The process of collecting and identifying Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from nasal swab samples obtained from 20 horses at the Equestrian Club in Baghdad Governorate and the Horse Recreation Club in Babylon Governorate was conducted between October 2022 and March 2023. Identification of the isolates was carried out by observing colony morphology on various bacterial media, performing gram staining, and conducting biochemical tests, notably the catalase test. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed to determine the resistance profile of S. aureus. Out of the total nasal swab samples collected, S. aureus was detected in 12%, while other types of bacteria accounted for 8% of the samples. Confirmation of Staphylococcus samples was achieved through Gram staining and culturing on selective medium, such as Mannitol Salt Agar, which produced characteristic yellow colonies. Additionally, the catalase test yielded positive results, indicated by the production of bubbles, confirming the presence of the catalase enzyme. To assess the virulence factors and pathogenicity of the bacteria, they were cultured on Gonco Red Agar medium to evaluate biofilm formation, resulting in a positive outcome. Susceptibility testing revealed varying degrees of susceptibility among S. aureus strains to antimicrobial agents, with Ciprofloxacin (34%), Trimethoprim (20%), Amikacin (11%), and Tobramycin (18%) showing effectiveness. Conversely, S. aureus exhibited 100% resistance to Gentamicin and Ampicillin.

Due to the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture and other contexts, human exposure to them persists. Despite premarket animal testing, epidemiologic studies show that current exposures are linked to dangers to the well-being of people. Within this analysis, we outline the current pathways for pesticide exposure and provide an overview and assessment of the epidemiologic research on adult neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity associated with pesticides. Assessing the hazards that pesticides bring to human health will be improved by a deeper comprehension of exposure patterns, the underlying diversity among people, and the connections between animals' toxicological data and their effects on human health. Public health policymakers will be able to evaluate the risks of exposure to pesticides to human health more precisely if epidemiological studies are improved and combined with toxicology data.

In Iraq, sheep play an important role in supplying the local market’s requirements for milk and meat. The objective of this study, 117 milk samples collected from Awassi ewes put to sale in the animal sales yard in Al-Qasim District from Babylon Governorate during four weeks on December 2023. The udder and milk inspection by visual examination and indicator papers (BOVIVET) for detection of mastitis. Consequently, cultured mastitis milk sample on HiCrome™ Klebsiella Selective Agar Base for isolation and easy detection of Klebsiella spp and phenotypic detection of Escherichia coli (EC) on MacConkey agar. Consequently, Staphylococcus aureus is isolation by inoculating on Mannitol salt Agar, and confirmed by the Vitek2 system, then antibiotic resistance characteristics are studied by the Kirby-Bauer technique on Muller Hinton agar. The results showed phenotypic detection of 24(20.5%) mastitis milk sample out 117 milk samples and isolation of Klebsiella spp 5(20.8), Escherichia coli 7(29.1) and Staphylococcus aureus 12 (50%) then studying the characteristics of microbial resistance to Staphylococcus aureus isolates , it was shown that it possesses resistance to Ciprofloxacin 3(25%), Ampicillin 7(58.3%), Gentamycin 3(25%), Streptomycin 2 (16.6%), Amikacin 3(25%), Doxycycline 5(41.6%), Cefaxitin 2(16.6%), Ceftazidime 2(16.6%), Ceftazidime 2(16.6%) and Erthromycin 2(16.6%). In conclusion, data showed there are many causes of mastitis in sheep, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is still the most common cause among other causes, and the most important thing is that it acquires resistance due to mismanagement and indiscriminate use of veterinary medicines. Therefore, we recommend periodic follow-up of sheep, giving necessary vaccines, and educating farmers to limit the spread of diseases that effects animal and human health and cause significant economic losses.

This study was aimed to isolate and identify of Klebsiella pneumonia and testing the production of Arginine deiminase (ADI) purified from Klebsiella pneumonia in vitro, 30 samples were collected from sheep infected with respiratory infections from veterinary clinics and hospitals from October to April 2024 then transported by transport media to the laboratory for culture and microbial examine. Out of the 21 samples, 13 (61.9%) showed bacterial growth, with the majority being Gram-negative bacteria. The remaining 8 samples (38%) were gram-positive. The analysis revealed that Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most identified bacterial strain. Out of the total bacteria used, 7 (53.8%) were identified as gram-negative bacteria, while the remaining were of different types. This study identified the enzyme arginine deiminase from 7 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia whereby the enzyme was extracted and purified. The objective was to quantify K. pneumonia for this enzyme production capacity to measure its overall capability on subsequent phases via screening. This screening method was based on the measurement of the precise arginine deiminase activity using spectrophotometric assay. The specific activity of purified enzyme was 10 U/min with approximate molecular weight 120 kDa and the isolate K. pneumonia N7 was found most effective in production of the enzyme.

Diclofenac administration has been associated with several health problems in human including gastrointestinal tract problems, renal toxicity, among others. Several medicinal plants are been used locally for the treatment of several diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of fermented unripe plantain juice (FUPJ) in ameliorating diclofenac-induced ulcer and renal dysfunction. Twenty (20) healthy adult Wister rats weighing between 110g to 200g were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each. Group I served as control, received distilled water and feeds, Group 2 received 10mg/kg body weight of diclofenac only, Group 3 received 10mg/kg body weight of diclofenac only and post treated with 200mg/kg body weight of FUPJ and Group 4 received 200mg/kg body weight of FUPJ. The diclofenac was administered IP and fermented unripe plantain extract was administered orally for fourteen (14) days. The results showed that diclofenac administration caused a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum levels of creatinine and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) compared to the control group. Additionally, diclofenac administration caused ulceration in the gastric mucosa. However, treatment with FUPJ significantly reduced (p<0.05) the levels of creatinine, urea, and MDA and increased (p<0.05) the levels of antioxidant enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose of FUPJ (200mg/kg) showed the most significant reduction in the levels of the tested parameters and prevented the gastric mucosal ulceration. In conclusion, FUPJ has the potential to ameliorate diclofenac-induced ulcer and renal dysfunction through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.