Background: Kidney transplantation represents the optimal therapeutic tool for patients affected by end-stage renal disease (ESRD), Candidiasis is a major challenge among renal transplant recipients (RTRs) worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Fluconazole is the most commonly used agent for Candida infections Aim: to identify Candida spp from renal transplanted patients. Method: cross sectional study were done, 51 Urine sample was collected on sterile urine container then cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, incubated at 35 °C and observed daily for 7 days. When the growth of yeast colonies was observed, the Gram stain method was done to verify the absence of bacterial contamination. The yeasts were identified via germ tube test and chromogenic media to differentiate between candida spp. Results: out of 51 patients; female were more than male wit mean age group 45 years for both male and female.The cause of ESRD was; 19 (37.3%) had DM, 12(23.5%) had hypertension, 10(19.6%) had Glomerulonephritis and 3(5.9%) had kidney stone candida species among study group as follow; c.albicans isolated from 28 (54.9%) pt., c.glabrata isolated from 11 (21.6%) pt., c.tropicalis isolated from 6 (11.8%) pt., c.krusie isolated from 3 (5.9%) of pt. and 3(5.9%) had mixed infection. C.albicans, tropicalis and C.krusie had been distributed more among DM groups and less among kidney stone groups, on the other hand C.glabrata more isolated among Glomerulonephritis groups. There was no association between candida species and ESRD. Conclusion: There was no relation between candida spp and cause of ERDS.

Falciparum malaria still represents the big obstacle to communities in Sub-Sahara African countries and more concentrated efforts against COVID-19 pandemic, may influence the lives of millions of children in that malaria-endemic area. Hyperuricemia associated with plasmodium falciparum infection reflects the density of parasitemia and it may lead to kidney injury, resulting in low vitamin D production. Furthermore, hyperuricemia leads to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines counting interferon γ-induced protein, which is invested vitamin D deficiency in the development of Burkitt’s lymphoma. Experimental research is required.

Nearly two years since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which has caused over 5 million deaths, the world continues to be on high COVID-19 alert. The World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with national authorities, public health institutions and scientists have been closely monitoring and assessing the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 since January 2020. The emergences of specific SARS-CoV-2 variants were characterized as Variant of Interest (VOI) and Variant of Concern (VOC), to prioritize global monitoring and research, and to inform the ongoing global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO and its international sequencing networks continuously monitor SARS-CoV-2 mutations and inform countries about any changes that may be needed to respond to the variant, and prevent its spread where feasible. Multiple variants of the virus have emerged and become dominant in many countries since January 2021, with the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants being the most prominent to date. The paper was aimed to review the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC).