Background: Tramadol is a weak opioid analgesic, which is generally considered to be safe with huge potentials of misuse. This study aims to assess the effect of tramadol in patients with long-term tramadol abuse regarding sexual function. Methods: The participants of the study were recruited from Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Kware, Sokoto State, Nigeria. 50 individuals with a history of tramadol abuse were included. They were assessed clinically, sexuality scale, and sexual quality of life questionnaire-male version. They were compared with a control group of 48 individuals with no history of drug abuse. Results: All the aspects of quality of sexual life were significantly better in the control group than the tramadol abuse group. Conclusion: Individual with tramadol misuse are more likely to experience poor quality of sexual life compared to healthy controls.

Vegetables are major sources of vitamins, minerals and bioactive components such phytochemicals and antioxidant that help in reducing the risk of diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the proximate composition, phytochemical screening and mineral composition of Amaranthus spp. leaf extract. The proximate composition and phytochemical screening were determined using conventional laboratory methods while the mineral composition of the leaves was determines using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The proximate analysis of the leaf extract showed that it contains carbohydrate (48.6%), protein (18.2%), fats (5.4%), crude fibre (10.6%), moisture content (8.3%) and ash content (13.3%). The preliminary phytochemical screening of Amaranthus spp. leaf extract revealed the presence of Alkaloid, terpenoid, flavonoids, steroid, phenol, saponins and tannin. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of the extract showed that the flavonoids is the most abundant constituent in making about 11.6%, followed by steroid, alkaloid and phenol constituting 4.3%, 3.6% and 3.1% respectively. The mineral analysis of the extract indicate the presence of calcium (68.5 mg/100g), potassium (67 mg/100g), magnesium (89.8 mg/100g), phosphorous (62.5 mg/100g), zinc (8.0 mg/100g), iron (15.8 mg/100g) and copper (6.2 mg/100g). From the findings of this study, it is concluded that Amaranthus spp. leaf has therapeutic potential and can be used dietary supplements.