Consumption of energy drinks has been increasing dramatically in the last two decades, particularly amongst adolescents and young adults. Energy drinks are aggressively marketed with the claim that these products give an energy boost to improve physical and cognitive performance. Energy drinks have several adverse health effects. The prevalence of Energy Drinks usage in this group ranges from 52% to 68%, whilst in adults is estimated at 32%. The compositions of energy drinks vary widely. Caffeine content can range from 75 to 240 mg, whereas the average taurine quantity is 342.28 mg/100 mL. Caffeine and taurine in doses 3–6 mg/kg and 1–6 g, respectively, appear to be the main ergogenic elements. It is concluded that although energy drink may have beneficial and adverse effects on physical performance, these products also have possible detrimental health consequences. Energy-drink usage is higher among males and those with higher monthly expenditure. A high proportion of students are ignorant to the main constituents and side effect of energy drinks.

The ever-increasing demand for natural products and biotechnology, derived from bees and ultra-modernization of various analytical devices, has facilitated the rational and planned development of biotechnology products with a focus on human health to treat chronic and neglected diseases. This study aimed to prepare, characterize and examine the stability and evaluation of the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of Libyan propolis. Propolis Nanoparticles PNP were prepared using particle size reduction, then Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) at a magnification of X 25000, was used for accurate evaluation of the size distribution of NPs. Three different concentration (10, 5, 2.5 mg/ml) of propolis and nano-propolis powder were tested for their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The quantitative antioxidant activity test results using UV Spectrophotometer absorbance at 517 nm. The antibacterial activities of propolis and prepared nano propolis at different concentrations (10, 5 and 2.5mg/ml) were tested on bacterial strain, Klebsiella, human mouth, skin, and surface bacteria using cup cut diffusion method. The findings exhibited that the prepared propolis Nanoparticles (PNPs) were generally non-spherical with a size 100-200 nm. The PNP was a nano-sized particle around 316 nm in diameter. Zeta potential of PNP showed a negative surface charge value (− 48 mV) which was sufficiently high to avoid NPs aggregation. This value represents a stable and dispersed suspension of NPs and disables the tendency of aggregations in a short in period of time. Poly dispersity index (PdI) of synthetized PNP was used as a measurement of the size distribution. PdI values for PrNP were generally uniform with PdI 0.3 indicating monodispersity of the prepared systems. The propolis and PNPs displayed good antioxidant activity with inhibition percentage (77%, 46% and 18%) for propolis and (82%, 66% and 37%) for PNPs. Propolis nanoparticles showed to have more antibacterial effect compared to propolis. Libyan propolis nanoparticles has shown to be potential candidates as antioxidant and antibacterial agent.

Dithymoquinone is a poorly studied carbonyl polymer of thymoquinone component of black cumin seeds. It suppresses release of histamines and improves clearance of cortisol in the liver and maintains the strength of placental aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the low percentage of it in black seeds and its slow reduction make it safe for both the mother and her foetus. As many studies suggest, high levels of both histamine and cortisol are associated with preeclampsia, miscarriage, still birth and preterm delivery. We hypothesized that administration of dithymoquinone during pregnancy will prevent pregnancy complications, certainly preeclampsia and maintain the foetus’s life. Experimental research is required to know more about the role of dithymoquinone in maternal and foetal health.

We were tasked with testing a multicomponent aqueous solution for injection used in veterinary medicine. The composition of the solution included the following components: folic acid, tryptophan, nicotinic acid, thiamine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid, sodium acetate, and benzyl alcohol. The composition indicates that the drug is intended to stimulate the vital activity of the body. It was required to determine the activity and stability of four components: folic acid, tryptophan, nicotinic acid, and thiamine hydrochloride. The complexity of the simultaneous determination of these components was that they differ greatly in their acid-base properties and solubility in water. We managed to solve the problem using an Agilent HPLC/DAD/MS instrument and selected the parameters to determine all four components together reliably and accurately or each separately by one method.