The objective of this experimental investigation was to examine the efficacy of eugenol. Against arthritis induced by complete Freund's Adjuvants (CFA) injected subcutaneously into the hind paw of the experimental rat model. Macroscopic clinical indication of Polyarthritis shows first erythema and edema in the hind paws of rat. Groups of this experiment were divided as follows, first groups was positive control while second and third groups received daily treatment with eugenol and dexamethasone orally via intragastric tube at doses (10 mg/ and 1mg/ Kg) respectively for 7 days. The initiation of treatment occurred on the day 7 from the day of induction of arthritis and continued up to day 14, at which point the rats were each sacrificed. The left and right paw volume variations were all measured on different days up to 14 days and after14 days, Tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin -10, and histopathological change were measured. Significant reduction (P≤0.05) in the development of edema in the hind paw was observed in the group treated with eugenol compared to dexamethasone and positive control groups. The histological examination revealed that the groups treated with eugenol had a normal articular cartilage and joint cavity, in contrast to the other group. Furthermore, eugenol maintained normal levels of the cytokine markers as inflammatory indicators, with significant difference from control groups. consequently, the results of the current investigation indicate that eugenol can be used as anti-inflammatory treatments and can be used as a beneficial adjuvant in the treatment of human arthritis.

Mebendazole was introduced in 1971 and is not soluble in water or other organic solvents, it is also not absorbed from the intestinal tract in a high-fat context. Both albendazole and mebendazole have a low rate of absorption in the human intestine. These drugs primarily target parasites in the stomach's lumen, and their metabolites are effective against parasites in the stomach's muscles and tissues. For instance, albendazole sulfoxide is the primary metabolite that possesses anthelmintic properties. Metabolites of mebendazole are expelled in the urine. Both drugs negatively affect the function of microtubules in parasites and mammalian cells, this results in the depletion of the parasites' glycogen stores. Current helminth control strategies involve periodic deworming with albendazole or mebendazole. However, concerns about drug resistance and the persistence of high prevalence rates suggest the need for additional strategies, such as improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and optimized treatment regimens. Albendazole and mebendazole are highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, with a single dose of albendazole showing a cure rate of 96% and mebendazole showing a cure rate of 92.3%. Mebendazole's efficacy against hookworms varies, but a recommended dosing regimen improves effectiveness. Mebendazole's effectiveness against Trichuris trichiura depends on the dosing regimen. It is less effective against hymenolepiasis, where praziquantel is preferred. Mebendazole has also been used to treat Giardia lamblia infections. In summary, STH infections are a significant health issue, and albendazole and mebendazole are commonly used drugs for treatment. However, there is a need for additional strategies to address drug resistance and improve treatment efficacy. Mebendazole has potential side effects and should be used with caution, especially during pregnancy.

Self-medication is a widely practiced behavior, especially among university students, and is influenced by a variety of socio-economic and cultural factors. This cross-sectional study investigates self-medication practices among university students in Bangladesh and Malaysia, focusing on the prevalence, types of drugs used, reasons for self-medication, and the awareness of its associated risks. A total of 731 students (514 from Bangladesh and 217 from Malaysia) in the study completed a structured questionnaire. The results reveal that self-medication was significantly more prevalent among Bangladeshi students (76.34%) compared to Malaysian students (39.2%). Financial barriers, lack of awareness, and difficulty in accessing healthcare services were the main drivers of self-medication in Bangladesh, while in Malaysia, peer influence and convenience were the primary reasons. The study highlights the importance of targeted interventions to raise awareness about the risks of self-medication and to improve healthcare access for students.