Fig (Ficus sp.) belongs to tropical and subtropical climates which have great potential for the commercial cultivation. Cutting is the most common and effective method of propagation for figs which is influenced by different exogenous and endogenous factors. In this light, a study was conducted to observe the responses of stem cutting of fig (Ficus sp.) of one exotic and two indigenous varieties (Teen- Ficus carica; wild fig- Ficus hispida and joggo fig- Ficus racemosa) in respect of duration of shade and anatomical status of stem. The study was laid in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors (duration of shade and cultivars) and three replications of the treatments. The four different treatments of shade duration were as T1= open or control, T2=3 days of shading, T3= 6 days of shading and T4= 9 days of shading. Data were collected on root and sprout growth of the cuttings at weekly interval from two weeks of planting the cuttings in sand filled plastic cups. When the duration of shading increased, the teen (Ficus carica) showed the longest sprout (1.59 mm) and root (2 mm) as well as maximum number of root (5.67) and sprout (2.33). Better rooting performance was found in teen and it was very low in wild fig. A relationship between rooting performance and anatomical structure was clearly observed in this study. Long period of shading has positive effect on number and length of sprout in teen and wild fig. On the other hand, short period of shading minimized the days required for sprouting in teen Presence of thin cuticle, thin trichome and the absence of druses crystal in ground tissue and medulla also enhanced the performance of stem cutting of teen.

Malting barley is barley that will produce high quality malt. It is a specialty crop for which a premium price is paid by domestic maltters and exporters. Quality requirements for malting barley are reasonably strict and are directly related to processing efficiency and product quality in the malting and brewing industries. Many of the characteristics required are under the control of the producer. Others are determined by weather conditions during the growing and harvesting season. So this trial was conducted on eleven improved malt barley varieties at Fitche Agricultural Research Center for two consecutive years with the objective to identify adaptable, stable, high yielding and its malting potential. The experiment was layout in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Nine agronomic traits data and four major malt quality parameters were evaluated. Analysis of variance detected significant difference among varieties for most observed traits both separated and combined analysis. Observation attained significant differences over years and locations for most traits. The combine ANOVA and the AMMI analysis for grain yield across environments revealed significantly affected by environments that hold 40.42% of the total variation. Genotype and genotype by environmental interaction were significant and accounted 38.11 % and 19.10 % respectively. Principal component 1 and 2 accounted 10. 9 % and 4.19 % of the GEI respectively with a total of 15.09 % variation, the interaction effect of variety by year and variety by location imposed significant effect on most traits. Among evaluated varieties; Singiten and EH1847 had significantly higher mean value of grain yield. Malt quality parameters were conducted in the laboratory of Food Technology and Process Engineering at Holleta Agricultural research center. The mean values of malt quality parameter had malt hot water extract, malt Friability, malt protein content and malt beta-glucan, 78.32%, 58.42%, 10.27% and 492.13mg/L respectively. The results obtained showed that most malt quality had differences among the varieties and some of the results found were within the acceptable limit of EBC (European Brewery Convention) standard even if a single variety may not fulfill all the quality requirements. Based on these findings, the Traveler and the HB1963 varieties fulfill some of the quality parameters that are specified in the EBC range.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensitive, specific, and quick detection of FMD virus antigens and antibodies is an essential corner stone diagnostic tool at each tier of control strategy. Continued development of molecular and genetic technologies combined with novel analytical techniques will benefit many areas of FMD research and understanding. Genome sequencing provides excellent insight into the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of such viruses. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enables evolutionary studies of the entire viral swarm. Sequencing technologies have advanced uses of viral genomic data; which helps to understand the global distribution and Trans-boundary movements of Foot-and-mouth virus disease. Also sequencing information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains; therefore, the aim of this review is to assess various diagnostic techniques including conventional and advanced techniques both from agent and host response sides. Among the agent side virus isolation, RT-PCR, antigen ELISA and immune-chromatography strips are commonly used diagnostic tests. Whereas from the host side: infrared thermo gram, antibody ELISA and Virus neutralization are some mentions. Owing to current technological advancement: DNA sequencing and microarray, expressing a luciferase reporter and quantitative proteomics were reviewed. Therefore, potential confirmatory diagnostic test should be in combination with each other.

Background: Nanoparticles, due to their small size and large surface area, have unique physicochemical properties that make them attractive for a wide range of industrial, medical, agricultural application. Objective: To prepare a novel nanoparticles from olive leaf extract and copper oxide and test its physiological effect of strawberry plants. Materials and Methods: Olive leaves extract was prepared according to a certain protocol, and the green nanoparticles were synthesized by coordination this extract with copper oxide. Characterization was done using many techniques such as FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD to identify the new copper nanoparticles. Different concentrations were prepared of CuONPs (10%, 20%, and 30%). Results: The FTIR spectrum shows peaks which confirm the coordination of olive leaves extract with the copper ion, while UV-Vis spectrum shows peaksthat confirm the formation of copper nanoparticles, the SEM shows the homogeneity of the nanoparticle that was confirmed by XRD spectrum and dataUsing30% (C3) give best seedling leaf length, and number of fruitswhile number of leaves are best in 20% (C2) compared to other concentrations. While the highest value in the number of flowers in treatmentof bio fertilizer. Best concentration of DNA appears in C3 (134.7) while best DNA purity is found on C2 (20%). The chlorophyll was also measured using SPADwhich show optimum with C3 (30%). Conclusions: Using30% (C3) give best seedling leaf length, number of fruits and chlorophyll while number of leaves are best in 20% (C2).

The custard fruit contains a high percentage of antioxidants. Cream contains antioxidants that fight free radicals in the body. As is known, high levels of free radicals can cause oxidative stress associated with many chronic diseases such as cancer. Studies have confirmed that the peel and pulp of the cream fruit are excellent sources of antioxidants, in addition to the presence of other compounds in the peel that are particularly effective in preventing oxidative damage. However, eating the crust of the cream is not recommended due to some health concerns.

Hausa land lies within the North-West of Nigeria and the southern part of Niger. Despite the low nature of rainfall distribution and the insistent drought which befell the zone, there exist streams, rivers, and lakes, which traverse the area. These water phenomena are filled up with water during the rainy season. This provides quite a good number of fishing grounds stocked with freshwater fish. Examples include among others, the river Rima, Haɗejiya, and the river Niger which entered into Nigeria at Bahindi, having crossed several West African countries. The natural lakes that exist include the Nato, Kalmalo, and Saru, to mention but a few. There are also several man-made dams, examples of which include among others, Bakalori, Goronyo, and Kainji. Smaller earth dams also abound. The availability of fishery resources paved the way for fishing activities to strive in Hausa land. Hausa professional fishermen ‘Sarkawa’ put into practice some cultural traits among which is the ‘tsaraka’, a good luck charm that they prepare to solicit for luck and success of getting a good catch during fishing expeditions. It is this culture of ‘tsaraka’ practiced by the ‘Sarkawa’ (professional fishermen) while executing ‘sarkanci’ (professional fishing) that this paper explored and analyzed. The primary information is sourced directly from Sarkawa through a survey. Obtained data is completely analyzed and discussed. The paper has found out that despite deep acceptance and practice of Islam as the religion of ‘Sarkawa’, up to the present time, various forms of good luck charms are still being prepared and put to use by the Hausa Fishermen, to invite luck and enhance good catch while fishing.

Industries that used nanoparticles has wide applications, among them are; in the production of cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, therapies, and much more. Plants, algae, or microorganisms can be used in the synthesis nanoparticles, and combustion byproducts can also be used to make nanoparticles. In this study, silver nanoparticles (NPs-Fe) were synthesized from rosemary leaf extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L) in order to create an antibacterial compounds for use as a fruit preservative. By using UV-VIS spectroscopy and phytochemical analysis to analyze NPs-Fe qualitatively and quantitatively, which are revealed an absorption in the 389-418nm regions, which matches the resonance of their surface plasmons. The size and morphology of the NPs-Fe were also determined using scanning electronic microscopy, which revealed a spherical shape with a diameter of 23nm, while the bioactivity exam to shows inhibitory effect against several pathogenic bacteria.