Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex concept for a spectrum of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and a variety of complications, comprising metabolic and cellular disturbances that lead to vascular complications. The objective of this project was to correlate type 2 diabetes patients to healthy controls in aspects of hematological indices and their association with demographic data. Materials and Methods: From May to September 2016, a case-control analysis has been performed in Khartoum, Sudan. 154 participants were enrolled in this study. 104 participants were diabetic type 2 and 50 were apparently healthy as control group to find out any variations in hematological parametersHbA1C and CBC: (Hb, WBCs & differential, RBCs& indices and PLTs, hematocrit (HCT) among type 2 diabetic patients. Blood was gathered in EDTA containers. HbA1C measured using i-CHROMATM and complete blood count using the Sysmex® Kx21-N hematological analyzer. Before samples collection, each participant gave their informed consent, which had been approved by the Ministry of Health's ethical committee. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) SPSS version 20 was used. The meaning of the discrepancies was assessed using the Crosstab test. p- Value is significant at P< 0.05. Results: T2DM patients had a statically significant in white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes as comparison to the control group P<0.05. There was no considerable difference in red blood cell count, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, Platelets count, MPV, and PDW between the two classes P> 0.05. Conclusion: T2DM patients had relatively increased levels of white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes than the control group (P<0.05).

Abstract: Background: The danger of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising quickly worldwide and has become a main health crisis and most of these patients die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) prior to progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD), therefore, Poor cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients have encouraged nephrologists to search for biomarkers that may improve risk stratification in this population. The aim of this study was to assess serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) hormone and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels in CKD patients and to determine their involvement with cardiovascular diseases. Methods: This analytical case control study was conducted at Ibn sina and Military hospitals in the period from February 2016 to March 2019, (n = 150) clinically diagnosed CKD patients (age range between 22 - 76 years, 105 males and 45 females), and (n = 150) healthy subjects were included as controls. Serum BNP hormone and cardiac troponin T (cTnT), were estimated by Cobas E-411® fully automated analyzer, serum creatinine by Cobas C-311® fully automated analyzer, hemoglobin by Sysmix, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated by Cocroft-Gault formula and blood pressure was measured by using mercuric sphygmomanometer. Results: Serum BNP, cTnT, creatinine, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in CKD patients than in controls, while hemoglobin and GFR were significantly lower. Moreover, serum BNP, cTnT, SBP and DBP were significantly higher in CKD patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) than CKD patients without CVD. In addition, serum BNP, at cutoff level of 240 pg/ml, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 87%, 90%, 52% and 92%, respectively in relation to CVD, while serum cTnT, at cutoff level of 0.1 ng/ml, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 80%, 57%, 46% and 74%, respectively. Furthermore, there was an association between elevated BNP levels and CVD outcomes in patients with CKD, since it is a strong risk factor for CVD (OR: 1.48, p. value 0.031). Conclusions: BNP levels are significantly associated with cardiovascular events (left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction) in patients who have CKD and are on maintenance hemodialysis (HD).