The condition known as pediatric foot polydactyly can manifest itself in a broad range of malformations, from a single extra digit that is only connected to the rest of the foot by a thin band of connective tissue to intricate central foot duplications that involve the duplication of tarsal bones. The presentation of preaxial polydactyly of the foot is crucial to understand, even though it is quite uncommon. This is because in over half of the cases, several congenital malformations, such as syndactyly and atrial septum defects, have been described. The result of surgical reconstruction should be a foot that is stable, mobile, and pain-free, with five aesthetically pleasing toes. This should allow the patient to wear standard footwear and walk without experiencing any discomfort.

Thumb polydactyly, also known as radial polydactyly, is the prevailing manifestation of polydactyly. Its existence has been documented in the hand literature from Digby's initial description in 1645. Preaxial polydactyly, specifically bifid thumb, has been extensively observed, with a frequency ranging from 0.08 to 1.4 per 1000 live births. Traditionally, radial polydactyly is classified into three distinct categories: severe hypoplasia, partial duplication, and entire duplication, which can sometimes be mistaken for pseudo duplication. The classification system developed by Wassel has emerged as the widely accepted standard for the categorization of thumb polydactyly. The classifications of surgical treatment procedures are associated with variations. Thumb duplication is categorized as a "duplication" (group 3) in the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH)/Swanson classification of congenital malformations of the hand and upper limb. The objective of surgical reconstruction is to achieve a thumb that is both stable and mobile, while also possessing appropriate dimensions and form. The prevailing method of reconstruction often involves the excision of the minor digit followed by the subsequent reconstruction of the major digit. Surgical procedures aim to rectify issues pertaining to deviation, instability, and insufficient dimensions. Moreover, it is worth noting that a significant proportion of instances will necessitate an additional intervention in order to enhance the cosmetic and/or functional result.

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) has been proposed to be a new phenotype of the disease. It is characterized by persistently high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and normal calcium levels. Since there are no known causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism or PTH elevation, the exact biological mechanism is not known. It could be the first stage of the disease or a unique situation marked by resistance of the kidneys and bones to the effects of PTH. This is a disease that is getting more and more common. It is often found when evaluating perimenopausal women with low bone mass or when evaluating or following up on patients with osteoporosis. Normocalcemic PHP has a diverse and varied phenotype that ranges from cases with no usual PHP symptoms to cases with symptoms and specific complications. The method to diagnosing secondary hyperparathyroidism should focus on ruling out all possible causes, especially vitamin D deficiency (25-OH vitamin D levels less than 30ng/mL) and kidney function impairment (glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min, as measured by CKD- EPI). Not much is known about its past in the wild. Some people get hypercalcemia, but more than 75% of them don't. There don't seem to be any ways to predict who will get hypercalcemia, so measuring total and adjusted calcium levels once a year is recommended. Even though measuring ionic calcium is a part of what it means to have Normocalcemic PHP and is recommended by some writers during follow-up, there are a number of real problems with it that should be kept in mind.

Type 2 endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms remains the most prevalent type of endoleak. Depending on the time of appearance, can be classified as primary, or secondary, those that appear after the first month after endoprosthesis implantation. Type II endoleaks, due to retrograde filling of the aneurysmal sac from a collateral artery, constitute the most frequent subgroup. Most of the type II endoleaks resolve spontaneously. Which is why they must be treated. The surgical treatment of type 2 endoleaks is through a transarterial approach, In this case, This technique is complicated even in expert hands, and migration of the coils proximally or distally is not uncommon. In general, EVAR is associated, for the moment, with a non-negligible risk of other postoperative complications, such as ischemic complications, those associated with rupture or mobilization of the endoprosthesis, and endoleaks. These complications can affect up to 35% Of the patients who undergo EVAR compared to 8% After CAC. Of cases, and in addition, in the long-term evolution, failures may occur due to material fatigue, with it, the pressurization of the sac and eventually the evolution towards rupture. Follow-up is something inherent to EVAR.