Endoscopic gallbladder drainage is performed for high-risk patients with acute calculus cholecystitis who are not fit to undergo a cholecystectomy. Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage and endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage are the two procedures performed. Both procedures require specialized training and equipment, and the most common complications include perforation, bleeding, and stent migration. In this review, we will investigate the role that endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage and endoscopic ultrasound gallbladder drainage play in the management of acute calculus cholecystitis in high-risk patients who would not undergo a cholecystectomy. We will also review the indications and complications of these procedures and compare them with percutaneous cholecystostomy in the management of acute calculus cholecystitis.

Introduction: Benign enlargement of the prostate (BEP) is a major health concern for aging men worldwide. Assessing lower urinary tract symptoms in BEP patients is essential for starting and managing treatment. Both the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the new Visual Prostate Score (VPS) are commonly used to evaluate these symptoms. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of these two scores with urodynamic assessments in patients. Patients and Methods: Following ethical committee approval, a one-year study was conducted that included 100 patients diagnosed with Benign Prostatic Enlargement and lower urinary tract symptoms, all of whom provided written informed consent. After being educated about the study, participants completed the International Prostate Symptom Score and Visual Prostate Score questionnaires, and their uroflowmetry parameters were documented. The scores from the two questionnaires were then compared to each other, as well as to the uroflowmetry results. Result: Among the patients enrolled, 35% were illiterate. Out of 100 patient 61% required assistance to complete IPSS (p = <0.001). VPSS completion time was significantly less (p = <0.001). There was a notable relationship between the total IPSS and the VPSS scores (R = +0.489; p= <0.001), and total IPSS QOL and total VPSS QOL correlated positive (R = 0.349; p = 0.018). Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between the Visual Prostate Score and the IPSS for the quantification of lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from Benign Prostatic Enlargement. Furthermore, the VPSS can be completed without assistance by a greater proportion of patients and in a certain period of time.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis is characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder without the presence of gallstones. It is commonly seen in older and critically ill patients. The etiology of this condition is broad and includes infective, inflammatory, traumatic, and connective tissue disorders. Acute acalculous cholecystitis is associated with a higher risk of complications like gangrene and perforation. Clinical examination and laboratory investigations are not sensitive for the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis. Ultrasonography is the first-line imaging modality to diagnose acute acalculous cholecystitis, followed by Cholescintigraphy. The management of acute acalculous cholecystitis can be divided into cholecystectomy and percutaneous cholecystostomy. In this review, we will investigate the risk factors, investigations, and treatment of acute acalculous cholecystitis.

Background: Trichobezoar is a rare condition resulting from the accumulation of ingested hair within the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly seen in young females with underlying psychiatric disorders. It may lead to serious complications including gastric outlet obstruction and perforation. Case Presentation: A 19‑year‑old female presented with 10 days of intermittent upper abdominal pain with recent worsening, associated with postprandial vomiting and significant weight loss over the preceding months. Examination revealed mild epigastric tenderness, and blood investigations demonstrated microcytic hypochromic anemia. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed an entangled hair mass occupying the body and fundus of the stomach, which could not be retrieved endoscopically. She underwent laparotomy and anterior gastrotomy with removal of an 8 × 5 × 3 cm trichobezoar mixed with digested food particles. Postoperatively she had psychiatric evaluation, was counseled for trichotillomania, advised behavioral therapy, and discharged with iron supplementation, nutritional advice, and scheduled follow‑up. Conclusion: Trichobezoar should be considered in young females presenting with unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, and nutritional anemia. A multidisciplinary approach involving surgical, psychiatric, and nutritional care is vital to ensure complete recovery and prevent recurrence.