Chronic heart failure refers to a clinical state of systemic and pulmonary congestion resulting from inability of the heart to pump as much blood as required for the adequate metabolism of the body. The commonest causes of heart failure are coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes, however, hypertension and diabetes have been found to be stronger risk factors in elderly women and coronary artery disease and smoking are stronger risk factors in elderly men. Pathophysiologically, heart failure is either an inadequate cardiac output for the organism’s metabolic demands or an adequate cardiac output that is due to neurohormonal compensation, which means the inability of the heart to supply blood to the tissues according to their needs without additional strain. The pharmacological treatment of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is now based on four classes of drugs that have been proven to reduce mortality among heart failure patients such as angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy should be initiated at a low dose with very gradual up titration, monitoring renal function and serum potassium levels closely. Chronic heart failure treatment with direct inhibitors of aldosterone receptors brought about a significant improvement in terms of survival and hospitalizations.

Coffee is one of the world’s most important crops given the highest number of people living directly or indirectly from it. Farmers have an excellent local knowledge about different tree species which are either retained or planted on their farms. The main purpose of this study was to investigate coffee growers’ local knowledge on the roles of shade trees in coffee production systems at Yayo District in Ilubabor Zone Southwest part of Ethiopia. A total of 120 (20 key informants and 100 households) participated in interview. Data were collected by using semi structured interview and field observation. The data were analyzed by preference ranking, direct matrix and using descriptive statistics. A total of 20 most commonly used coffee shade tree species belonging to 16 genera and 7 families were identified in the study area. Fabaceae was the most species rich plant family followed by Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae .The coffee farmers in the study area are mentioned benefits of the shade trees such as for improvement of soil fertility and moisture, to protect from unsuitable environmental stress, for longer life span of coffee plants, reducing erosion, increase coffee yields and quality, and reduce weed and grasses. Among shade tree species best compatible with coffee plant such as Albizia gummifera, Acacia abyssinica, Albizia schimmperia, Millitia ferruginea, Albizia grandibracteata ,Cordian africana and least were Corton macrostachyus were highly favored in that order. However, farmers considered as preferred coffee shade trees species by characteristics were mainly based on tree height, fast decomposition rate, small deciduous compound leaves, and umbrella crown shape and root depth. Coffee farmers of the study area managed their owned shade tree species through pruning, mulching and composting, thinning, weeding and hoeing and debarking and intercropping operations. To agreement endorsement of the extension of coffee shade agroforestry knowledge, the rural households must participate in pieces of training to improve their productivity and maximize the benefits of coffee shade in coffee production system.

Rustumihia is one of the biggest WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plant) based in Baghdad the capital of Iraq. The effluent treated wastewater, were used for irrigation by the farmers nearby the Rustumihia WWTP. The growth of Iraqi population and limited development in the infrastructure to the treatment plants in Iraq like old Rustumihia project. There is a need to assess the treated effluents water that is used for irrigation. Wastewater considered as a key alternative water resource as it can be used in agriculture field to reimburse shortages in water need. In developed countries like Iraq, the irrigation by using wastewater has a long history. Continues lagging in WWTP maintenance and its infrastructure could cause many problems for the treated effluent that has its own effect on health and environment aspects. Therefore, by applying a strong management practices, for example advanced and appropriate treated and irrigated knowledge, can be used later to gain significant advantages in the same time minimizing health risks. This article discussed the treated wastewater used by farmers nearby Rustumihia treatment plant and focus on the challenges linked with wastewater irrigation.

The study was aimed to assess and determine fungal load and species isolated from cake samples sold in Kano, Northern Nigeria. A qualitative test was performed to ascertain the types of fungi that were present in the cake samples using standard microbiological techniques. Data obtained was expressed as Mean ±SD and compared with ICMSF Standard. A total of four hundred and fifty (450) cake samples from three selling points (markets, shops and bakeries) of the three senatorial districts of Kano State were collected and analyzed. The mean fungal counts of the cake samples analyzed ranged from 5.35 x 101 - 36.1 x 102cfu/g (Nassarawa- Tofa). Colonial morphology showed the presence of four fungal genera (Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Mucor and Penicillium). The frequency of occurrence of fungal species isolated from the cake samples; were as follows Aspergillus fumigatus 6 (11.5%), Aspergillus niger 29 (55.7%), Rhizopus 7 (13.5%), Mucor spp 5 (9.6%), and Penicillium spp 5 (9.6%). Aspergillus niger has the highest frequency of 29 (55.7%), while Mucor spp has the lowest frequency of 5 (9.6%). A total 52 (11.55%) fungal species were isolated altogether from the cake samples. All the fungal species isolated in this study were extensively contaminants. It is concluded that some cakes sold in Kano, Northern Nigeria contain some fungi.

Drinking water needs to be treated in order to remove impurities and bacteria to meet the quantity guidelines which satisfy for drinking water requirement according to world health organization. The aim of the study is utilizing Moringa oleifera seeds suspension in ground water purification as coagulating and softening agent. Ground water was collected from four different locations at Challawa industrial area of Kumbotso Local Government Kano State, Nigeria. The water samples were subjected to physico-chemical analysis using standard laboratory methods. Suspension from the seeds of Moringa oleifera was prepared in different concentration and used in the process of purifying the water as coagulating and softening agent. The physico-chemical analysis of the water samples showed that he samples have turbidity of between 108 – 126 NTU, which indicated that the samples have high turbidity with moderate hardness ranged from 75.25 - 125.61 mg/L. The pH of the water samples ranges from 6.7 - 6.8. Both the water samples were colorless, tasteless and odorless. The result showed that different concentration of Moringa seed suspension has a pronounce effect as coagulating and softening agent. The seed suspension reduces the turbidity and hardness of ground water from up to 82% and 42% respectively after exposing for 90 minutes. Therefore, Moringa seeds suspension can be regarded as one of the natural coagulating and water softening agent and could be used for turbidity reduction and water softening.