Background: Streptococci is considered one of the predominant flora colonizing the respiratory tract of humans. The group A Streptococci (GAS) causes the broadest range of diseases that can lead to the asymptomatic carriage, superficial infection of the upper respiratory tract mainly throat infection. Objectives: The study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial activity of azithromycin and erythromycin against Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) isolated from sore throat patients. Methods: Sixty-one throat swab samples from both sexes were collected randomly from different clinics in Shendi, Sudan from patients with clinical findings suggestive of throat infection between August to November 2021. Streptococcus pyogenes were isolated by standard cultural techniques and identified by using Gram stain and biochemical tests. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Azithromycin and Erythromycin were assessed using the disc diffusion method. Result: 19 throat swab samples (31%) out of 61 had S. pyogenes growth, whereas 42 (69%) did not. Of the patients, 12 (63.2% of them) were men, and 7, 36.8%, were women. The ages of the infected patients ranged from 1 to 10 years old in 2 (5.3%) cases, 11 to 20 years old in 2 (10.5%), 21 to 30 years old in 15 (78.9%), and 41 to 50 years old in 2 (5.3%) cases. In contrast to the other 5 (26.3%), 14 of them (73.7%) had recurring throat infections. Out of the 19 S. pyogenes isolates that tested positive, only 12 (63.6%) were susceptible to azithromycin and just 7 (36.8%) were resistant. 13 (68.4%) of the 19 S. pyogenes positive isolates were erythromycin sensitive, whereas 6 (31.6%) were resistant. Conclusion: Azithromycin and erythromycin are more sensitive to S. pyogenes, which indicates less excessive usage of these antibiotics in Shendi. Streptococcal infections in the respiratory tract are challenging to treat, and selecting an antibiotic treatment involves numerous considerations. Any isolated strain's susceptibility to antibiotics should be assessed because this is the only way to ensure quick and successful treatment. In order to improve public health, antibiotic therapy should be accompanied by adequate preventive measures, such as training nursing staff to prevent as many nosocomial infections as possible, educating the general public about the importance of hygiene and encouraging them to stop self-medicating and fostering closer scientific collaboration between clinicians and microbiologists.

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a constellation of diseases that includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. It belongs to the group of cardiovascular diseases and is the most common type among them. Iron is an essential trace element. It plays an important role in maintaining various cellular functions and enzymatic reactions. On the other hand, excessive intake of iron is known to be a risk factor for the progression of atherosclerosis. Abnormal iron deposition in the heart causes hemochromatosis and dilated cardiomyopathy, which leads to ischemic heart disease. Objective: This study aims to investigate the role of serum iron, serum ferritin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), PT, and PTT in ischemic heart disease (IHD) and their relationship with other risk factors for IHD. Methods: This is a prospective, case-control, cross-sectional analytical study conducted at Elmek Nimir University Hospital, Shendi City, to assess the iron profile and coagulation profile of patients with ischemic heart disease. The study included (30) patients diagnosed with ischemic heart disease and the study group was compared with the mean of the control group (20). Serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC were estimated using a spectrophotometer, and PT and PTT were estimated using manual methods. Data were collected using a structured personal questionnaire and the program (SPSS) version (11.5) was used for data analysis. Results: In this study, patients with ischemic heart disease were (40%) male and (60%) female. In this study, iron averaged (41.0) ug/dl (P. value 0.010), ferritin averaged (233.0) ug/dl (P. value 0.000), and TIBC averaged (44.0) µg/dl. Was shown. (P. value 0.000) compared to mean controls (27.0), (162.0), (56.0). A significant difference was found between the iron profile and his IHD. This study showed the mean PT, PTT for cases (13.4), (40.4) (P-value 0.024), (P. value 0.009) compared with the mean for controls (12.0), (35.1). A significant difference was found between the coagulation profile and IHD. Conclusions: This study concluded that serum levels of iron, ferritin, TIBC, PT, and PTT may be associated with Ischemic heart disease.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that can establish a persistent and chronic infection in humans through immune energy. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic RNA virus that causes progressive liver damage. In hemodialysis (HD), blood is removed from the patient with needles and plastic tubing and pumped past the dialysis membrane. Poisons and toxins cross the dialysis membrane into the dialysate, which is then discarded, and the blood is returned to the patient. Objectives: The study aimed to detect HBsAg and anti-HCV in HD patients and the control group. Methods: A retrospective case-control, a hospital-based study was carried out on 110 participants 60 HD patients and 50 control, 60 males and 50 females, ages between 20 -39 years 27 participants and ages between 40-59 years 32 participants and ages more than 60 51 participants, ELISA method was used to detect HBsAg and anti-HCV in HD patients and control sera, the study was carried out during the period from August 2021 to January 2022. Results: In this study, the overall prevalence of HBV infection among HD patients and the control group was 26.3% (2/110), and among HD patients was 45 % (27/60), while it was 4% (2/50) among the control group any non – HD patient, co-patient, hospital staff and the overall prevalence of HCV was 1,8 % (2/110) and it was 3.3% (2/60) among the HD patients, 0% (0/50) among the control group. There was a significant association between HBV infection and HD (P value 0.019). Conclusions: The prevalence of HBV among HD patients was very high (45%). The results emphasize the need to carry out proactive tasks for early diagnosis by using highly sensitive and specific methods such as PCR technique, treatment of infected individuals, and vaccinating those with non-protective anti-HB antibodies to reduce morbidity and mortality in HD patients.

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix (ASCC) is a rare malignant histologic subtype that has well-defined malignant glandular and squamous components that can be recognized without special stains. Authors, hereby, describe a case of ASCC in a 68-year-old post-menopausal female who underwent hysterectomy for uterovaginal prolapse. A diffusely infiltrating growth involving both the lips of the cervix was seen on gross examination. Sections from the growth showed both malignant glandular and squamous components. ASCCs are rare and aggressive tumors; hence early detection and appropriate management is crucial for achieving favorable clinical outcomes.

The study was conducted to investigate the contamination of buildings and bathrooms with the fungus (Stachybotrys chartarum). 50 samples were taken from low-ventilation bathrooms that showed signs of contamination at the sample site, which was divided into public bathroom, school, hospital, old home, and modern home. 35 were isolated. An isolate of the S. chartarum fungus, with 10 isolates per site. The isolation rate from public bathrooms and old house was 100%, while it was 70% and 80% for school and hospital, respectively. While the isolates were 0 from samples taken from modern house, the isolates were subjected to test the phenotypic diagnosis, such as the variation in colony color and colony density, as well as the microscopic diagnosis, which included the color of the fungus under the microscope, the shape of the conidia, and the distribution of the conidia.