Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by the mirror-image arrangement of the thoracic and abdominal viscera. Although most patients remain asymptomatic, this condition presents a diagnostic challenge in the presence of cardiovascular disease. In patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis, pericardial effusion is a potentially serious complication that can progress to cardiac tamponade. The coexistence of both conditions necessitates timely diagnosis and an individualized therapeutic approach to improve prognosis.

Streptococcus mutans is the leading one of the oral microbiota causing tooth caries. It forms biofilms on teeth providing protection against the host defenses by making extracellular polysaccharides and carbohydrates. These biofilms increase bacterial persistence and enhances the pathogenicity of S. mutans. Such emergence of antibiotic resistance has significantly reduced the long-term usage of both synthetic and conventional antimicrobials (β lactams and chlorhexidine). The need to find and develop novel alternatives is owing to this growing resistance. Natural antimicrobials, like enzyme-based medications and other antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), provide good treatments. AMPs also minimize the chance of developing resistance and disrupts bacterial membranes preventing the formation of biofilms. By directly breaking down biofilm matrix and virulence factors, enzyme-based antimicrobials such glucosidases and proteases improve bacterial clearance. Both strategies are viable substitutes for conventional antibiotics since they are biocompatible, environmentally benign, and have several targets of action. The relevance of switching to natural antimicrobial drugs is shown by the collective research on S. mutans prevalence, biofilm biology, and resistance mechanisms. Incorporating AMPs and enzyme-based treatments into oral healthcare may offer safe, efficient, and resistance-reducing methods for managing and preventing dental caries.

The transition from traditional microscopy to computer-assisted analysis of histological specimens has been made easier. Digital pathology has emerged as a transformational force in the field of diagnostic medicine. This review offers a comprehensive update on the current landscape of digital pathology, covering whole-slide imaging technologies, infrastructure requirements and clinical applications crossing primary diagnosis, telepathology, education and research, alongside the integration of artificial intelligence methodologies. Important implementation problems, such as validation, regulatory processes, data governance, and cost concerns, are also addressed, and we investigate potential future possibilities, such as foundation models, multimodal integration, and applications in settings with limited resources. This review intends to provide pathologists, researchers, and healthcare administrators with a practical framework for navigating the continuous digital transformation of pathology services. This will be accomplished by offering a synthesis of the evidence that is now available.

Rituximab a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, has transformed the treatment of B-cell malignancies and autoimmune disorders [1, 2]. While its therapeutic efficacy is well-established, developing evidence has revealed a complex and increasingly recognized spectrum of gastrointestinal mucosal injuries associated with its use. This review synthesizes recent literature including landmark 2025 studies, to present a comprehensive overview of rituximab-associated gastrointestinal mucosal injury. We describe clinical presentations, endoscopic findings and histopathologic features across the entire gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the colon. A particular focus is placed on the newly characterized rituximab-associated common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)-like enteropathy, a severe and late-onset syndrome characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, malabsorption and distinctive histologic features [3, 4]. We also discuss the proposed pathogenic mechanisms, clinical approach to diagnosis, management strategies and areas for future research.