Despite a global immunization campaign, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a severe public health risk. The study advances our understanding of the diversity and evolution of the hepatitis B virus by studying virus genotypes using PCR and sequencing. This insight will be extremely useful in the development of targeted medicines and immunizations to combat HBV infection. The results of HBV testing on twenty samples, three of which tested positive and the remaining 17 were negative. A fast test, however, yielded positive results, indicating a mutation that hampers diagnosis in the detection of a 492 base pair band. The HBV sequences (seq1) were observed to mimic strains from other countries, with four SNPs causing a gap between seqs 1 and 2. It was also stated how many people in China who donated blood tested positive for HBV DNA. According to the phylogenetic tree analysis, sequences 1 and 2 were 40% related to one another in an international strain, whereas sequences 3 and 4 were independently classified and shared 41% similarity, implying that just a fraction.

Objective: The present survey-based study aims to gather clinicians’ perspectives regarding the antibiotic prescription pattern for the management of infections and enteric fever in Indian settings. Methodology: The current multiple-response questionnaire-based survey consisted of 17 questions pertaining to clinical observations, clinical experience, and antibiotic prescription practice of specialists involved in the management of infections and enteric fever. Result: Out of 246 participants, 89% recommended cefixime as the preferred monotherapy drug for enteric fever. The recommended combination therapies for enteric fever were cefixime and ofloxacin, cefixime and azithromycin, and cefpodoxime and ofloxacin, as indicated by 38%, 32%, and 25% of clinicians, respectively. Approximately 61% of the clinicians reported frequently prescribing cefixime for urinary tract infections (UTI). According to 68% of the clinicians, the recommended cefixime dose for treating typhoid fever is 15-20 mg/kg. More than half (55%) of the clinicians recommended amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for the treatment of respiratory infections. Majority (78%) of the clinicians chose cefixime as an effective option for managing recurring infections. A considerable proportion (76%) of clinicians reported no side effects following antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into the use of antibiotics in infection and enteric fever in Indian settings. Cefixime therapy is recommended by clinicians in the treatment of enteric fever, UTI, and recurring infections. The preferred treatment option for enteric fever includes a combination of cefixime with either ofloxacin or azithromycin. The recommended cefixime dose for typhoid fever is in the range of 15-20 mg/kg. Respiratory infections are typically treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.

Stomach ulcers have emerged as a serious public health concern. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in individuals with chronic and acute gastric ulcers will be examined in this study. Sixty blood samples were obtained from participants in the research. The Marjan Teaching Hospital, Al-Sadiq Hospital in Babylon Province, Iraq, treated forty patients having stomach ulcer surgery between March and November 2023; the control group consisted of twenty individuals. A high mean value for IL-6 concentration was seen in both the chronic and acute patient groups compared to the control group (44.1 ± 28.6 pg/ml) for chronic patient and (30.2 ± 15.4 pg/ml) for acute patients with significant differences(P<0.05). The results conducted a noteworthy rise in the level of interleukin-6 in the age group of 71–80 years, with a mean value of 10.9±9.02 pg/ml, compared to other age groups. Additionally, when considering gender, it was observed that males had a higher mean value of 73.4±30.60 pg/ml, while females had a similar mean value of 73.4±30.60 pg/ml. These findings were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05).

Cow's milk is a whole food product that is sensitive to many bacterial contamination. In this study sixty cow milk samples were collected from farm milk, milk vendor and shops milk on Babylon city from October to December 2023, all milk samples were obtained from three source for bacterial availability analysis. All collected samples are processed in laboratory for estimation viable bacterial count and phenotypic detection of Escherichia by plated them on MacConkey agar, and show greenish metallic sheen on colonies in Eosin Methylene Blue. Consequently, antibiotic resistance profile of isolates done by Kirby-Bauer technique on Muller Hinton agar plats, analysis according to recommended by criteria of Instructions of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), and biofilm formation detection by staining with methylene blue on tissue plate assay. The results showed detection of 53.2% (n=32) positive of Escherichia coli out of sixty cow milk samples and It was confirmed by Vitek system and indole test; farm milk 13.3 % (n=8) with average count 6.7×107 cfu/ml, milk vendor 23.3 % (n=14) with average count1.8×108 cfu/ml, and shops milk 16.6 % (n=10) average count 1.3×108 cfu/ml, and the susceptibility rate of Escherichia coli were tested in the following order: Ciprofloxacin 10 mcg (25.0%), Ciprofloxacin5 mcg (31.2 %), Ampiclox (28.1%),Ampicillin (31.2 %), Trimethoprim (37.5%), Gentamycin (25.0%), Tobramycin (43.7%), Streptomycin (15.6%), Amikacin (28.1%), Doxycillin (31.2 %),Cefaxitin (28.1%),Ceftazidime (25.0%), and Aztreonam(31.2) %. In conclusion, data showed higher contamination of Cow's milk in Babylon city from different source with Escherichia coli, in which biofilm producers and resistance to many antibiotic were notice, Therefore, we recommend periodic monitoring of producers and sellers of raw milk and its products and imposing strict laws to limit the spread of foodborne illnesses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.