Background: Breast cancer is common in Sudan and most patients are detected at later stages of the disease due to the lack of awareness and absence of early screening programs. The majority of breast cancers originate in the epithelium lining the milk ducts. It is believed that most breast canceras are slow growing and progress from precancerous cells, which have cellular and nuclear changes that can be identified microscopically. Aim: To cytological screening of breast cancer in breast fluid. Methods: This is a cross-sectional feasible study conducted in Shendi town, 200 samples of different breast fluids from asymptomatic women. (100 nipple aspiration fluid, 50 milk smear, 50 postpartum milk) have been collected and screened cytologically. Stained by pap stain. Results: After cytology screening of breast fluid in, milk 30/50(60%) of women were non-cell secretors and 20/50 (40%) of women were cell secretors. Cells that appeared among the secreting group were a few epithelial cells and immune cells. In postpartum milk all women 50/50 (100%) were cell secretors, abnormal cytomorphological changes were in 15/50 (30%) of them, and high secretion of immune cells 50/50 (100%) which found to statistically of significant value (0.000). NAF was not produced in 78/100. Among women who produced NAF22/100, women were produced NAF 6/22 (27.3% ) were not cell secretors (category 0), benign nonhyperplasic ductal epithelial cells (category 1) 6/22( 27.3%), benign hyperplasic ductal epithelial cells (Category II) 5/22( 22.7%), atypical ductal epithelial cell (category III) 3/22 (13.7%) atypia (Category IV) 2/22(9%). cytological atypia 21/25 (84%) appears among women more than 30 years old and there was a strong statistical of significant value P. value =(0.000). Also, risk factors (family history, contraceptive intake, and HPV) statistically have a significant correlation with cytological atypia among study group P. value = (0.036). In this study HPV infection, cytomorphological change (koilocyte) was detected in breast fluid 4/200 (2%). Conclusion: cytology of the breast is a simple, safe, rapid test that is acceptable to patients and showed the ability to detect benign and pre-neoplastic ductal epithelial cells from asymptomatic volunteers.

Background: Covid-19 can Cause Various Conditions Including respiratory, enteric, and neurological diseases, and led to a pandemic that has affected millions worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Shendi teaching hospital which is located in Shendi town in Sudan to evaluate Haematological parameters and D. Dimer in patients with Covid-19 Infection in the period between May to September 2021. The study included (50) patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 Infection and the study groups were compared with (50) healthy volunteers as a control group. 50 venous blood samples as case and 50 as control transferred into Tri sodium citrate and EDTA anticoagulant. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (22) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the Covid-19 Infection patients were; (60%) males and (40) females. Complete blood count (CBC) indicated the mean values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCV, MCH, MCHC, in case group were (12.5 g/dl), (38.9%), (4.5x1012/l), (86.7 fl), (27.7 pg) and (32.0 g/dl) respectively. Also prevailed the mean of TWBCs, Neutrophil, lymphocyte, MID, Absolute Neutrophil, Absolute lymphocyte, Absolute MID, were (13.09x 109 /l), (79.27%), (11.79%), (8.77%), (10.38), (1.54), and (1.16) respectively. The study revealed the mean of platelet, D.dimer (296.63x 109 /l), (6.07ug/ml), respectively. Conclusions: Covid-19 Infection is responsible for significant changes in hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total white blood cells count differential and absolute neutrophils count and differential and absolute lymphocytes count and D. dimer.

The quality of the liqueurs and their organoleptic properties depend on the characteristics of spirits or milk cream used as well as on the preparation procedures, including maceration and maturation processes. Hence the aim of this study is to produce a cream liqueur using whiskey as the spirit base and observe its shelf life stability. The specific objectives of this study were to produce cream liqueurs of different concentrations using whisky and milk cream, to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the cream liqueurs, to determine the shelf stability of the produced cream liqueur after three months of storage, to carry out sensory evaluation on the cream liqueurs in comparison with a commercial cream liqueur and to determine the acceptance of the liqueurs statistically based on parameters tested using One-Way ANOVA at P≤0.05. Ten (10) samples of cream liqueur were produced using standard method with different concentrations of sodium caseinate and were labelled Samples A to J. The cream liqueur samples were kept and stored at 30oC for 3 months for shelf study. The result of organoleptic evaluation showed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in taste, aroma, appearance and overall acceptability between the cream liqueur samples and a commercial cream liqueur. The presence of alcohol in the cream liqueur helps in the preservation of the liqueur and ensures maximum microbial stability and extended shelf life. It can be concluded therefore, that whiskey and cream milk are good raw materials for cream liqueur production.