Background/aim: The purpose of the present study was to review the effect of varicocelectomy on semen parameters and spontaneous pregnancy in infertile men. Materials and methods: Data regarding 227 patients who underwent varicocelectomy were analyzed. Patients that was used a loop magnifier were labeled as group I(n=90), patients whom was used a microscope were labeled as group II(n=90) and patients who underwent open ligation were labeled as group III(n=47). Semen parameters and spontaneous pregnancy were compared between the groups. Results: The average age was 28.5 years. Preoperative azoospermia, oligospermia and normospermia were 13.3%, 52.2% and 34.4% in group I, 22.2%, 36.7% and 41.1% in group II, 6.4%, 48.9% and 44.7% in group III, respectively. Postoperative azoospermia, oligospermia and normospermia were 1.1%, 46.7% and 52.2% in group II, respectively(p<0.05). Postoperatively, oligospermia and normospermia were 50% and 50% in group I, 42.6% and 57.4% in group III, respectivly(p<0.05). Postoperative azoospermia were not observed in any of the patients in group I and grup III. Preoperative concentration was 12X106/mL in group I, 12,9X106/mL in group II, and 13X106/mL in group III, postoperative concentration were 16,5X106/mL, 27,5X106/mL and 23X106/mL in group I, group II and group III, respectively(p>0.05). Preoperative morphology were 26.7% in group I, 33% in group II and 25.5% in group III, postoperative morphology were 58.9%, 75.6% and 76.6% in group I, group II and group III, respectively(p<0.05). Preoperative sperm A was 19.9% in group I, 8.3% in group II, 21.3% in group III, postoperative sperm A was 32%, 21.1% and 33.7% in all groups, respectively(p<0.05). Preoperative sperm A+B was 42.1% in group I, 14.2% in group II, 45.1% in group III, postoperative sperm A+B was 52.3%, 45.2% and 55.9% in all groups, respectively(p<0.05). Spontaneous pregnancy was 37.8% in group I, 26.7% in group II and 38.3% in group III(p>0.05). Conclusions: Improvement in semen parameters were found significant in microsurgery groups. While the concentration was insignificant in the open ligation group, spontaneous pregnancy was similar in groups.

Ayushman Bharat is a recently unveiled India’s health protection scheme that aims to provide health benefits to 50 crore poor people. The article briefly discusses the schemes success and provides few directions to improve the existing scheme.

The primary aim and objective of Ayurveda is to maintain the health of healthy person and to eradicate the diseases of a diseased person is the secondary one. One whose dosa, agni, dhatu and malas are in balanced state and whose senses, mind and soul are functioning properly is a healthy individual. Agni maintains the physiology of this deha desha. In other words agni controls the state of biological equilibrium of dosha, dhatu and mala. The derangement of agni produces various diseases and it is the root cause of all diseases. In Ayurveda the term agni is used in the sense of digestion of food and metabolic products.Agni converts food in the form of energy, which is responsible for all the vital functions of our body. So it is necessary to know all the reference found in brihatrayee.

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death when the cell intentionally decides to die. It occurs due to the biochemical instruction from the DNA of cells. It is different from necrosis wherein a cell dies due to outside insult or deprivation. It is a complex process and is triggered by the signal molecules that tell the cell it’s time, to commit cellular suicide. It is an important evolutionary adaptation to destroy its cells when they are no more useful to the organism. The apoptosis is a Greek word which means “falling off” as leaves do in autumn. Apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, blabbing of plasma membrane maintenance of organelle integrity, condensation, and fragmentation of DNA, followed by removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis. The South-African born biologist Sydney Brenner, American biologist H. Robert Horvitz and British biologist John E. Sulston shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002 for their work on apoptosis.

Bodo tribe, the largest plains tribes of Assam, northeastern part of India possesses an immense knowledge and belief on their folklore medicinal practices. They inhibit their art of healing from their forefather, and it is being passed on since ages. Multiple herbs are utilize in combination for a specific desired effect. One such popular compound comprising of 6 herbs is very well known among the community for its haemostatic and quick wound healing effect. The compound consist of Jatrasi (Justicia gendarussa), Dubri hagra (Cynodon dactylon), Two varieties of Manimuni (Centella asiatica and Hydrocotyle rotundifolia), Jarmuni (Chromolaena Odorata), Thulungshi/Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum). A clear identification and detail analysis each individual herbs would aid in better understanding of the combined haemostatic and wound healing effect.

Epilepsy is one of the serious neurological conditions, and 30 to 40% of people with epilepsy have seizures that are not controlled by primary medication. It is estimated that 10–20 % children with epilepsy, usually have negative effect on the education, social life. Absence of response to 2 anti-epileptic drugs tolerated at reasonable doses is considered refractory for all working purpose. Advances in imaging and electrophysiology have revolutionized the management of children with refractory epilepsy. Several newer antiepileptic drugs with novel mechanism of action and Ketogenic diet along with advanced epileptic surgery and nerve stimulation has changed the lives of the patients along with better outcome.

A total of 33 water samples, randomly and aseptically collected from four water sources (stream catchment, pipe borne, urban springs and main municipal reservoir) in Kumba, were assessed for bacteriological contamination. All were found positive for the presence of coliforms. 39.4% of the samples were categorized as grossly polluted, 21.2% as acceptable and 39.4% grossly polluted according to WHO standards. Specifically, the water samples were contaminated mainly with gram negative bacteria like E. coli, Shigella spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., and Salmonella spp., which are potential pathogens. However the bacterial loads were least in water samples graded as “Acceptable with low health risk”. The presence of Escherichia coli was an indication of recent faecal pollution.