Background: The Somatic Mutation Theory (SMT) has dominated oncological science over the course of many decades representing cancer as a more primitively cell-autonomous pathology, as a consequence of the accumulation of somatic genetic changes. The heterogeneity, dormancy and treatment resistance that is so eminent in breast carcinoma often goes unnoticed by this view. Objective: The current review will attempt to amalgamate modern evidence supporting the Tissue Organisation Field Theory (TOFT), especially the histophysiological reprogramming of breast cancer cells in the microenvironment in which they can be found. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted on the following leading databases - Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and high-impact studies published between 2010 and 2026 were prioritised. Results: The current use of empirical evidence places breast cancer progression as a breakdown of the organisation of tissues as opposed to as opposed to a genetic breakdown. Recent spatial proteomic studies (2025) prove that the increase in proteomic heterogeneity in line with tumour progression, regardless of prevailing underlying genomic mutations, is due to the non-steady interplay between malignant epithelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the immune microenvironment. Conclusion: Diverting analytical attention toward the solitary cancer cell, more wholesome information about malignancy is obtained by cultivating an alternate perspective that analyses the tissue field. Targeted therapeutic interventions to achieve microenvironmental normalisation and restoration of tissue architecture can be a promising potential solution to treatment resistance and achieve long-term clinical benefit.

Background: Ruxolitinib is a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with demonstrated success in treating MF intermediate to high-risk patients, although the implications for low-risk disease classes are not yet established. Objective: To evaluate the effect of ruxolitinib on spleen size reduction and symptom burden in patients with low- and intermediate-1 risk primary myelofibrosis, and to analysis the relationship between baseline hematologic parameters and treatment response. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 30 patients diagnosed with primary myelofibrosis who were treated at the Hematology consultant/Merjan teaching hospital between January and August 2025. Patients were classified according International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). Ruxolitinib treatment was initiated at doses of 15–20 mg twice per day and therapeutic response was assessed after a minimum of six months. The main outcomes studied were reduction in spleen size (%) (estimated by ultrasound measuring the longest axis) and alterations in the Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form Total Symptom Score (MPN-SAF TSS). Statistical evaluations were performed using Jamovi version 2.6.44, establishing significance at p < 0.05. Results: Among the 30 patients, 14 (46.7%) were classified as low-risk, while 16 (53.3%) were considered in the intermediate-1 risk category. The median baseline spleen sizes recorded were 20 cm for the low-risk group and 18.5 cm for the intermediate-1 group. After treatment, the median reduction in spleen size was 17.9% in low-risk compared to 15.4% in intermediate-1 group (p = 0.16). Moreover, an average decrease in the MPN-SAF TSS was 71.7% in the low-risk group as well as 66.4% in the intermediate-1 group (p = 0.52). There were no significant correlations in these data between initial hematologic parameters and treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Ruxolitinib therapy resulted in reduction of splenic size and symptom severity for patients with lower-risk myelofibrosis (MF). However, the variations observed between different International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) categories were not statistically significant. These results underscore the possible advantages of initiating ruxolitinib therapy earlier for symptomatic low-risk MF patients and point to the necessity for larger prospective studies to confirm these findings.

The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of a low-intensity aerobic fitness program on the chosen physiological and biochemical markers of kidney activity, the parameters of physical fitness in physically active elderly men of 55 60 years. A one-group pretest- posttest design was used as the experimental method. The sample was chosen as 12 physically active elderly men, who were carefully chosen out of elderly population of Misan Governorate in Iraq. The training had a duration of 12 weeks and it had four sessions in a week. It was composed of walking workouts, stationary bicycle, and bodyweight trainings whereby intensity and duration were increased gradually. Physiological measurements were done in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Measures of physical fitness included cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance and body mass index (BMI). The findings showed statistically significant differences in the post-test measures in favor of most variables, which means that the training program is effective in improving the functioning of kidney and blood pressure regulation as well as physical fitness in general. The research suggests the implementation of such low-intensity aerobic exercises programs as one of the safe and effective preventive measures aimed at maintaining physiological health among older adults.