Breast cancer is a common malignancy and a major cause of death in women. In 2015, 570,000 women died from breast cancer that is approximately 15% of all cancer deaths among women. The goal of this study was to examine the changes in hepcidin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in women with breast cancer concerning its validity for the early detection and the severity of the disease. A cross sectional study was carried out in Kirkuk City from November 2022 to March 2023. The number of breast cancer women under study was 60 whose ages were between 30 - 70 years old. These women were consisting Kirkuk Oncology Cancer. The control group included 30 healthy women and their ages were between 30 - 70 years old, women with breast cancer were collected from Kirkuk Oncology Center. The body weight and height were measured for the calculation of the body mass index. This study showed that the peak age of women with breast cancer was between 45 – 56 years and its percentage was 40%, while the least age group 35-44 years, and its percentage which was found to be 27 %. Also this study shows that the mean of BMI was number of breast cancer, were 7(12%) women underweight (<18.5), 10(17%) women normal weight (18.5 – 24.9), 20 (33%) overweight (25 – 29.9), and 23 (38%) with obese (≥ 30). The blood samples were collected from each women included in this study for the estimation ALP and Hepcidin (HP). This study aims to assess the role of Hepcidin in women with breast cancer and to investigate the correlation between ALP. The mean of the serum level of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in breast cancer women comparing with the control group (95.2 ± 59.0 versus 82.4 ±37.4 U/L). The result was no significant (p<0.215).

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, and it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths around the world. It is the most common cancer diagnosed in Iraqi women. The obtained results show an increase in breast cancer incidence. The maximum rate of the disease occurred in women above 48 years. The incidence of cancers is closely related to the age group that was low in age 0-40 and increases rapidly with age increase due to obesity, the incidence of breast cancer increases with age that suggests may be due to DNA methylation which is one of the reasons behind increased BC with age, as it is a normal part of the aging process. The most essential reasons behind increased BC with age among Asians are poverty, poor dietary habits, and unhealthy lifestyle.

Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease result from parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, that effect intestinal tract of mammals. It was recorded that this parasite causes 6% of diarrhea in immunocompetent persons and 24% in AIDS persons. The primary symptoms of this disease are non- bloody and watery diarrhea, also may cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia, .Infection can affect other organs such as gall bladder, liver, and lungs. The aims of this review article to provide the important update information of Cryptosporidium parasite, which is the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis. In conclusion cryptosporidiosis is considered a serious health problem, infect human intestinal tract of different ages, and children are the most cases of this disease which have severe pathologic signs.

In Dementia, there is a deterioration in cognitive ability, which affect memory, thinking, and the ability to perform daily activities. Vitamin D is a steroid hormone; its deficiency may play an aggressive role in neurodegeneration disorders. Scopolamine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that induces memory impairment and oxidative stress. The aim of the work is to determine the histological effect of vitamin D on dementia induced by scopolamine in albino mice. Male albino mice were divided into eight groups of six each. Group 1: Administered T80(1%) for one week, Group 2: Administered scopolamine for one week, Group 3: Administered Vitamin D for one week, Group 4: Administered scopolamine plus Vitamin D for one week (prophylactic effect), Group 5: Administered scopolamine for one week, followed by vitamin D administration for another one week (treatment). Group 6: Administered scopolamine for one week, followed by no treatment for another week, Group 7: Administered donepezil as standard to evaluate learning and memory, Group 8: Administered scopolamine plus Donepezil for one week. Drugs were administered by intraperitoneal route, at the volume of 5ml/kg body weight. All drugs were freshly prepared. The transfer latency was measured using plus maze; mice were killed by neck dislocation; the brains were immediately removed, inserted in 10% formalin, and sent to the histology department, for histological study. Vitamin D repairs the histological damage induced by scopolamine; the improvement induced by vitamin D was much better when given with scopolamine as prophylaxis, more than when it is given after dementia is established as treatment. The model of dementia induced by scopolamine is a reversible model.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is one of the most common endocrinopathies in women of reproductive age group. A Case-control study is carried out in Kirkuk city from 10th of November 2022 to 10th of March 2023 for determination the relationship of ferritin, serum iron and interleukin-6 among PCOS women. The number of PCOS women under study were 60 women whose ages were between 15-45 years old. These patients admitted to obstetrics and gynecology unit at Gynecological and Pediatric Hospital in Kirkuk city. In addition, the control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteer females with regular menstrual cycles aged between 15 to 45 years. All PCOS patients and healthy control underwent full physical examination and anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and were asked to complete a general questionnaire. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by using the formula: weight (Kg)/height (meters2). Blood samples collected from each women for measurement of interleukin-6 by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum ferritin, by immunofluorescence and serum iron by manual biochemistry procedures. The average IL-6 level in PCOS women was (279.8±77.8 pg/ml), whereas the control group had a level of( 92.5±11.54 pg/ml). Based on the study findings, women with PCOS had significantly higher average serum iron levels compared to the control group (223.5±57.3 and 129.144.9 g/dl), serum ferritin levels were significantly elevated in women with PCOS (279.9±44.9 and 189.5 57.3 ng/ml), The Mean of IL-6 in PCOS women with BMI>25 (kg/m2) was (293.1± 81.8pg/ml) which is significantly higher than in PCOS women with normal BMI (231.9±18.9 pg/ml). The study showed that the serum iron and ferritin were elevated significantly in obese PCOS women (151.72±44.85 g/dl and 247.4±147.4 ng/ml) respectively as compared with non-obese PCOS women (140.61±35.08 g/dl and 228.7±38.2 ng/ml). High levels of iron, ferritin and IL-6 were observed in PCOS women as compared with healthy women specialty obese women with PCOS which highlight the importance of inflammation in PCOS and suggest that IL-6 levels could potentially serve as a biomarker for the condition. Additionally, exploring the relationship between IL-6 and other factors, such as hormonal imbalances and metabolic abnormalities, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of PCOS.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex disease impacting more than twenty million individuals in the United States. Progression of CKD is associated with a number of serious complications, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, anemia and metabolic bone disease. CKD patients should be assessed for the presence of these complications and receive optimal treatment to reduce their morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary approach is required to accomplish this goal. Aim: The aim of the study to estimation myeloperoxidase activity in CKD patients and its association with other biochemical parameters (Creatinine and eGFR). Patients and Methods: A Case-control study is carried out Baghdad in the Imamian Kadhimian Medical City and Al- Karamah Teaching Hospital between August 2022 and March 2023. The number of CKD male under study was 60 male whose ages were between 25 to 50 years old. In addition, the control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteer males aged between 25 to 50 years and they did not have any diseases. Blood samples collected from each male for measurement of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), measure of serum creatinine by Abbott c4000 clinical chemistry analyzer and eGFR by MDRD equation. The study showed that the reduced mean level of myeloperoxidase (p value <0.001) in patients group compared with control group, (19.9±6.82 ng/ml) and (42.4±4.98 ng/ml) respectively. Our study revealed that with increasing CKD stage, the myeloperoxidase levels decrease. Also, the elevated mean level of creatinine was 7.47±2.8 mg/dl in patient group was highly significant than control group 0.84±0.158 mg/dl p value <0.001. The decrease mean of GFR was 9.42±3.53 in patients compared with controls 109±22.6 with high statistically significance (p<0.001). The study found a positive correlation between MPO and GFR and negative correlation of serum myeloperoxidase with serum creatinine level in CKD patients.

Background: Ischemic heart disease, also called coronary artery disease, is the term given to heart problems caused by narrowed heart (coronary) arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study is to determine the levels of Nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in patients with coronary artery disease. Patients and Methods: The current study is case-control study conducted in Tikrit city during the period between 10th of January to 10th of April 2023 on patients admitted to Coronary Care Unit of Salah Al-Din Teaching Hospital The study included 60 Iraqi patients with coronary heart disease with age range (37-66 years). The study also included 30 healthy individuals with same age range and from both sexes who apparently haven’t any acute or chronic diseases. Blood was collected from each patients for determination Nitric oxide synthase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by chemiluminence technique. Results: The study showed that lowest mean of Human Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) was detected among IHD patients (2.41±0.74 ng/ml) and the maximum mean was within the control group (5.15±1.24 ng/ml). The differences were highly significant (P-value: 0.0001). The study confirmed that the peak mean of lactate dehydrogenase was detected among IHD patients (257.8±94.9 IU/L) and the deepest mean was in the control group (168.9±16.8 IU/L). The differences were highly significant (P-value: 0.0001). The study showed that the mean eNOS was 2.17 ng/ml in patients with hypertension, which was significantly lower than that in non-hypertensive IHD patients (2.76 ng/ml), at a P value of 0.024. The study showed that the mean LDH was 284.6 IU/L in patients with hypertension, which was significantly more than that in non-hypertensive IHD patients (217.5 IU/L), at a P value of 0.001. Conclusions: In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) have reduced levels of serum eNOS compared to healthy individuals. More researches are needed to fully understand the relationship among eNOS, cardiovascular disease and to determine the clinical utility of their measuring in the diagnosis and management of these conditions.

The condition of obesity is a persistent ailment characterized by the atypical or excessive buildup of adipose tissue, resulting in compromised well-being and an elevated likelihood of morbidity and chronic health issues. The global incidence of individuals with obesity and overweight conditions has been on the rise for numerous decades. The goal of the study is to identify the relationship between body mass index (BMI), insulin, transferrin, iron, and lipid profile in obese males. Ninety males were recruited into the study; forty participants were assigned to the obese group were have BMI>30 kg/m2, twenty to overweight group were have BMI between 25-30 kg/m2, and another thirty to the control group were have slow BMI<25 kg/m2. The serum Transferrin, serum fasting insulin, serum iron, lipid profile and fasting glucose was evaluated in each of studied groups. The Obese group showed significant increase of the serum insulin concentration compared with the control group (16.77±7.68 vs. 11.7 ±2.79, p <0.001). As well as in transferrin and lipid profile significant change was detected. No prominent differences were detected in the three groups in iron and glucose concentration. Investigation of serum transferrin can be participated in future as iron deficiency marker in obese subject in conjugation with serum iron and serum ferritin.

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common benign tumor of the prostate that becomes more common as men age. The enlarged prostate may compress the urinary tube (urethra), which runs through the middle of the prostate, preventing urine from flowing from the bladder to the outside. Complete obstruction can develop if BPH is severe enough. BPH usually appears after the age of 40 and progresses slowly. Aim of the Study: Studying the connections between serum zinc and PSA in Iraqi BPH patients is the aim of this investigation. Patients and Methods: The case-control study lasted three months, from mid-November to the end of February, at Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital and Ghazy Al-Hariri Hospital in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq. It entailed gathering 90 blood samples, which were separated into two groups. The first group (A) consisted of 60 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia ranging in age from 45 to 80 years, while the second group (B) consisted of 30 apparently be healthy males aged 45 to 80 years. All participants in this study provided diagnose permission. Patients diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia had an international prostate symptom score of 18 or higher; the patient's prostate volumes (PV) were equal to or more than 25 milliliters. Radiologists with competence in the department used transabdominal ultrasound equipment manufactured in Germany by Siemens to figure out how big the prostate gland is. Both groups had their serum zinc and PSA levels measured by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) assays The calculation of BMI was be calculated with the help of given standard formula. BMI = [(Weight in Kilograms / (Height in Meters x Height in Meters)]. Results: The study that the mean prostate size was elevated significantly in the BPH group (54.0 ± 8.4 cc ) as compared with the control group (19.66 ± 2.88 cc (P:0.01). There is a significant increase in the PSA concentration of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, (3.14 ± 0.95 ng/ml), as compare with control subjects, (0.84 ± 0.10 ng/ml) (P:0.01). There is significant reduction in the serum zinc concentration of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, (70.4 ± 9.63 ng/ml), as compare with control subjects, (99.3 ± 10.5; p≤0.01). The higher percentage of benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients above 66 years, and the lowest is in age group 45-55 years. Conclusion: Benign prostatic hyperplasia patients of all ages had considerably higher serum PSA than age-matched healthy controls. Benign prostatic hyperplasia patients of all ages had considerably lower serum zinc than age-matched healthy controls. Prostate size and PSA are greater in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients of all BMIs. Benign prostatic hyperplasia patients had significantly lower serum zinc than healthy controls of the same BMI.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition caused by either a reduction in insulin secretion and/or effect. It affects more than 90% of all diabetic patients. Diabetes is a complex illness that is brought on by a number of genetic and environmental (diet and lifestyle) risk factors working together. On average, one person dies from diabetes-related complications every eight seconds throughout the world. Also, according to a recent International Diabetic Federation (IDF) survey, 537 million persons aged 20-79 years are now living with diabetes worldwide. It is expected to increase to 783 million (12.2%) by 2045. Furthermore, 240 million individuals globally have undiagnosed diabetes. Therefore, there is a rising interest in studying the possible therapeutic value of fat-soluble micronutrients like vitamin D for preventing or controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim of Study: The present study was designed to evaluate levels of vitamin D in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: To achieve this aim, in a case-control study conducted in Diyala governorate at Baqubah Teaching Hospital and Balad Ruz General Hospital from first of January to the end of March 2023, the study included 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (30 males and 30 females). On the other hand, 30 people as a control group of both sexes (15 males and 15 females) were taken, and the ages of the two groups ranged between 30 and 65 years. The information about patients in this study was retrieved from the patients themselves through a direct interview with them, according to a prepared questionnaire. In the present study, blood samples were collected from each participant for estimation of vitamin D by (ELISA), HbA1c by (Cobas), lipid profile by (colorimetric methods) and calculated BMI. Results: The mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) of vitamin D levels for the type 2 diabetes group were (11.16± 2.18) ng /ml, with a highly significant decrease (p < 0.001) when compared with control group (20.73± 3.64) ng /ml. The mean ± SD of HbA1c level for the type 2 diabetes group was (8.88± 1.86) %, with a highly significant increase (p < 0.001) when compared with control (5.59 0.45) %. The mean ± SD of cholesterol, TG, and LDL-C levels for the type 2 diabetes group were (161.48± 21.70) mg/dl, (203.40± 8.16) mg/dl and (81.15± 21.62) mg/dl, respectively, with a highly significant increase (p < 0.001) when compared with the control group (105.77± 12.50) mg/dl, (191.73± 8.70) mg/dl, and (22.96± 13.38) mg/dl, respectively. The mean ± SD of HDL-C levels for the type 2 diabetes group was (39.66± 2.52) mg/dl and control (44.46± 4.82) mg/dl, with a highly significant decrease when compared with the control group. The mean ± SD of BMI for the type 2 diabetes group was (27.20± 4.25) and control (26.66± 2.30), respectively, with no significant difference (p < 0.05) when comparing the two groups. Conclusion: The current study concluded that Vitamin D levels showed a highly significant decrease in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared with those in the control group.

An ovarian cyst is a common hormonal condition that affects women of reproductive age and affects the ovaries. Although the precise an etiology is unknown, environmental and genetic variables may play a role in the condition's genesis. Among the most significant symptoms are irregular menstruation, excessive hair growth, and acne. Early diagnosis is crucial since it can help control symptoms and possibly save chronic medical conditions from developing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels and relation of asprosin in patients of polycystic ovary syndrome. the relationship between asprosin with fetuin a and some parameter biochemical such as fasting blood sugar, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride in woman patient’s polycystic ovary syndrome. Ninety females were recruited into the study; 60 patients (females) aged between (15-45) years were taken and women that diagnosed with the Polycystic ovaries, by gynecological specialist. The result was a disruption in the hormones responsible for ovulation, such as LH, FSH, as well as an increase in the protein asprosin and fetuin a. On the other hand, 30 people as a control group of (females) were taken and their ages were also and were not infected with polycystic ovary syndrome. Laboratory tests were conducted for both groups to determine the level of asprosin, fetuin a, fasting blood sugar, insulin, total cholesterol and triglyceride. the study conducted a asprosin analysis for patents and a control group. When comparing the results were statistically no significant at P. value =0.115. Also conducted a Fetuin an analysis. When comparing the results of these two groups of patients and healthy controls, the results were statistically highly significant at P. value =0.0002.