Introduction: Hypokalaemia or potassium deficiency in cancer patients is the second highest Electrolyte Disorder (ED) after Hyponatremia. Deficiency of potassium can cause sudden vital organ failure in malignancy, if it is not diagnosed and manage immediately. Additionally, there remain many risk factors related to malignancy and its treatment to developing potassium deficiency. This narrative review was conducted to document an overview of aetiology of Hypokalaemia in patients with different stage of various types of cancer. Aim: The narrative review could be informative and important in recognizing Hypokalaemia in oncology treatment and management. Research Question: What is the aetiology of developing hypokalaemia in cancer patients? Methodology: Literatures were selected for review based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Selection was done purposively based on several outcome and information regarding potassium deficiency in cancer patients. Articles were reviewed by mainly considering the population and results of the study. Main author reviewed the papers and cross-checked with third author, and finally came to conclusion after consensus. Inclusion Criteria: a) Study on cancer patients developing hypokalaemia, b) Study on hypokalaemia as an outcome of cancer treatment and management, c) Study on mechanism of developing hypokalaemia in cancer patients, and d) Study on hypokalaemia resulting from risk factors as a consequence of cancer. Exclusion Criteria: a) Study on hypokalaemia not due to cancer treatment or management, b) Incomplete study, c) Not found in online publications/digital libraries/e-journals. Study Period: Review period was January to March 2021. Literature Search: Keyword based scientific paper search underwent through Google Scholar, PubMed and Embase. Results and Discussion: Aitiology of hypokalaemia can be grouped under four headings: a) Malignancy, itself, b) treatment of the cancer that includes chemotherapy and targeted therapies; c) concomitant drugs and d) concomitant diseases; endocrine dysfunction, toxic epidermal necrolysis, inflammatory bowel diseases among others. There are three mechanisms found to be involved which are caused by the above mentioned risk factors. They are: an inadequate potassium intake, redistribution of potassium among intra- and extracellular compartments, and potassium losses. Conclusion: Hypokalaemia in cancer patients is a life-threatening situation and increases mortality and morbidity. Recognizing and understanding the aetiology could be helpful for the clinicians, especially the oncologists to reduce the suffering and improve palliative management in cancer patients.

The harmful or hazardous use of substances including illegal drugs, prescription medications used non-medically, alcohol, and inhalants is known as drug abuse. Males tend to have a higher prevalence and more varied substance use, often starting at a younger age than females. Drug abuse is emerging as a global public health issue. Youth are more vulnerable because their brains are still developing, which makes drug use potentially more harmful. Early drug exposure may lead to addiction, poor academic performance, risky behavior, and mental health issues. The aim of this study is to Evaluate and compare the prevalence and types of substances commonly abused by male and female out of school in Kano metropolis. This study was a cross-sectional study that assesses and compares the pattern of substance abuse among males and females out of school youths in Kano metropolis. A total of 463 (257 males and 206 females) out of school youths were taken from eight local governments in Kano metropolis, with age between 18 and 29 years. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data using an adapted interview administered semi structured questionnaire, SPSS Version 24 was used to analyse the data. The study revealed that the substances abuse by males and females out of school youths in Kano metropolis includes: alcohol, cigarette and shisha, marijuana, syrups and tramadol, among others while males commonly abuse cigarette and shisha the female, abuse more of syrups. The male out of school youths abuses drugs mainly to do something un-usual while females abuse drugs due to friend influence.