The microbial contamination of street foods has become an important public health issue in developing countries like India because of widespread food borne diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the bacteriological quality of street foods. A total of 120 samples (104 were street food samples and 16 were dish washing water samples) was collected and analyzed for total viable count (TVC). The isolation of pathogens was carried out on selective and differential media and was further identified on the basis of morphology and biochemical tests. Similarly, antibiotic profiling was performed by disk diffusion method. The results suggest that the highest TVC was found to be in panipuri (4.5±1.72×105 cfu/ml) followed by samosa (3.8±0.97×105 cfu/g), bhelpuri (3.2±0.77×105 cfu/g) and poha (3.1±0.78×105 cfu/g) while kachori samples showed least count (2.8±0.97×105 cfu/g). Similarly, the TVC of dish washing water (DWW) samples was 5.32±1.66×105 cfu/ml. Out of 120, 68 samples (56.67%) were found to be contaminated with S. aureus followed by E. coli (50%), Enterobacter sp. (36.67%), P. aeruginosa (26.67%) whereas Salmonella sp. was found in 20 samples (16.67%). The antibiotic susceptibility results suggest that S. aureus, E.coli and Enterobacter sp. showed 55%, 29.63% and 15.38% resistance to aztreonam while E. coli and Enterobacter sp. showed 7.41 % and 23.08% resistance to vancomycin and gatifloxacin respectively. These findings indicate considerable rate of contamination in street foods and DWW. The identified foodborne bacteria and antibiotics resistance isolates could pose a public health problem in that locality. Therefore, regular inspection, health education and training of vendors on food handling and safety practices are recommended.

Indiscriminate defecation in open places is still a common practice in Agbani, Nkanu West Local Government Area, and Enugu State Nigeria. It is obvious that the practice does not only pollute the environment but also some of these people that defecate in the open places may be carriers of infections and may deposit enteric pathogens into the agricultural soils and in the process infecting the healthy community. Effect of some environmental factors on the survival time of Escherichia coli in human faces deposited in the soil was studied. Early morning fresh faecal samples were collected randomly in Agbani Nkanu West L.G.A. Enugu State. The enteric organisms were isolated from the faecal sample using standard cultural techniques and characterized, morphologically and molecularly and identified as Escherichia coli. The survival time of Escherichia coli exposed to sunlight, shade, pH and temperature was monitored for fifty days and the results showed that there was a decrease in number of Escherichia coli exposed to sunlight, shade, pH and temperature from day seven. Escherichia coli showed little or no growth on day fifty Hence, sunlight, shade, pH and temperature had a lethal effect on the survival of Escherichia coli that had stayed up to fifty days in fecal soil. However, elimination of enteric pathogens present in open defecated feces in soil by sunlight and other environmental factors may be slow, but it is cheap and lead to environmentally friendly agricultural products. However, Open defecation is not recommended because of the health hazards associated with it.

Background: Aim: Estimation of alkaline phosphatase levels in prostate cancer patients attending the National Cancer Institute of Gezira University to determine the association between elevated alkaline phosphatase levels and metastases in prostatic cancer patients. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study to estimate alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels in patients with prostatic cancer who attended National Cancer Institute, Gezira University's between September and December 2018. A structured questionnaire was developed and prescribed to 100 subjects, which included personal and medically important information. The level of alkaline phosphatase was determined, and a biopsy was performed, with the results interpreted by a histopathologist. SPSS-23 was used to analyze the data. Results: Patients with metastatic prostatic cancer accounted for 50% of the patients in the research, and 51% of them had an alkaline phosphatase level greater than (124U/L). Bone metastasis was the most prevalent site of metastasis, accounting for 50% of all cases, whereas liver metastasis accounted for 12% of all cases. Radiation prostatectomy plus radiotherapy was the most prevalent treatment for prostatic cancer, accounting for 86 % of cases. In comparison to individuals with non-metastatic prostate cancer, the majority of patients with metastatic prostatic cancer had an elevated alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion: Finally, we discovered that the level of alkaline phosphatase is significantly raised in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Early detection and treatment will limit the impact of this serious condition.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, commonly known as Jamun, is a widely distributed forest tree in India and other tropical and sub tropical regions of the world. The tree has a great economic importance since most of the parts like the bark, leaves, seed and fruits are used as an alternative medicine to treat various diseases. The present study aimed at the in-vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous fruit seed extract of Syzygium cumini. The fruit seeds were extracted separately with distilled water by maceration method .The various concentrations of the extract (50,100, 200,300,400mg/ml) respectively were screened for their anthelmintic activity using Pheritima posthuma. The activity was comparable with the standard drug albendazole. When the concentrations of the extract are increased, a gradual increase in anthelmintic activity is observed. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Aqueous fruit seed extract of Syzygium cumini showed anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms. The data were found statistically significant by using one way ANOVA (P< 0.001).