Coeliac disease is an immunologically mediated disease of the small intestinal mucosa, characterized by flattening of the small intestinal villi, increased numbers of intra-epithelial lymphocytes and inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lamina propria, resulting in gut damage and nonspecific malabsorption of nutrients. The disease is elicited by ingestion of gluten, a protein found in several cereals, principally wheat, but also barley and to a lesser extent, oats. Successful treatment is avoidance of dietary gluten. Long-standing evidence suggests a T-cell-mediated response to peptides derived from the gliadin fraction of wheat gluten, leading to immunologically mediated intestinal injury in genetically susceptible individuals. The strength of this genetic susceptibility is indicated by 80% disease concordance in monozygotic twins and 11% concordance in dizygotic twins, and HLA has long been implicated as strongly associated with susceptibility to CD. Various studies in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including those under the auspices of the International Histocompatibility Workshops, lead to definition of the DQA1*05:01, DQB1*02:01 heterodimer, encoded in cis or trans, as being the principal HLA association.

Clear cell squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare variant of SCC of skin in which ultraviolet radiation has been suggested as possible etiology. We report a case of A 35-year-old man who works as a farmer presenting with an ulcerative-burgeoning lesion of the face that had been evolving for 2 years. microscopic examination revealed a clear-cell squamous cell carcinoma. It is a rare entity that must be diagnosed with care. when evaluating lesions with predominantly clear cell morphology, histopathological diagnosis is often difficult. Further research is needed to understand the pathophysiology, biological behavior, therapeutic options and prognosis.

The involvement of the gut microbiota in various diseases, including psychiatric disorders, is increasingly being studied. We present here a review of recent data regarding the potential role of the microbiota in the development and maintenance of alcohol addiction. Changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota have been observed in alcoholic patients. Several pathophysiological mechanisms explain the involvement of the microbiota in this addiction, including through the intestinal immune system, the production of psychoactive bacterial metabolites, or the alteration of intestinal permeability. Modulation of the microbiota through nutritional or pharmaceutical interventions is thus a promising therapeutic avenue for the management of alcoholism.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered one of the most common infectious diseases, affecting most people of all age. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the types of common bacteria causing UTIs and to measure the sensitivity of antibiotics to different bacteria. Materials and Methods: The current study included 208 of young group patients (aged 18 - 50 years) clinically suspected of having a UTIs. Out of 208 samples, the culture results showed that only 100 samples were positive for the presence of significant bacteria. Samples (midstream urine) were collected in a sterile tube, and significant results were shown for the isolated bacteria on selective media, identified by the VITEK-2 system. Then the Kirby-Bauer method was used to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: The most common bacteria identified included; Escherichia coli (68.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (6.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.8%), (3.8%) for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, While Streptococcus agalactiae accounted for (1.9%), Proteus mirabillus and Serratia marcescens (0.9%) for all of them. Moreover, there was mixed bacterial growth. Results revealed E. coli was sensitive to Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin and resistant to Tobramycin and Amikacin. Meanwhile, K. pneumoniae was completely sensitive to Imipenem and Ciprofloxacin with utterly resistant to Piperacillin. P. aeruginosae was sensitive to Imipenem, Meropenem and resistant to Azithromycin, Tobramycin, Ceftriaxone and levofloxacin. Whereas, S.aureus was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin and resistant to Trimethoprim and Azithromycin, E. faecalis was sensitive to Vancomycin with resistant to Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: The study concluded that females are more susceptible to UTIs than to males. In addition, females with UTIs tend to be younger than males. E. coli is the most common isolate among bacteria that cause UTIs. Study revealed that Imipenem remains the most potent treatment for inhibiting most types of bacteria causing UTIs, in addition, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Levofloxacin can be considered a potential treatment option.

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of larval stage Oestrus ovis conducted during the period from September 2023 to the end of March 2024 at Babylon city, Iraq. 250 goats firstly were examined grossly and postmortem by longitudinally cutting with a manual saw, secondly, the collected larvae (45) were examined microscopically to measure its length and overall morphology. The total infestation rate was 26% (65/250). The highest rate of infestation was in female which was 44/150 (29.3%) while in male the infestation rate was 21/100(21%). The rate of infestation increases with the progression age of animal, older adult (over three years) was more susceptible to infestation was recorded 30/85(35.3%), while 17% (14/80) were in ages less than one year. Therefore, it showed a highly significant difference at (P<0.01). Furthermore, the histopathological sections of nasal cavity showed that Numerous mucous glands, thickening of epithelium, hyperplasia of blood vessels and severe Infiltration of inflammatory in goat infected with O.ovis larvae. In contrast, the uninfected goat showed moderate inflammatory cell infiltration in mucosal layer of nasal cavity and several dense glandular aggregates encircled by a dense network of elastic fibers. In conclusion, this study shows the important of O. ovis that infect goat in Babylon city, Iraq. Moreover, the morphology of all larval stage is similar except their measurement, color, and the shape of respiratory spiracles.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a prevalent, long-term, inflammatory autoimmune illness with a wide range of extra-articular symptoms that affects 0.24% of people worldwide. Finding new, RA-specific biomarkers may help in early diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of the severity and response to therapy of the disease. Objective: Determining of (IL-33, IL-10) levels in blood of both patients on long term therapy, early diagnosis patients and healthy control groups by using ELISA technique. Method: A case-control study in the following study groups consisted of three group. Group 1 included (50) patients on medications (DMARDs), Group 2 included (50) early diagnosed patients without medication and group 3 included (50) healthy individuals. Result: The mean of serum IL-33 concentration was significantly difference in rheumatoid arthritis (157.15 ± 24.88) in treated patients, (513.11 ± 113.01), and in patients with early diagnosis (185.75 ± 30.71) compared to the healthy control group (P = 0.000). But Mean levels of serum IL-10 were 320.27 ± 37.82, 180.24 ± 12.68 and 493.80 ± 68.94 pg/ml in patients on treatment, early diagnosis patients and healthy control group respectively; the level was highly significant lower than in early diagnosis patients with RA in comparison with patient on treatment and healthy control and the IL-10 level in healthy control was highly significant higher than in Patients on treatment, but in Patients on treatment higher than in early diagnosis patients, (P = 0.000). Conclusion: IL-33 and IL-10 is regarded as a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of RA and for assessing the severity of the illness.

The objective of studying this research is to discuss the pathological influence of aflatoxin on hepatic tissue. Aflatoxin was produced in this work using Aspergillus flavus. The samples were mixed with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and left to incubate at a temperature of 28 ± 2°C for three to five days. We employed the fungal species for further usage once they were incubated. The AF was made via a fermentation process with Aspergillus parasitcus and rice, After the rice had fermented properly, it was steams to destroy the fungus, dried, and pulverised into a powder. The AF concentration in rice residue was determined using a TLC fluorometric densitometer on TLC spots. Ten rats from each of the two experimental groups—"G1 Control" (fed a baseline diet without AF) and "AF" (fed a different diet)—were randomly assigned to participate in the study. Group 2 rats were given 25 μg of AF daily. This study's duration was ninety days. Then, blood specimens were drawn by heart puncture using a syringe to determine serum enzyme levels. The animals were sacrificed in order to get tissue samples as well enzyme levels were assessed in serum specimens that had been centrifuged at 4000 × g for 15 minutes at 4 °C. The levels of AST, ALT, and GGT were determined using a spectrophotometer and a kit that was received from Biolabo. Liver samples were collected from rats after scarification, embedded in paraffin wax, and fixed with 10% neutralised formaldehyde. Hematoxylin and eosin were used for staining. The AF-treated group had substantially high levels of those enzymes compare to the control group (p < 0.05). G2 demonstrated that macrophage aggregations in the liver parenchyma constitute granulomatous lesions. Another portion showed hepatocyte apoptosis, which is defined by dense nuclei in the hepatocyte's irregular esonophilic cytoplasm, and a necrotic region with pyknosis or no nuclei at all. A portion of the liver of rats that were treated with aflatoxin showed proliferation of kupffer cells together with a few clusters of mononuclear cells around the major vein. In conclusion, Aflatoxin can affect of liver tissue histology as well as liver enzymes such as ALT, AST as well as GGT.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute arthropod-borne viral disease that can cause severe disease in domestic animals, such as buffalo, camels, cattle, goats, and sheep. Rift Valley fever is also an important zoonosis that can cause severe disease in humans. This article will provide complete information regarding the historical background, mode of transmission, clinical signs and symptoms, clinical complications and new insights including pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, treatment & prevention.

This study aimed to characterize Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Iraq and compare them with international strains. Twenty midstream urine samples from UTI patients were cultured on MacConkey and nutrient agar plates. All bacterial isolates were identified using Vitek 2 system, followed by DNA extraction with the Goya Gene kit. Specific primers were used to detect E. coli, and positive samples were sequenced using the Sanger method. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to elucidate the genetic relationships among the isolates. The results revealed a high similarity between local Iraqi E. coli isolates and national strains, with minor differences. The phylogenetic tree analysis identified three distinct strains, with an 81% similarity among most isolates, though one international strain was notably distant. The study highlights on rising the frequency of UTIs and the monetary problems they impose on both the governments and patients, emphasizing the need for active drugs that can be rapidly implemented in medical settings. This research underscores the importance of understanding local bacterial populations to inform treatment strategies, as UTIs commonly result from bacterial resistance to existing treatments. UPEC frequently targets the urethra, bladder, and kidneys, initiating infections through colonization and subsequent invasion of the bladder epithelium.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has reformed infectious disease management, including COVID-19. While real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used for rapid pathogen detection, it requires predefined targets. NGS offers an unbiased approach, detecting multiple pathogens simultaneously without prior knowledge. Despite its potential, NGS implementation in clinical settings faces challenges like high costs and technical complexity. NGS platforms like Illumina, Ion Torrent, and Nanopore provide high-throughput sequencing, identifying pathogens and resistance markers. Applications include whole genome sequencing (WGS), metagenomic NGS (mNGS), and targeted NGS (tNGS). Integrating NGS with conventional methods could improve diagnostics, but current evidence is mixed for supporting its widespread clinical use.

Introduction: The high cost and limited availability of traditional feeds at certain times of the year is one of the biggest constraints to animal production. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of using dried date peels, and baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S.s) in different incubation periods on rumen fermentations. Three levels of dried date peels (15%, 30%, and 60%), with different baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S.C.) are used in this study in vitro condition. Results: The different treatments used in this study had a significant increase in ruminant gas production. Conclusion: Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S.C.) and date peels do not affect reducing rumen gas, indeed, these treatments increase the gas produced by the feed in vitro conditions.