The effectiveness of prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole against placental and infants’ malaria parasitaemia, anaemia and birth weight was assessed among HIV-infected pregnant women in Jos. Thick and thin blood smears of placental and cord blood were examined for malaria parasitaemia while other birth outcomes were taken at delivery. Out of the 135 HIV-infected pregnant women exposed to cotrimoxazole (CTX) Group A and 100 to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) Group B for prophylaxis, 102(75.6%) and 93(93.0%) in groups A and B respectively were followed-up to delivery. Three (2.94%) infants in group A and 1 (0.98%) in group B were preterm deliveries/stillbirths. No maternal death was recorded throughout the study. Placental malaria was 5.9% among group A and 7.5% among group B. No malaria parasites were detected in the cord blood of group A infants while 3.2% of group B infants were infected with the parasites. Mean placental malaria parasitaemia was low (<2000asp/μl) throughout the study, with 1266.6 and 0 asp/μl in the placenta and cord blood respectively of Group A and 1157.14 and 933.3 asp/μl respectively, in group B. Severe infants’ anaemia (PCV<25), was higher among study population who took SP for prophylaxis compared to those who took CTX 8(8.60%) and 6(5.90%) respectively. The means of all other birth outcomes were within normal ranges except for the placental and cord blood PCVs which were slightly lower than the normal ranges (36-47% and 42-60% respectively). Low birth weight (LBW) was observed among infants in SP group (B) than CTX group (A). Placental malaria was significantly associated with cord blood malaria, infant birth weight, and cord blood PCV. Prophylaxis with CTX effectively reduced placental and infants’ malaria parasitaemia compared to the standard SP. Continuous monitoring of haemoglobin status of HIV-infected pregnant women with low CD4+ count should be strengthened for promptly treatment of anaemic patients.

Purpose of the review: In recent years we have been able to see the different Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor (KIR) mismatching model with corresponding to their receptors and their ligands. Starting from the ligand-ligand mismatch to the KIR genes tools to know more about how the mismatching works and to discover more about how their mismatching can be benefited in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) outcome. This review serves the purpose of knowing their limitation and benefit after KIR Mismatching and how every model served their purpose and how they lead to the development and discovery of new model and their role as a better and worse outcome in HSCT, and what the future opportunity holds for these KIR . In this review we will learn about KIR and HSCT, how they help in selection of donor on the basis of KIR mismatching and how they impact on HSCT outcome. Recent findings: Most of the researches and study have shifted themselves towards learning about KIR genes and how it benefits in HSCT. Summary: Current and past researches have shown beneficial role of KIR mismatching and their role in HSCT outcome.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is increasing at alarming rate with high level of resistance to chemotherapy. The study was done to determine the changes in haematological parameters in relation to ranges of CD4 of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis before treatment in Southeast, Nigeria. A total of one hundred subjects were recruited for the study comprising 50 subjects each for Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis before treatment with CD4 count of 100-200 cell/L and 201-300 cells/L drawn from the Health institution. The study was done in a tertiary health institution in Southeast, Nigeria. Three milliliters (3ml) of venous blood was collected from each subject and was dispensed into bottles containing di-potassium salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (K2-EDTA) at a concentration of 1.5mg/ml of blood and was used for full blood count and CD4 count. Haematological parameters were analysed using Mindray BC-5300. The results were expressed as mean± standard deviation. The data were analysed with the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21 using t-test, ANOVA and the level of significance was set at P<0.05. The results showed decrease in neutrophil (61.85±1.94%, 63.94±2.99%, P= 0.046) and MCV (78.09±1.64fl, 79.50±1.02fl, P=0.015) and no significant difference in WBC (5.53±0.36 X109/L, 5.32±0.58 X109/L, P=0.285), lymphocytes (23.08±2.21%,21.16±3.16%, P=0.087), monocytes (11.37±0.81%,11.49±1.06, P=0.766), eosinophils (2.28±0.61%, 2.16±0.33, P=0.574), basophils (1.42±0.26%, 1.23±0.24%, P=0.126), RBC(3.64±0.20 X1012/L, 3.63±0.18 X1012/L, P=0.839), haemoglobin (10.93±0.60g/dl, 10.89±0.55g/dl), PCV (32.80±1.80%,32.66±1.64%, P=0.840), MCH (27.47±0.49pg, 27.55±0.32pg, P=0.646), MCHC (35.14±0.45g/dl, 35.31±0.36, P=0.306), Platelet (140.81±3.28 X109/L, 141.12±4.05 X109/L, P=0.833) and ESR (47.66±2.36mm/hr, 47.46±2.98mm/hr) of the of TB patients based on ranges of CD4 counts. The study shows that the range of CD4 count has no much changes in haematological parameters except decrease in neutrophil and MCV.