Abstract: This study aims to find the benefits of household liquid organic waste as plant fertilizer. Liquid organic waste fertilizer is made using banana peel, rice washing water, onion skin, and egg shells. Banana peel (100 g), onion skin (50 g), and egg shells (5 shells) are finely chopped and then soaked in rice washing water (500 ml). The mixture is used to fertilize tomato seedlings in polybags containing 1 kg of soil. The results showed that fertilization carried out once in 5 days increased tomato growth parameters, but did not affect chlorophyll levels. Thus, it can be concluded that liquid organic waste fertilizer from banana peel, rice washing water, onion skin, and egg shells has the potential to be used as tomato plant fertilizer.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to remove various amounts of heavy metal salts, such as nickel and cobalt chloride, from aquatic plants, specifically Elodea Canadensis and Myriophyllum verticillatum, over the course of a month. The findings of the investigation demonstrated that the components' concentrations in the test aquatic plants rose towards the conclusion of the study in a manner distinct from that of the control sample.

Spices and herbs function as antioxidants to extend lipid peroxidation protection in biological environments. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) stands as an essential spice because its dried seeds serve both culinary purposes in beverages and food additives and medicinal applications. The soxhelt extraction method yielded fenugreek extracts through extraction with the solvents methanol, ethanol, hexane and ethyl acetate. FT-IR peak values of solid analysis of Trigonella foenum-graecum were Peak (Wave number cm-ˡ), Intensity, Corr. Area, Type of Intensity, Bond, Type of Vibration, and Functional group assignment (667.37, 69.147, 0.063, Strong, =C–H, Bending, and Alkenes), (894.97, 82.045, 0.030, Strong, =C–H, and Alkenes), (1029.99, 61.548, 10.810, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides), (1238.30, 81.092, 0.042, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides),(1317.38, 81.874, 0.136, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides), (1373.32, 81. 514, 0.008, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides),( 1519.91, 82.843, 0.127, Medium, C=C, Stretch, Aromatic), (1616.35, 77.669, 0.027, Bending, N-H, Stretch, Amide),( 1743.65, 87.838, 0.667, Strong, C=O, Stretch, and Ester), (2852.72, 87.591, 0.191, Strong, C-H, Stretch, and Alkane),( 2920.23, 83.176, 0.812, Strong, C-H, Stretch, and Alkane). Radical scavenging activities of Trigonella foenum-graecum Crude (methanolic extract), Ethanol fraction, and Quercetin (standard) recorded 23.68±1.13, 34.68±1.35 and 48.11±2.15 for Superoxide radical scavenging. At the same time recorded 41.07±2.08, 30.45±2.67 and Curcumin (standard) 95.00±4.07 for Nitric oxide radical scavenging. Anti-Diabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) Inhibitory potential recorded (99.35±3.71, 44.34±1.26 and 20.73±0.11) respectively inhibitory potency against α-amylase. While recorded (73.45±2.11, 52.08±1.96 and 17.93±0.08) respectively inhibitory potency against α-glucosidase activity. Among the components responsible for fenugreek seed hypoglycemic activity stands fenugreek galactomannan. One of the beneficial antidiabetic compounds found in fenugreek seed is the fenugreek galactomannan component. Research shows that fenugreek galactomannan possesses blood glucose reducing ability yet lacks strong support from peripheral glucose uptake and antioxidant effect mechanisms. The rise in liver glycogen content through fenugreek galactomannan administration suggests enhanced glycogenesis whereas reduced glycogenolysis; therefore it likely causes liver glycogenesis increase and/or glycogenolysis decrease in diabetic rats. Studies have confirmed that seed alcoholic solutions help maintain enzyme activities from carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at near typical values.

Plants produce numerous biological chemicals of various types. Phytochemicals found in plants seek to reduce the damage free radicals cause because they are abundant in vegetables and fruits. Plants containing high levels of useful phytochemicals in their composition provide dietary supplements that defend our bodies from free radicals. The purpose of this investigation involved analyzing the phytochemicals as well as GC-MS and FTIR properties found in aerial portions extracted with ethanol from Foeniculum vulgare. An electric power grinder chopped the Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts following shade drying at room temperature until they reached the ground state. A Soxhlet extractor worked with 250 ml of ethanol for the extraction of 50 g powdered plant leaves. The prepared mixture needed filtering through whatman paper. The analysis using GCMS determined the bio-active compounds found in Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts that were extracted with ethanol according to this research. Chemicals with biological activity, like β-Pinene, pentadecanoic acid, γ-Terpinene, (R)-(-)-alpha-Phellandrene, Thymol, L-Fenchone, (-)-beta-Copaene, (E)-beta-ocimene, trans-Anethole, beta-Copaene, Dipentene, (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene, oleic acid, n-Octadecane, Behenic acid, alpha-Linolenic acid, n-Capric acid, and palmitic acid. FTIR spectrum indicates the presence of O-H group (alcohol), carboxylic acid, amine, Sulphur derivatives, amino acid, and nitro - compounds among others as recorded (667.37, 69.147, Strong, =C–H, Bending, Alkenes), (894.97, 82.045, Strong, =C–H, Bending, Alkenes), (1029.99, 61.548, Strong, C-F, Stretch, alkyl halides), (1238.30, 81.092, Strong, C-F, Stretch, alkyl halides), (1317.38, 81.874, Strong, C-F, Stretch, alkyl halides), (1373.32, 81. 514, Strong, C-F, Stretch, alkyl halides), (1519.91, 82.843, Medium, C=C, Stretch, Aromatic), (1616.35, 77.669, Bending, N-H, Stretch, Amide), (1743.65, 87.838, Strong, C=O, Stretch, Ester), (2852.72, 87.591, Strong, C-H, Stretch, Alkane), (2920.23, 83.176, Strong, C-H, Stretch, Alkane). The antioxidant activity was measured using leaves extract (Crude, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol Hexane, Water fraction and Lipoic acid (standard)) from Foeniculum vulgare which revealed 68.48 ± 5.30, 55.33 ± 4.91, 52.21 ± 4.83, 53.85 ± 4.40, 62.79 ± 5.00, and Lipoic acid (standard) 52.45 ± 1.13 values. The leaves extract (Crude, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol Hexane, Water fraction and Ascorbic acid (standard)) of Foeniculum vulgare tested for antioxidant activity (Hypochlorous acid scavenging) yielded results of 118.89 ± 6.15, 122.09 ± 6.17, 126.13 ± 6.82, 133.41 ± 7.00, 144.25 ± 7.63 and Ascorbic acid (standard) 220.89 ± 10.91.

According to our research, liquorice leaves (Glycyrrhiza glabra) have stomata that are capable of secreting salt crystals. Although their population grows well, salt excretion should theoretically interfere with the stomata's regular function and thus G. glabra's growth and development. We have a suspicion that the interchange of gases from the leaves in various places and the excretion of salt in the stomata may be mutually exclusive. Thus, we examined the chlorophyll content, anatomical structure, net photosynthetic rate, conductivity, and salt excretion capability of the stomata from leaves at various liquorice locations. The arrangement of the mesophyll cells in the upper leaves was the densest, while the lower leaves had the lowest density. The stomata of the lower leaves demonstrated the strongest capacity to secrete salt, but the stomata of the higher leaves did not produce any salt. Since the stomata in the upper leaves had the highest rate of net photosynthesis and conduction and the stomata in the lower leaves had the lowest, we can conclude that the upper leaves' stomata are primarily used for gas exchange, whereas the lower leaves' stomata exhibit impaired representation. Excess salt is eliminated through photosynthesis.

A case study was conducted on the potential pollution in the soils surrounding three industrial facilities in Wasit City, Iraq. This includes the Zubaidiya Thermal Power Plant, the Textile Factory in Kut, and the Brick Factories in the Hai region, examining the impact of emissions resulting from incomplete fuel combustion and their liquid waste discharged into the river from these sources on the surrounding areas in terms of heavy metal pollution in the soil, such as titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), and barium (Ba). Soil samples were collected from distances ranging between 0-500 meters and depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm near the pollution source to assess pollution levels based on global soil pollution standards. Comparison samples were also obtained 4 kilometers away from the pollution source at both depths, with three replicates for each site in October and March of 2023. In general, this indicates that industrial sites have an impact on pollution of the environment because the study found that the total concentration of heavy metals in soils affected by residues from these sites was higher than in control soils. When comparing the concentrations of heavy elements in the soil for October samples with the world average according to Kabata 2011, we found that the elements Iron, Gallium, and Rubidium were close to the world average, as well as the element Bromine, except for the first depth in the soil contaminated with the brick factory, where it was higher than the average. As for the elements Titanium, Arsenic, Strontium, Yttrium, and Molybdenum, their concentrations exceeded the world average, whether in the comparison soil or the contaminated soil. As for the elements Zirconium and Barium, they were lower than the world average, despite the fact that the concentrations in the contaminated soil were higher than the control samples, but their concentrations were lower than the average, according to Kabata 2011. As for the March samples, they followed the same trend as the October samples, indicating the extent of the contribution of pollution sources to the increase in concentrations of heavy elements in the soil in particular and the environment in general.

The inhibitory activity of the flour substance attached to the growing tip of the palm tree and the pomegranate peel substance was tested on the spores of the fungus Curvularia clavata. The results showed a high percentage of the effect of the two substances on the fungus spores. A concentration of 1 g/L gave a higher effect on the fungus spores, while pomegranate peels gave a concentration of 10 g/L. The effect of both was significant, especially at the two mentioned concentrations compared to the control treatment, as the yellow substance treatment gave a greater effect when compared to the pomegranate peel treatment. Time also affected the spores of the fungus, especially on the seventh day. In addition, it was noted through the results that there were significant differences in the interaction of time with the treatments, especially in the yellow substance treatment and the pomegranate peel treatment compared to the control. The same is the case when the interaction of time with the concentrations gave a significant effect, especially at the concentration of 10 g/L. The interaction of the treatments with the concentrations gave great results in the effect between the treatments and concentrations, especially the yellow substance treatment, as well as the Pomegranate peels when compared to the control, in addition to the interaction between the experimental factors had a significant effect on the bactericidal effect of C.clavata compared to the control treatment.