This study aimed to know the effect of cadmium on hematology, oxidative stress liver and kidney function in rats. The study utilized a sample of thirty male Sprague Dawley Albino rats, aged 2-3 months, who were in good health. The rats had an average weight of 180 grams. These were divided into 2 groups (15 rats in each group). Group 1 (G1): involved the administration of a daily dose of 1 mg CdCl2/kg in a 0.9% NaCl solution via subcutaneous injection for a duration of two weeks. This approach was employed to ensure that the application of Cd2+ was carefully regulated and maintained at a consistent level. Group 2 (G2): consisted of rats that were administered equal amounts of sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution via subcutaneous injections. Following a period of two weeks, the animals underwent anesthesia using pentobarbital (0.6 ml/kg). Subsequently, blood samples were obtained via heart puncture and divided into 2 parts first part were used for hematology by using hemolyser and second part for serum collection. This separated serum was then utilized for biochemical estimations, specifically for assessing liver and kidney function (AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine) as well as total antioxidant. Following the sacrifice of the rats, the liver and kidney samples were subjected to fixation and subsequently embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections measuring 5 mm in thickness were then prepared from these blocks. These sections were stained using the (H&E) staining method. The current results showed that WBCs were decreased significantly in G1 as compared with another, while other parameters RBCs, PCV, Hb, MCV showed no significant differences between both groups. The present results showed a significant increase in AST and ALT in G1 as compared with control group, while the total antioxidant activity exhibit significant decrease in G1 as compared with control group. Histopathological investigations revealed evidence of hepatic and renal damage induced by exposure to cadmium. The hepatic damage observed following exposure to Cd was characterized by widespread degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, along with inflammation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and the presence of various cellular debris within the central liver vein, as compared to the control group. The rats that were exposed to Cd intoxication exhibited cellular changes in the glomeruli, congestion in the cortex, and outer medulla. These changes included loss of the tubular brush border, interstitial edema, and necrosis of the epithelium, these observations were in contrast to the control group. In conclusion, our study has provided confirmation that Cadmium (Cd) exhibits interactions within environmental conditions. The present study demonstrates that the interaction observed in the liver is primarily synergistic, as evidenced by both histological and biochemical findings. Furthermore, an antagonistic relationship was observed between the two toxic metals in relation to kidney markers, specifically urea levels.

Cadmium, an environmental pollutant prevalent in various industrial surroundings, poses a substantial risk to male fertility. This review explores the complex mechanisms through which cadmium exerts its toxic effects on the testis. The testis, a primary target for cadmium accumulation, experiences structural and functional alterations that disrupt essential cellular processes associated with spermatogenesis. Cadmium-induced testicular injury involves a cascade of events, including apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, and disruptions in key signaling pathways. These molecular and cellular changes collectively contribute to compromised testicular function, leading to impaired sperm development and functional activity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for delineating the comprehensive impact of cadmium on male fertility. Furthermore, such information opens avenues for developing targeted interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of cadmium exposure on male reproductive function. This review aims to consolidate current research findings, providing a comprehensive overview of the intricate mechanisms underlying cadmium-induced testicular injury and its implications for male fertility.

In a study investigating the protective effects of an extract on diclofenac-induced liver and kidney injuries in Wistar rats, twenty healthy adult Wistar rats weighing between 110g to 200g were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each. Group 1 Control group: received distilled water and standard feed, Group 2 Diclofenac group: administered 10mg/kg body weight of diclofenac., Group 3 Diclofenac + Pawpaw extract group: received diclofenac and post-treated with 200mg/kg body weight of fermented unripe Carica papaya juice, and Group 4 Pawpaw extract group: administered 200mg/kg body weight of fermented unripe Carica papaya juice. The plant extract and diclofenac were orally given over a duration of fourteen (14) days. After the treatment was finished, samples of blood and tissue were collected to analyze the liver function parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) (Alanine aminotransferase - ALT, and alkaline phosphatase - ALP), renal function parameters (creatinine), oxidative stress markers, and for histological evaluation. The results showed that diclofenac administration caused a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum levels of ALT and ALP, creatinine and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) compared to the control group. However, treatment with FUPJ significantly reduced (p<0.05) the levels of ALT and ALP, creatinine, and MDA and increased (p<0.05) the levels of antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, FUPJ has the potential to ameliorate diclofenac-induced hepatic and renal dysfunction through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

This study is intended to determine the photodegradation pathway of methyl red dye that is used in industrial applications under zinc oxide catalytic action. The light source was UV radiation emitted from a mercury lamp with a power rating of 125 Watts. The process of the current rate of degradation of methyl red dye was studied by measuring its absorbance over a wavelength range of 380–700 nm, and the point that had the maximum absorption (640 nm) was shown. The study used different weight catalysts to compare the effect on the photodegradation of the dye, where the best weight at which the dye was broken down was 0.06 g of zinc oxide at a particular level of concentration. It was studied to determine the level of photodegradation of the dye, and it was shown that at a concentration of 1 x 10-4 M, the catalyst was most effective at the dye degradation, and the temperature also had an important effect on the methyl red dye.