The present study was conducted to detect the contamination levels of some mycotoxin (Afla, Orra, and T2 toxins) in broiler feed by using the ELISA test. Twenty feed samples (500gm/ton for each sample) were collected randomly from broiler flocks feeds which are located in Misan province. The present study was conducted to detect the contamination levels of some mycotoxin (Afla, Orra, and T2 toxins) in broiler feed by using the ELISA test. Twenty feed samples (500gm/ton for each sample) were collected randomly from broilers flock feeds which are located in Misan province. The results revealed aflatoxin contamination in 15 (75%) and only (5) samples were free of aflatoxin. The levels of contamination ranged from 0.1 to 28.5 ppb, and only three (15%) of the aflatoxin-contaminated samples exceeded the US-FDA allowed limits. In terms of Orcha toxins, the findings of the examination revealed that contamination occurred in 7(35%) samples out of a total of 20, while 13 samples were clear of Orcha toxins, with contamination levels ranging from (o.4-34.4) ppb. The levels of ochratoxin in broiler feed did not exceed the European Commission's permissible limits, while T2 toxins were found in 8(40 %) samples and (12) samples were free of T2 toxins, with contamination levels ranging from (3.4-158.3) ppr, and the amount of T2 toxin in (2) samples (10%) exceeded the permissible limits.

Zambia faces a paradoxical situation where the country achieves national food security through surplus agricultural production, yet significant portions of its population experience food insecurity at the household level. This disconnect arises from systemic issues such as socioeconomic disparities, inequities in food distribution, and climate vulnerabilities. Understanding and addressing this paradox is essential for ensuring that food security is both inclusive and sustainable. This study analyses the factors contributing to Zambia's national food security alongside the persistent household-level food insecurity. It seeks to identify the disconnects between policy and implementation, explore structural and social barriers, and propose actionable recommendations for bridging the gap. The study synthesizes data from academic literature, national reports, and global food security indices by adopting a review-based approach. Case studies from both rural and urban settings provide contextual insights, while comparative analysis with other countries offers a broader perspective. The analysis is guided by a framework encompassing the key dimensions of food security: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. The findings indicate that while robust agricultural outputs and strategic policies strengthen Zambia’s national food security, household-level food insecurity persists due to poverty, limited market access, and inadequate social protection measures. Structural inefficiencies, post-harvest losses, and climatic risks further exacerbate these challenges. There is a significant need to align national food security policies with grassroots realities to ensure equitable outcomes. To address this paradox, the study recommends promoting climate-resilient farming practices, enhancing food distribution systems, and prioritizing smallholder farmers in policy frameworks. Social protection programs must be expanded to cover the most vulnerable populations, while community-based initiatives can foster local solutions to food insecurity. Bridging the gap will require coordinated efforts among government, civil society, and private sector stakeholders. This study underscores the importance of inclusive food systems to achieve equitable and sustainable food security in Zambia.

Previous studies have reported a positive influence of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on plants, the present effort was conducted to investigate the impact of two distinct concentrations of biosynthesized zirconium oxide nanoparticles (75 and 150 mg L-1) on the physiological and antioxidant responses of Vicia faba Plants. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) were synthesized using Matricaria chamomilla L. plant extracts. And their morphology and extent were determined Using X-Ray Diffraction and Transmission electron microscopy The diffuse reflectance spectra were measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy, the response of V. faba plants to foliar sprays regarding concentrations of (0, 75 and 150 Mg / l-1) M-ZrO2NPs was studied. The largest concentrations of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids. Total pigments were documented in plants receiving 75mg / l-1 of M-ZrO2NPs associated to the control, secondary metabolite (Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Tannins) were gathered in response to M-ZrO2NPs treatment Glycosides, Terpenoid, Alkaloids (Mayer reagent) and Fuocoumarins. Moreover Tannins, Resins and Saponins, in addition to the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, rose by about two-fold in plant exposed to M-ZrO2NPs compared to control plants. The nitrogen, phosphorus, the contents of bean plants in terms also potassium, calcium, zinc, iron were noted in response to two applied quantities of M-ZrO2NPs. Spraying shrubberies by 75 Mg /l-1 of M-ZrO2NPs promoted plant development in addition to the buildup of antioxidants, osmolytes, and secondary metabolites that can help plants cope with the harmful consequences of environmental stress.

The object of the research was to determine the adverse effects of different concentrations of nickel chloride and cobalt chloride (10, 20, and 30) mg/L for a month on the physiological characteristics of Myriophyllum verticillatum and Schoenoplectus litoralis as well as assess the concentration of total chlorophyll and protein content. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of the components increased at the end of the investigation in the water plants used for the examination as compared with the control sample, in addition to a decrease in the protein and chlorophyll levels of the water plants exposed to the effects of heavy metal.

Ethnoveterinary practices, particularly the use of wild medicinal plants, play a significant role in animal healthcare in many rural communities of Malawi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. These traditional practices provide affordable and culturally relevant alternatives to conventional veterinary medicine, especially where access to modern animal healthcare is limited. However, despite their potential, limited documentation and systematic evaluation of these practices pose challenges for their integration into broader animal health strategies and conservation efforts. This critical review aims to synthesize available knowledge on wild medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine across the three countries, focusing on plant species, preparation methods, dosage, and efficacy. The methodology involved a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were applied to identify studies documenting traditional uses, plant preparation, dosage, and efficacy. Data extraction focused on key plant species, ethnoveterinary applications, preparation techniques, and reported effectiveness. Findings reveal a diverse range of wild plants utilized for treating various animal health issues, such as gastrointestinal disorders, wounds, and parasitic infections. Preparation methods often include decoctions, infusions, and topical applications. While many plants are reputed to have high efficacy, scientific validation remains limited for many species. The review underscores the need for further pharmacological studies and policy measures to protect traditional knowledge and biodiversity. This study highlights the critical role of ethnoveterinary practices in enhancing animal health and emphasizes the need to integrate traditional and modern approaches, promoting conservation and sustainable utilization of wild medicinal plant resources.

Climate models have become an important tool in understanding as well as projecting future climate conditions. They thus become very critical to decision-making processes, especially in mitigation and adaptation strategies. This paper provides a general overview of methodologies that are applied in climate modeling, its validation, and uncertainty mapping, notably their strengths, limitations, and challenges. The paper takes the reader through all the intricacies associated with the modeling of climate systems: global circulation models, regional climate models, and statistical downscaling. Much emphasis is given to the issue of model choice depending on the research objectives and spatial scales. Thorough model validation is considered, emphasizing that observational data forms the core and good quality and availability are issues. Climate modeling should incorporate uncertainty quantification as a core activity. This paper debates estimation and representation techniques of model uncertainties applied, such as probabilistic approaches, sensitivity analysis, and ensemble modeling. Introduce an idea called here uncertainty mapping, as a means of communicating the climate-related risks. This paper sets this tone by asserting that uncertainties in climate modeling have to be communicated as clearly as possible to decision-makers. No matter how intrinsically complex and limited they are, climate models represent, by themselves, very valuable means for the task of estimating the probable futures of climates. This quest ranges from enhancing model accuracy to ever-lowering estimates of uncertainties, all impelled by new advances made in computational powers and deeper insights into the climate systems.

The Lion's Mane mushroom, which has the scientific name Hericium erinaceus, can be defined as a medicinal fungus type. For very long time, it has been utilized in the conventional medicine in Asia for a variety of purposes. In the past few years, there had been a great deal of interest directed towards potential benefits to the health, which could be provided by this unique type of mushroom in particular, when it comes to the treatment of various diseases. The concentration will be focused on examining the way that Hericium erinaceus as well as its bioactive elements could be utilized for therapeutic purposes within the area od disease control. This review states the possible Hericium erinaceus advantages in cases that are related to some health issues, such as metabolic problems, gastrointestinal diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and immune system problems. In addition to that, the present paper discusses the work that is used for providing the therapeutic effects. It is stated that some of the characteristics of the Hericium erinaceus include having anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-oxidant, and immune-modulatory effects. Even though more studies are needed for detailed understanding of all the mechanisms that are involved in its activities, presenting evidences that strongly suggest possible Hericium erinaceus uses as one of the natural cures for a variety of illnesses, it is known as well in some cases as lion's mane mushroom, which fungus type that comes with extensive history and many potential advantages. As a result of its distinctive morphology, including bio-active compounds, in addition to its conventional uses have combined to the generation of much interest in a variety of areas. More research is needed for full understanding of the way that it works for the therapeutic applications and its potential implementations in the area of nutrition, cooking, and medicine. The cultivation of Hericium erinaceus might be viewed as an activity of conservation and business production.