Reproduction is considered the means through which genetic material is transferred from one generation to another, and since the reproductive rate determines the success or failure of breeding systems, attention must be directed toward the reproductive system of males and females and improving productive and reproductive efficiency, thus it represents a biological and economic challenge. The aim of this article is to clarify the complex relationship between three main factors: nutrition (which leads to negative energy balance), stress (which leads to oxidative stress), and the hormone melatonin and its role as a molecular protective mediator. Research has reported that after calving, negative energy balance negatively affects reproductive hormones. Recently, the resumption of reproduction is associated with metabolic and heat stress that increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus causing oxidative stress that leads to oocyte damage. Here we highlight melatonin hormone, due to its antioxidant properties, as a defensive mechanism to reduce oxidative effects and improve oocyte and ovarian function. Understanding the mechanism of these three factors is important for improving modern nutritional and management strategies to enhance reproduction and productivity in the herd.

Background: Musca domestica is a cosmopolitan public health and agricultural pest that is known to be a carrier of multiple pathogens and cause economic losses in production of animals. Objective: The current research paper examined Bacillus sphaericus isolates as Larvicidal agents in larvae of M. domestica as a third instar organism under controlled laboratory environments. Methodology: There were five concentrations of B. sphaericus spores (1×10⁴ - 1×108 spores/ml), positive (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) and negative (sterile water) controls, and 600 larvae in total. Results: Larval death mortality was observed to take place at 24, 48, and 72 hr within the treatment period and was corrected by Abbott and probability analysis, ANOVA. Findings showed definite dose-dependent effect. At 72 hr, mortality was 20% at 1×10⁴ spores/ml to 95% spores/ml 1×108 to the negative control of 4% mortality. Positive control group mortality after 72 hr was 92%. The LC50 and LC90 were estimated to be 3.2×106 and 1.1×107 spores/ml respectively by Probit. Significant changes among treatments were established with statistical tests (F= 46.3, p<0.001). Conclusion: B. sphaericus has high larvicidal activity against M. domestica and this is similar to commercial reference strains. The study presumes that B. sphaericus can serve as a safe biocontrol agent that is environmentally friendly and could help eliminate the usage of chemical pesticide and may be included in an integrated pest management program.

The experiment was conducted on the land of Al-Mussaib Technical Institute - Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University in the winter season 2024-2025 to study the effect of spraying humic at three concentrations (2, 1, 0) L. dunum-1 and the effect of seaweed at three concentrations (150, 100, 0) mg. L-1. The experiment was conducted using a factorial experiment method that followed the RCBD design. The averages were compared using the LSD test at a 5% level of significance. A number of physical and chemical parameters, including bulk density, soil moisture, soil salinity, soil interaction, growth indicators, plant height, flag leaf area, number of ears, and total yield, were found to rise significantly when humic spraying was used. The treatment was given (humic spraying 2 liters. dunam-1) The highest averages in the aforementioned soil characteristics and crop growth indicators were obtained sequentially, while the treatment (spraying seaweed extracts (150 mg.L-1) The highest averages were in the aforementioned soil characteristics and yield growth indicators, respectively. The combination of the intervention (humic spraying 2 litres. dunam-1 and spraying seaweed extracts 150 mg. litre-1) also gave the highest averages above.