balanced food intake and intensive stimulation by parents. If children are given intensive stimulation from their environment, especially in the family, then children will be able to undergo their developmental tasks well. This study aims to analyse parents' knowledge and behaviour in providing early childhood development stimulation. This study used a descriptive correlational design with a cross sectional approach conducted at RA Qurrota A'yun Kepanjen Malang Regency East Java Indonesia in 2023 which was attended by 56 respondents. The result of this study is that there is a relationship between knowledge and parental behaviour in providing developmental stimulation in early childhood with a p value of 0.003 and a relationship strength of 0.390 which reflects that the strength of the relationship is quite strong and positive.

Temper tantrums in children Toddlers often cause parents frustration so a solution is needed to overcome this. This study aims to determine the effect of therapeutic group therapy on the incidence of temper tantrums in toddler-aged children. The research design used in this research is a quasi-experimental research design with a pretest–posttest approach using a control group. This research was conducted in October 2023 in Pakisaji, Malang Regency. This research involved 9 children (aged 2-3 years) in the Pakisaji sub-district area as the treatment group and 9 other children as the control group. The treatment group was given 6 sessions of therapeutic group therapy over a period of 3 weeks. The results of the analysis using the paired sample test showed that in the treatment group there was a significant difference in the value of children's temper tantrums before and after being given treatment, namely with a value of p=0.039 (<0.05). Meanwhile, in the control group, the p value = 0.085 (> 0.05) was obtained, which indicated that there was no significant difference. The results of the analysis of differences in the incidence of temper tantrums before and after treatment between the treatment group and the control group were carried out using an independent sample t test and the results obtained were p=0.387 (>0.05). These results show that there is no significant difference in the incidence of pre and post temper tantrums between the treatment and control groups. The conclusion of this study proves that there is no significant influence from the application of Therapeutic Group Therapy on the incidence of temper tantrums in toddler. because there are many factors that can influence it including the parenting style of parents.

Elderly lacto-vegetarians have been identified as a high-risk group of nutrient deficiency like Protein, Fat, carbohydrate, calcium, multivitamin etc., due to unbalanced eating pattern. A descriptive cross-sectional study has been conducted at Budhanilkantha Municipality among 113 respondents. Data was analyzed in statistical software like SPSS version 25 and Microsoft excel. The study showed that 33.6% respondents were overweight, 19.4% were obese and 46.9% were normal according to BMI. Waist Hip Ratio shows that (46.9%) of the respondents had Moderate health risk, (20.3%) were in high health risk and 32.7% were normal in healthy range. Waist Circumference shows that out of total respondents 33.9% had increased risk of metabolic complications among Male (14.6%) and Female (19.2%). 61% of respondents were at the substantially increased risk of metabolic complications, Male (11.3%) and Female (49.7%). Factor such as Calories intake (P=0.00), fat intake (P=0.00), Gender (P=0.002), Ethnicity (P=0.00), Education level (P=0.00), Religion (P=0.000), Meal Intakes (P=0.00), Skipping Meals (P=0.00), carbohydrate intake (P=0.00), protein intake (P=0.00), were found to be statistically significant with Nutritional Status according to WHR. Factor such as Carbohydrate intake (P=0.019), Protein intake (P=0.00), were found to be statistically significant with Nutritional Status according to BMI. Majority of elderly lacto-vegetarian respondents were overweight and obese according to BMI and WHR shows health risk as well. Associated factors of Nutritional status are Gender, Religion, Ethnicity, Education level, Calories, Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrate.