Previous studies have reported a positive influence of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on plants, the present effort was conducted to investigate the impact of two distinct concentrations of biosynthesized zirconium oxide nanoparticles (75 and 150 mg L-1) on the physiological and antioxidant responses of Vicia faba Plants. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) were synthesized using Matricaria chamomilla L. plant extracts. And their morphology and extent were determined Using X-Ray Diffraction and Transmission electron microscopy The diffuse reflectance spectra were measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy, the response of V. faba plants to foliar sprays regarding concentrations of (0, 75 and 150 Mg / l-1) M-ZrO2NPs was studied. The largest concentrations of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids. Total pigments were documented in plants receiving 75mg / l-1 of M-ZrO2NPs associated to the control, secondary metabolite (Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Tannins) were gathered in response to M-ZrO2NPs treatment Glycosides, Terpenoid, Alkaloids (Mayer reagent) and Fuocoumarins. Moreover Tannins, Resins and Saponins, in addition to the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, rose by about two-fold in plant exposed to M-ZrO2NPs compared to control plants. The nitrogen, phosphorus, the contents of bean plants in terms also potassium, calcium, zinc, iron were noted in response to two applied quantities of M-ZrO2NPs. Spraying shrubberies by 75 Mg /l-1 of M-ZrO2NPs promoted plant development in addition to the buildup of antioxidants, osmolytes, and secondary metabolites that can help plants cope with the harmful consequences of environmental stress.

The object of the research was to determine the adverse effects of different concentrations of nickel chloride and cobalt chloride (10, 20, and 30) mg/L for a month on the physiological characteristics of Myriophyllum verticillatum and Schoenoplectus litoralis as well as assess the concentration of total chlorophyll and protein content. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of the components increased at the end of the investigation in the water plants used for the examination as compared with the control sample, in addition to a decrease in the protein and chlorophyll levels of the water plants exposed to the effects of heavy metal.

Ethnoveterinary practices, particularly the use of wild medicinal plants, play a significant role in animal healthcare in many rural communities of Malawi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. These traditional practices provide affordable and culturally relevant alternatives to conventional veterinary medicine, especially where access to modern animal healthcare is limited. However, despite their potential, limited documentation and systematic evaluation of these practices pose challenges for their integration into broader animal health strategies and conservation efforts. This critical review aims to synthesize available knowledge on wild medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine across the three countries, focusing on plant species, preparation methods, dosage, and efficacy. The methodology involved a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were applied to identify studies documenting traditional uses, plant preparation, dosage, and efficacy. Data extraction focused on key plant species, ethnoveterinary applications, preparation techniques, and reported effectiveness. Findings reveal a diverse range of wild plants utilized for treating various animal health issues, such as gastrointestinal disorders, wounds, and parasitic infections. Preparation methods often include decoctions, infusions, and topical applications. While many plants are reputed to have high efficacy, scientific validation remains limited for many species. The review underscores the need for further pharmacological studies and policy measures to protect traditional knowledge and biodiversity. This study highlights the critical role of ethnoveterinary practices in enhancing animal health and emphasizes the need to integrate traditional and modern approaches, promoting conservation and sustainable utilization of wild medicinal plant resources.

Climate models have become an important tool in understanding as well as projecting future climate conditions. They thus become very critical to decision-making processes, especially in mitigation and adaptation strategies. This paper provides a general overview of methodologies that are applied in climate modeling, its validation, and uncertainty mapping, notably their strengths, limitations, and challenges. The paper takes the reader through all the intricacies associated with the modeling of climate systems: global circulation models, regional climate models, and statistical downscaling. Much emphasis is given to the issue of model choice depending on the research objectives and spatial scales. Thorough model validation is considered, emphasizing that observational data forms the core and good quality and availability are issues. Climate modeling should incorporate uncertainty quantification as a core activity. This paper debates estimation and representation techniques of model uncertainties applied, such as probabilistic approaches, sensitivity analysis, and ensemble modeling. Introduce an idea called here uncertainty mapping, as a means of communicating the climate-related risks. This paper sets this tone by asserting that uncertainties in climate modeling have to be communicated as clearly as possible to decision-makers. No matter how intrinsically complex and limited they are, climate models represent, by themselves, very valuable means for the task of estimating the probable futures of climates. This quest ranges from enhancing model accuracy to ever-lowering estimates of uncertainties, all impelled by new advances made in computational powers and deeper insights into the climate systems.

The Lion's Mane mushroom, which has the scientific name Hericium erinaceus, can be defined as a medicinal fungus type. For very long time, it has been utilized in the conventional medicine in Asia for a variety of purposes. In the past few years, there had been a great deal of interest directed towards potential benefits to the health, which could be provided by this unique type of mushroom in particular, when it comes to the treatment of various diseases. The concentration will be focused on examining the way that Hericium erinaceus as well as its bioactive elements could be utilized for therapeutic purposes within the area od disease control. This review states the possible Hericium erinaceus advantages in cases that are related to some health issues, such as metabolic problems, gastrointestinal diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and immune system problems. In addition to that, the present paper discusses the work that is used for providing the therapeutic effects. It is stated that some of the characteristics of the Hericium erinaceus include having anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-oxidant, and immune-modulatory effects. Even though more studies are needed for detailed understanding of all the mechanisms that are involved in its activities, presenting evidences that strongly suggest possible Hericium erinaceus uses as one of the natural cures for a variety of illnesses, it is known as well in some cases as lion's mane mushroom, which fungus type that comes with extensive history and many potential advantages. As a result of its distinctive morphology, including bio-active compounds, in addition to its conventional uses have combined to the generation of much interest in a variety of areas. More research is needed for full understanding of the way that it works for the therapeutic applications and its potential implementations in the area of nutrition, cooking, and medicine. The cultivation of Hericium erinaceus might be viewed as an activity of conservation and business production.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of manganese and zinc chloride (10, 20, and 30 mg/L) on the physiological traits of Schoenoplectus litoralis and Myriophyllum verticillatum, as well as to measure the levels of total chlorophyll and protein content. The study was conducted for one month. The research results demonstrated that the water plants used for the investigation had higher component concentrations at the conclusion of the investigation when compared to the control sample. Additionally, the water plants exposed to the effects of heavy metals had lower levels of protein and chlorophyll.

This study was determine effect different concentrations of heavy element salts on physiological status of aquatic plants Schoenoplectus litoralis and Elodea Canadensis. It was used three different concentrations of zink chloride and manganese chloride (10, 20, 30 ppm) for a month in order to measure the amount of total chlorophyll and its protein content. The results of the investigation showed that, in contrast to the control sample, the concentrations of the components in the water plants used in the analysis rose near the end of the investigation. The effects of heavy metal exposure on the protein and chlorophyll levels of water plants were studied.