According to our research, liquorice leaves (Glycyrrhiza glabra) have stomata that are capable of secreting salt crystals. Although their population grows well, salt excretion should theoretically interfere with the stomata's regular function and thus G. glabra's growth and development. We have a suspicion that the interchange of gases from the leaves in various places and the excretion of salt in the stomata may be mutually exclusive. Thus, we examined the chlorophyll content, anatomical structure, net photosynthetic rate, conductivity, and salt excretion capability of the stomata from leaves at various liquorice locations. The arrangement of the mesophyll cells in the upper leaves was the densest, while the lower leaves had the lowest density. The stomata of the lower leaves demonstrated the strongest capacity to secrete salt, but the stomata of the higher leaves did not produce any salt. Since the stomata in the upper leaves had the highest rate of net photosynthesis and conduction and the stomata in the lower leaves had the lowest, we can conclude that the upper leaves' stomata are primarily used for gas exchange, whereas the lower leaves' stomata exhibit impaired representation. Excess salt is eliminated through photosynthesis.

A case study was conducted on the potential pollution in the soils surrounding three industrial facilities in Wasit City, Iraq. This includes the Zubaidiya Thermal Power Plant, the Textile Factory in Kut, and the Brick Factories in the Hai region, examining the impact of emissions resulting from incomplete fuel combustion and their liquid waste discharged into the river from these sources on the surrounding areas in terms of heavy metal pollution in the soil, such as titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), and barium (Ba). Soil samples were collected from distances ranging between 0-500 meters and depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm near the pollution source to assess pollution levels based on global soil pollution standards. Comparison samples were also obtained 4 kilometers away from the pollution source at both depths, with three replicates for each site in October and March of 2023. In general, this indicates that industrial sites have an impact on pollution of the environment because the study found that the total concentration of heavy metals in soils affected by residues from these sites was higher than in control soils. When comparing the concentrations of heavy elements in the soil for October samples with the world average according to Kabata 2011, we found that the elements Iron, Gallium, and Rubidium were close to the world average, as well as the element Bromine, except for the first depth in the soil contaminated with the brick factory, where it was higher than the average. As for the elements Titanium, Arsenic, Strontium, Yttrium, and Molybdenum, their concentrations exceeded the world average, whether in the comparison soil or the contaminated soil. As for the elements Zirconium and Barium, they were lower than the world average, despite the fact that the concentrations in the contaminated soil were higher than the control samples, but their concentrations were lower than the average, according to Kabata 2011. As for the March samples, they followed the same trend as the October samples, indicating the extent of the contribution of pollution sources to the increase in concentrations of heavy elements in the soil in particular and the environment in general.

The inhibitory activity of the flour substance attached to the growing tip of the palm tree and the pomegranate peel substance was tested on the spores of the fungus Curvularia clavata. The results showed a high percentage of the effect of the two substances on the fungus spores. A concentration of 1 g/L gave a higher effect on the fungus spores, while pomegranate peels gave a concentration of 10 g/L. The effect of both was significant, especially at the two mentioned concentrations compared to the control treatment, as the yellow substance treatment gave a greater effect when compared to the pomegranate peel treatment. Time also affected the spores of the fungus, especially on the seventh day. In addition, it was noted through the results that there were significant differences in the interaction of time with the treatments, especially in the yellow substance treatment and the pomegranate peel treatment compared to the control. The same is the case when the interaction of time with the concentrations gave a significant effect, especially at the concentration of 10 g/L. The interaction of the treatments with the concentrations gave great results in the effect between the treatments and concentrations, especially the yellow substance treatment, as well as the Pomegranate peels when compared to the control, in addition to the interaction between the experimental factors had a significant effect on the bactericidal effect of C.clavata compared to the control treatment.

The present study was conducted to detect the contamination levels of some mycotoxin (Afla, Orra, and T2 toxins) in broiler feed by using the ELISA test. Twenty feed samples (500gm/ton for each sample) were collected randomly from broiler flocks feeds which are located in Misan province. The present study was conducted to detect the contamination levels of some mycotoxin (Afla, Orra, and T2 toxins) in broiler feed by using the ELISA test. Twenty feed samples (500gm/ton for each sample) were collected randomly from broilers flock feeds which are located in Misan province. The results revealed aflatoxin contamination in 15 (75%) and only (5) samples were free of aflatoxin. The levels of contamination ranged from 0.1 to 28.5 ppb, and only three (15%) of the aflatoxin-contaminated samples exceeded the US-FDA allowed limits. In terms of Orcha toxins, the findings of the examination revealed that contamination occurred in 7(35%) samples out of a total of 20, while 13 samples were clear of Orcha toxins, with contamination levels ranging from (o.4-34.4) ppb. The levels of ochratoxin in broiler feed did not exceed the European Commission's permissible limits, while T2 toxins were found in 8(40 %) samples and (12) samples were free of T2 toxins, with contamination levels ranging from (3.4-158.3) ppr, and the amount of T2 toxin in (2) samples (10%) exceeded the permissible limits.

Zambia faces a paradoxical situation where the country achieves national food security through surplus agricultural production, yet significant portions of its population experience food insecurity at the household level. This disconnect arises from systemic issues such as socioeconomic disparities, inequities in food distribution, and climate vulnerabilities. Understanding and addressing this paradox is essential for ensuring that food security is both inclusive and sustainable. This study analyses the factors contributing to Zambia's national food security alongside the persistent household-level food insecurity. It seeks to identify the disconnects between policy and implementation, explore structural and social barriers, and propose actionable recommendations for bridging the gap. The study synthesizes data from academic literature, national reports, and global food security indices by adopting a review-based approach. Case studies from both rural and urban settings provide contextual insights, while comparative analysis with other countries offers a broader perspective. The analysis is guided by a framework encompassing the key dimensions of food security: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. The findings indicate that while robust agricultural outputs and strategic policies strengthen Zambia’s national food security, household-level food insecurity persists due to poverty, limited market access, and inadequate social protection measures. Structural inefficiencies, post-harvest losses, and climatic risks further exacerbate these challenges. There is a significant need to align national food security policies with grassroots realities to ensure equitable outcomes. To address this paradox, the study recommends promoting climate-resilient farming practices, enhancing food distribution systems, and prioritizing smallholder farmers in policy frameworks. Social protection programs must be expanded to cover the most vulnerable populations, while community-based initiatives can foster local solutions to food insecurity. Bridging the gap will require coordinated efforts among government, civil society, and private sector stakeholders. This study underscores the importance of inclusive food systems to achieve equitable and sustainable food security in Zambia.

Previous studies have reported a positive influence of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on plants, the present effort was conducted to investigate the impact of two distinct concentrations of biosynthesized zirconium oxide nanoparticles (75 and 150 mg L-1) on the physiological and antioxidant responses of Vicia faba Plants. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) were synthesized using Matricaria chamomilla L. plant extracts. And their morphology and extent were determined Using X-Ray Diffraction and Transmission electron microscopy The diffuse reflectance spectra were measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy, the response of V. faba plants to foliar sprays regarding concentrations of (0, 75 and 150 Mg / l-1) M-ZrO2NPs was studied. The largest concentrations of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids. Total pigments were documented in plants receiving 75mg / l-1 of M-ZrO2NPs associated to the control, secondary metabolite (Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Tannins) were gathered in response to M-ZrO2NPs treatment Glycosides, Terpenoid, Alkaloids (Mayer reagent) and Fuocoumarins. Moreover Tannins, Resins and Saponins, in addition to the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, rose by about two-fold in plant exposed to M-ZrO2NPs compared to control plants. The nitrogen, phosphorus, the contents of bean plants in terms also potassium, calcium, zinc, iron were noted in response to two applied quantities of M-ZrO2NPs. Spraying shrubberies by 75 Mg /l-1 of M-ZrO2NPs promoted plant development in addition to the buildup of antioxidants, osmolytes, and secondary metabolites that can help plants cope with the harmful consequences of environmental stress.

The object of the research was to determine the adverse effects of different concentrations of nickel chloride and cobalt chloride (10, 20, and 30) mg/L for a month on the physiological characteristics of Myriophyllum verticillatum and Schoenoplectus litoralis as well as assess the concentration of total chlorophyll and protein content. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of the components increased at the end of the investigation in the water plants used for the examination as compared with the control sample, in addition to a decrease in the protein and chlorophyll levels of the water plants exposed to the effects of heavy metal.