The α- Amylase inhibitory activity and Ferric reducing power of Plumeria pudica Flowers [1]. It have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and expectorant. Flowers of Plumeria pudica have been traditionally used to treat Fever, rheumatism, Skin conditions like acne, eczema, and dermatitis, respiratory problems like bronchitis, asthma, and coughs [2]. The Plumeria pudica (commonly known as white frangipani or bridal bouquet) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, which is native tropical America. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemicals in plants, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and saponins. Phytochemical investigation is a systematic study of the chemical constituents present in plants, including their identification, isolation, characterization, and quantification. Amylase is a type of enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starches and other complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin. It plays a crucial role in the digestive process, particularly in humans, where it initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth and continues its action in the small intestine. Through the mentioned review of literature we understood about Plumeria pudica flower's phytochemicals and pharmacological activities. The articles include tests and methods to α amylase inhibitory activity of Plumeria pudica flowers. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) is used to measure the antioxidant capacity of flower.

This study evaluated the effects of consuming contaminated Clarias gariepinus fish on the haematological parameters of Wistar albino rats. Twenty- four adult male rats were randomly assigned to four groups I, II, III, IV (n = 6 per group). These rats were fed ad libitum for 90 days with a diet composed of wild Clarias gariepinus fish from the two different river bodies admixed with commercial rat pellet. Group I served as controls, while Group II rats ingested Clarias gariepinus fish from the polluted Nun river. Group III consumed fish from Otamiri river, while Group IV was fed 100g of polluted fish from Nun river along with 1mg of Vitamin C per 100g of body weight dissolved in drinking water. Results showed that group II rats exhibited a significant reduction in haemoglobin concentration (8.70 ± 0.26 g/dl) compared to Groups I, III, and IV rats (10.32 ± 0.41 g/dl, 10.28 ± 0.14 g/dl, and 12.96 ± 1.3 g/dl) respectively at P < 0.05. Haematocrit value was significantly reduced in Group II rats (43.17 ± 0.90 %) compared to groups I, III and IV (45.55 ± 0.37, 48.21 ± 2.3, 49.5 ± 1.9) % respectively at P < 0.05. Erythrocyte count significantly reduced in Group II rats (2.63 ± 0.70 × 106/µL) compared to groups I, III and IV (3.30 ± 0.20, 3.59 ± 0.36, and 5.75 ± 0.6 × 106/µL) respectively at P < 0.05. White Blood Count was markedly increased in group II rats (4.46 ± 0.15) compared to I, III and IV (3.54 ± 0.18, 3.90 ± 0.02, and 3.65 ± 0.03) respectively at P < 0.05. The lymphocyte and eosinophil counts in group II were significantly elevated (7.49 x 10 cells/mm3 and 1.5 x 0.24 x 10 cells/mm3) compared to groups I (3.35 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.5 x 10 cells/mm3), group III (3.6 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.6 x 10 cells/mm3) and group IV (4.23 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.3 x 10 cells/mm3) at P <0.05. there were no significant differences in neutrophil, basophil and monocyte counts. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin values were also significantly increased in groups II, III and IV rats (88.7 ±0.15 and 29.8 ±0.41, 62.5 ±0.42 and 25.5 ±0.31, and 57.2 ±0.31 and 28.5 ±0.40) mm3 to group I rats (41.3 ±0.28 and 21.1 ±0.60) mm3 at P < 0.05. However, there was a significant rise in the mean corpuscular volume of group II rats compared to groups III and IV at P < 0.05. Conversely, the mean cell hemoglobin concentration was elevated in group I rats (26.4 ±1.2 mm3) compared to experimental groups II, III and IV respectively (21.4 ± 0.87, 22.9 ± 0.94 and 23.7 ± 0.70) mm3. This study probably indicates that some haematological parameters are adversely affected among rats exposed to cadmium and iron polluted African catfish from a Southern Nigeria River.

The Apiaceae species Foeniculum vulgare exists as a well-established therapeutic plant which people frequently use to treat digestive problems, promote milk production, aid as a carminative and acts as a diuretic and respiratory treatment. This study employed gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method to identify different phytoconstituents present in Foeniculum vulgare methanolic extract. Standards-based analysis according to FT-IR scans the molecular bond interactions of both polymers and all other types of compounds with IR light. The analytical method detected specific absorption bands which existed in organic molecules. Management of bioactive compounds in Foeniculum vulgare was confirmed by the study at different spectral ranges after FT-IR analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic profile solid analysis of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Peak (Wave number cm-ˡ), Intensity, Corr. Intensity, Area, Corr. Area, Bond, Functional group assignment (669.30, 59.416, 3.865, 2.859, 0.176, C-Cl and alkyl halides), (684.73, 63.115, 0.860, 2.285, 0.038, C-Cl, and alkyl halides). (827.46, 74.505, 1.152, 2.387, 0.081, =C–H and Alkenes), (873.75, 72.300, 2.593, 2.555, 0.131, =C–H and Alkenes), (927.76, 69.360, 0.661, 4.511, 0.180, =C–H and Alkenes), (1010.70, 48.730, 0.709, 18.575, 0.677, C-F and alkyl halides), (1236.37, 79.328, 0.352, 2.182, 0.052, C-F and alkyl halides), (1313.52, 79.285, 1.798, 2.296, 0.008, C-F and alkyl halides), (1417.68, 73.681, 0.430, 2.204, 0.073, C=C and Aromatic), (1604.77, 77.448, 9.752, 2.817, 0.060, N-H and Amide), (2918.30, 81.850, 1.636, 2.468, 0.286, C-H and Alkane), (3269.34, 74.844, 0.747, 2.381, 0.034, N-H and Amide). GC-MS detected bioactive compounds 2-Hydroxytetrahydropyran, Pentan-2-One, 3-Carene, Acetic acid-1-13C, L-Fenchone, 2-Aminobicyclohexyl, 1-Methyl-2-methylene-4-isopropyl, L-histidine, (-)-Sabinene, 2-Methyl-1-undecanol, 2-Methyl-1-undecanol, (E)-Anethole, 4-Pentyloxy-2,3-dicyanophenyl, Pentane, 1,2-epoxy-2-methyl, 1,3,8-P-menthatriene, 16-Methylheptadecan-1-ol, Methyl oxophenylacetate, Trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol, Diphenylmethanone, Fenchyl acetate.

Multiple countries include cinnamon bark and essential oil in their pharmacopoeias whereas the substances also function as food additives alongside condiments and flavoring agents supporting their role as carminatives and antioxidants and preservatives. The “white lupin” Lupinus albus grows across a wide range of the Mediterranean area. The Mediterranean region constitutes the entire planting area of this species. Lupin seeds just like legume seeds possess significant amounts of protein and minerals and dietary fibre content. Around the world diabetes mellitus exists as one of the major health implications that produces a severe long-term complex metabolic condition. The medical condition of diabetes mellitus identifies hyperglycemia through its effects on metabolic disturbances that affect carbohydrates and proteins and fats. We will use GC-MS technique to analyze the metabolites present in the plant. Evaluation of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Lupinus albus volatiles used GC-MS for separation and identification of their contents. The results showed that twenty individual volatile components were present trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Cyclohexane methylamine, Caryophyllene, 4-(1-Hydroxyethyl) benzaldehyde, naphthalene, cis, trans-1,5-Cyclodecadiene, Octahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indenol, 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde, coumarin, 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol, Terbenthene, alpha-Bisabolol for Cinnamomum zeylanicum. 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol, 2-hydroxy-5-propanamidobenzoic acid, 2-Methyloctan-3-one, beta-Myrcene, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl) propan-2-yloxy] oxane-3,4,5-triol, Heptane, 2,3-dimethyl-, 2,3-Dimethylheptane, cis-beta-Ocimene in Lupinus albus. Research suggests that Cinnamomum zeylanicum along with Lupinus albus display quality as potential hypoglycaemic agents.