The experiment was conducted on the land of Al-Mussaib Technical Institute - Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University in the winter season 2024-2025 to study the effect of spraying humic at three concentrations (2, 1, 0) L. dunum-1 and the effect of seaweed at three concentrations (150, 100, 0) mg. L-1. The experiment was conducted using a factorial experiment method that followed the RCBD design. The averages were compared using the LSD test at a 5% level of significance. A number of physical and chemical parameters, including bulk density, soil moisture, soil salinity, soil interaction, growth indicators, plant height, flag leaf area, number of ears, and total yield, were found to rise significantly when humic spraying was used. The treatment was given (humic spraying 2 liters. dunam-1) The highest averages in the aforementioned soil characteristics and crop growth indicators were obtained sequentially, while the treatment (spraying seaweed extracts (150 mg.L-1) The highest averages were in the aforementioned soil characteristics and yield growth indicators, respectively. The combination of the intervention (humic spraying 2 litres. dunam-1 and spraying seaweed extracts 150 mg. litre-1) also gave the highest averages above.

Background: Musca domestica is a cosmopolitan public health and agricultural pest that is known to be a carrier of multiple pathogens and cause economic losses in production of animals. Objective: The current research paper examined Bacillus sphaericus isolates as Larvicidal agents in larvae of M. domestica as a third instar organism under controlled laboratory environments. Methodology: There were five concentrations of B. sphaericus spores (1×10⁴ - 1×108 spores/ml), positive (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) and negative (sterile water) controls, and 600 larvae in total. Results: Larval death mortality was observed to take place at 24, 48, and 72 hr within the treatment period and was corrected by Abbott and probability analysis, ANOVA. Findings showed definite dose-dependent effect. At 72 hr, mortality was 20% at 1×10⁴ spores/ml to 95% spores/ml 1×108 to the negative control of 4% mortality. Positive control group mortality after 72 hr was 92%. The LC50 and LC90 were estimated to be 3.2×106 and 1.1×107 spores/ml respectively by Probit. Significant changes among treatments were established with statistical tests (F= 46.3, p<0.001). Conclusion: B. sphaericus has high larvicidal activity against M. domestica and this is similar to commercial reference strains. The study presumes that B. sphaericus can serve as a safe biocontrol agent that is environmentally friendly and could help eliminate the usage of chemical pesticide and may be included in an integrated pest management program.

Reproduction is considered the means through which genetic material is transferred from one generation to another, and since the reproductive rate determines the success or failure of breeding systems, attention must be directed toward the reproductive system of males and females and improving productive and reproductive efficiency, thus it represents a biological and economic challenge. The aim of this article is to clarify the complex relationship between three main factors: nutrition (which leads to negative energy balance), stress (which leads to oxidative stress), and the hormone melatonin and its role as a molecular protective mediator. Research has reported that after calving, negative energy balance negatively affects reproductive hormones. Recently, the resumption of reproduction is associated with metabolic and heat stress that increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus causing oxidative stress that leads to oocyte damage. Here we highlight melatonin hormone, due to its antioxidant properties, as a defensive mechanism to reduce oxidative effects and improve oocyte and ovarian function. Understanding the mechanism of these three factors is important for improving modern nutritional and management strategies to enhance reproduction and productivity in the herd.

Samples of Mentha (Mentha spp.) were studied to assess the genetic and phenotypic variability among eight genotypes grown from ten locations in Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq. Genetic resemblance, genetic divergence and gene diversity based on RAPD technique: Analysis were estimated. A total of seventeen random primers were assayed, and only five gave reproducible PCR amplification profiles that are shown in the data analysis. Altogether 62 of the 86 DNA fragments were polymorphic by these primers and the percentage of polymorphism was 72.1%, which suggested that there was abundant genetic diversity within genotypes. The primer OPH-17 showed the highest level of discrimination (45%) and OPJ-01 was monomorphic. At the morphological level, the genotypes displayed clear differences in traits such as leaf shape, color, venation pattern, and growth density, reflecting underlying genetic variation. Cluster analysis using the UPGMA algorithm classified the genotype into two main genetic groups. The genetic distance between the genotype ranged from 0.1000 to 0.4010, which showed significant variability in genetic relation. These findings confirmed the effectiveness of RAPD markers in marking mentha genotypes and identifying primers which act as molecular markers in reproductive programs. In addition, the results emphasize, while supporting the value in improving this medical and culinary system, the usefulness of this technique for assessing the genetic relationship between mentha population in different places.

One of the most serious limiting factors to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) production in arid and semi-arid areas is drought stress. This paper has examined the elastic co-action of nano-ascorbic acid (nano-AsA) and green-synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) applied as a folaric acid on cowpea growth, physiology, and yield during varying irrigation regimes. The experiment was a field experiment that was performed during summer in the year 2024 in Najaf, Iraq and was split-plot in nature with three replications. Irrigation treatments included 50% (I₁), 60% (I₂), and 70% (I₃) depletion of available soil water, while foliar treatments consisted of distilled water (T₀), nano-AsA (50 mg L⁻¹; T₁), green-synthesized FeNPs (50 mg L⁻¹; T₂), and their combination (T₃). The FeNPs were synthesized through the green synthesis, which is environmentally friendly using the Moringa oleifera leaf extract, whereas the nano-AsA was synthesized by the ultrasonication. Findings revealed that the drought stress seriously diminished the height of plants, leaf area, number of pods and seeds per plant, dry biomass, and grain yield and increased proline content and activity of peroxidase. Application of nano-AsA and FeNPs (particularly their combination) alleviated the negative impact of drought through the promotion of antioxidant defenses, vegetative growth, and reproduction. Combined treatment (T 3) was always better than the individual application which led to delayed flowering, high biomass, and yield stability at stress levels. The results of the study indicate the possibility of combining nano-AsA and green-synthesized FeNPs as a new and greener approach to enhancing drought resistance and sustainable cowpea growth.

Objective: The aim of the current search is to determine the DNA fingerprinting and genetic distance of eight varieties (Sham6, Sham9, Ibaa99, Fayyad, bohoth22, Nizar, Buro, Nazar) of local bread wheat grown in Tikrit city using RAPD -PCR Markers. Materials and Methods of Work: DNA was extracted from the young leaves of the samples after (15) days of cultivation. The concentration and purity of the DNA were measured, and RAPD-PCR indicators were applied to the DNA of the eight varieties using (23) primers. The results sample were transferred on electrophoresis, exposed to ultraviolet light The gel was photographed, and the images were transferred for statistical analysis. Results: The primers used produced (591) band, of which (96) were general band and (495) were different band. A genetic fingerprint was established for most of the genotypes, characterized by a number of distinctive bands totaling (43), of which (30) were unique and (13) were absent. The Sham 9 G2 variety had the high number of unique bonds, reaching (7) bands, The Nizar G8 variety had the fewest, possessing only one unique band. As for the absent bands, Own the Bohoth 22G3 variant with the high number of bands, reaching (3) bands. In contrast, the Sham 6 G1 variety absent bands. The primers varied in size, resulting in band sizes ranging from 100 to 2500 bp. The genetic distance values ranged (0.275 - 0.664), where the lowest genetic distance was between the two varieties, Inaa 99 G3 and Al-Nizar G6, If the ratio appears as 0.275, a considered the greatest similarity between the two types included in the search. As for the highest genetic distance, it reached 0.664 between the two varieties, Buhouth 22 G5 and Al-Buro G7 the lowest similarity. Conclusion: The varieties were characterized by high genetic variation among and distinctive (unique and absent) bands. The RAPD markers showed high efficiency in determining the genetic fingerprint and genetic distance of the studied genetic structures.

This study was carried out to examine the effect of changes in the β-lactoglobin EXON2 gene on the performance of Awassi ewes. The extracted 471-bp exon 2 gene of the β-lactoglobulin gene was utilized to determine the genotype of the gene that related to milk quantity and composition in the sample studied using the nucleotide sequence variations and their association. Most SNP1 alleles in the Kreshi ewes sample was (AG) genotype (56%), and the (GG) genotype (44%). An important impact (p<0.05) of SNP1 on milk lactose was observed in the (GG) genotype with the effect being (4.72±0.16) compared to (4.40±0.03) in the AG genotype. The other qualities that were tested did not demonstrate any major effects.