Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant public health concern, and Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of these infections. The rise of antibiotic resistance among K. pneumoniae strains necessitates accurate and timely identification for effective treatment. Aim: This study aimed to isolate and identify K. pneumoniae from urine samples of patients with UTIs. It also sought to evaluate the effectiveness of different diagnostic methods, including phenotypic, biochemical, Vitek 2, and molecular techniques. Method: The study was conducted between August 2023 and November 2024 in Babylon province, Iraq, encompassing both public and private healthcare facilities. A total of 100 urine samples were collected from patients with UTIs, covering a diverse range of age groups and both sexes. The study employed a combination of diagnostic approaches. Phenotypic and biochemical tests were performed for initial identification. The Vitek 2 automated system provided rapid and accurate identification. Molecular identification was carried out using PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: K. pneumoniae was isolated from 12% of the urine samples. The highest prevalence was observed in the 10-30-year age group, and females had a higher incidence compared to males. All isolates were successfully identified using all diagnostic methods employed in the study. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the significant role of K. pneumoniae in causing UTIs in the studied population. The findings highlight the importance of utilizing a combination of diagnostic approaches for accurate and timely identification of this pathogen, which is crucial for effective treatment and infection control.

The presence of parasites, especially nematodes, in the intestines of Cyprinus carpio fish causes structural deformities of the intestine (Necrosis), accompanied by the occurrence of cases of rupture in the villi, as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells in the villi and degeneration of cells in the mucosal layer. The results of the current study, through the histological section of the intestines of infected and uninfected Carasobarbus luteus, showed the pathological effects of nematodes on the intestines of Leuciscus vorax and Planiliza abu, accompanied by necrosis of the villi, as well as necrosis and damage to the muscular layer and epithelial tissue, fibrin deposition in the mucosal layer, peeling of the submucosal layer, necrosis and rupture of the intestines of Carasobarbus luteus. In addition, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the villi causes a clear decrease in the number of villi, the tearing of the superficial epithelial cells in the mucosal layer, as well as necrosis and rupture in the muscular layer, which causes a change in the function of the intestine and a decrease in its efficiency, represented by poor nutrition, weight loss, and cases of lethargy and inactivity. The attachment of the threadworm to the epithelial layer leads to the withdrawal of part of the epithelial cells and the dissolution, erosion and death of the cells.

Background: Escherichia coli, sometimes known as E. coli, is a gram-negative bacterium that is typically present in people's intestinal flora. Some forms of E. coli can cause sickness, while the majority of these types are benign and aid in digestion. By creating biofilms, bacteria are able to defend themselves against mechanical, chemical, and biological assaults, giving them exceptional survival benefits. The scented medicinal grass known as lemon grass belongs to the Cymbopogon genus. Lemongrass essential oils include bioactive phytoconstituents that have a wide range of therapeutic benefits, including antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, insecticidal, and antimalarial actions. Methods: The aim of this study is to evaluating the antibacterial activity of (C. citrates) essential oil leaves extract and assessment of its effect on fimA and papC genes in E. coli. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses of the C. citrates essential oil extract. Forty-eight isolates of E. coli from different sources such as (urine, blood and stool. the diagnosis was confirmed using VITEK-2. The experiments use in this study is (Antibiotic susceptibility test, Disc diffusion method, Total phenolic content, Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of C. citrates L. m biofilm formation and Genetic analysis). Results: The objective of this study is to assess the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of extracts derived from the leaves of C. citrates and the effect on gene expression of fimA and papC genes after treatment with sub-MIC of C. citrates leaves extracts. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that (90%) of the isolates had FimA while PapC was present in (60%) of the total isolates. The gene expression revealed that there was a decrease in the expression of Fim A and PapC genes.

Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid is a malignant tumor originating from meibomian glands, ciliary glands of Zeis, sebaceous glands of caruncle. Without early management, it follows an aggressive course leading to widespread metastasis in regional lymph nodes and distant organs. Sebaceous carcinoma can resemble other benign tumours leading to its incorrect interpretation. FNAC plays a significant role in the diagnosis of this malignant tumor. In our hospital, we diagnosed a case of sebaceous carcinoma of the lower eyelid based on cytology that was clinically diagnosed as lacrimal gland carcinoma.

Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Alternaria alternata fungus isolates on powdery mildew disease on squash and to diagnose them according to the taxonomic keys of the Alternaria spp fungus genera. They were propagated to conduct experiments on them. The experiments showed a significant effect of the two isolates on the growth and germination of powdery mildew disease in squash. The two isolates also had a significant effect on reducing the formation of conidiophores. Powdery mildew disease was sprayed with a suspension of the two A. alternata fungus isolates, as it gave the greatest effect on the germination of powdery mildew disease, in addition to the number of conidiophores, followed by the spray treatment with reproductive units when compared to the control. The plants were also sprayed with the filtrate of the A. alternata fungus isolate, as it gave a tangible effect on the germination of powdery mildew disease, in addition to the number of conidiophores when measured by the control. Time also significantly affected the germination and number of conidiophores for powdery mildew disease.

This study evaluated the effect of combined treatment of aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Balanites aegyptiaca leaves on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Twenty four (24) Wistar male rats weighing 100-150g were randomly distributed into four groups. The first group served as the normal control while the remaining three groups were induced with diabetes using streptozotocin at 60 mg/kg body weight. Group two served as diabetic control and the remaining groups were treated with the combined extracts and V. amygdalina alone at 500 mg/kg body weight respectively. The rats were treated orally once daily for 28 days. At the end of the experimental period, blood glucose level and lipid profile were measured. The result showed that there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the blood glucose level of all the treated groups compared to the diabetic control. The results also showed that HDL-C was significantly increased (p<0.05) in all treated groups compared to the untreated diabetic group. It is concluded that aqueous extracts of V. amygdalina and B. aegyptiaca leaves possess strong hypoglycemic activity with very low antihyperlipidemic activity.

The cave bat; Geoffroy's bat (Myotis emarginatus), is an important component of the animal life in Northern Iraq, which lives in huge numbers in the mountain caves of that region. These numbers when they fly hunting for food may cause spreading of some pathogenic microbes. Thus, the current study looked at identifying the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine content of these bats. In this case, 55 bats were captured, and 45 intestinal swab samples were taken. These samples were examined by using cultivation and biochemical methods. The colonies were subjected to a PCR and sequencing by recruiting the 16S rRNA gene as a target. The sequencing data were processed for the identification of any evolution properties and displayed by presenting a phylogenetic tree. The cultivation and biochemical findings revealed the presence of the bacterium in 8/55 (14.6%) of the samples. These positive results were confirmed by using the PCR and found that 8/8 (100%) of the samples were positive for the pathogen. The sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses of three randomly selected PCR purified products revealed close similarity with global sequences isolated from human lung and animal food in the UK and Italy, respectively. The current results show important information about the possible pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa present in the intestine of the examined bat, which may pose a real threat to the health of people who are in contact with these bats.