Shivering is one of the most common complications of neuraxial blockade. Some patients find shivering sensation worse than surgical pain post-operatively. Therefore, both prevention and treatment of established shivering should be regarded as clinically relevant interventions during the preoperative period. This prospective experimental study was conducted at Wad Madani Maternity Teaching Hospital and aimed to measure the efficacy of pethidine when used for the treatment of postoperative shivering following spinal anesthesia during the period from November 2018 to February 2019. The sample size included of 40Patients within the American Society of Anesthesia type two physical statuses;25 mg pethidine diluted in 5 ml Normal saline-injected intra veins. All patients were monitored for temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, these parameters were recorded preoperative, and post 10 minutes of operative, then after 10 minutes of pethidine dose administration. Data were analyzed by using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The statistical results showed that there was a significant relationship between hypothermia and the presence of shivering. 90% of cases resolved to shivering, whereas 10% did not resolve, just 2.5% had Nausea and Vomiting and no side effects on the Respiratory and cardiac Systems. Based on those results the study concluded that: a small dose of pethidine 25 mg intra veins is very effective in resolving postoperative shivering with minimum side effects in the gastrointestinal tract and Good Cardiopulmonary stability. The study recommended that: warming tools should be available for patients to prevent heat loss, close monitoring of Patient's temperature intraoperative and in the recovery room, and use of 25mg Pethidine in the Presence of shivering intraoperative or post-spinal anesthesia.

Background: While most people follow social distancing and are avoiding contact with anyone displaying flu-like symptoms, still asymptomatic patients are having positive SAR COV 2 test can transfer disease to others, as well as the outcome of their disease sill not well understood. Objective: To assess the clinical course of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients who had a positive PCR test in multicenter. Methods: This was a prospective cohort multicenter study conducted in the study was conducted in Khartoum State COVID-19 Centres. Namely Alia Hospital, Fedail, and Ministry of Health Laboratories during the period from December 2020 to April 2021. Data was collected using a questionnaire from 98 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire was filled with patients after taking informed consent. Results: The mean age was 49±7.3 years. Males were 58(59.2%) and females were 40(40.8%). The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The frequency of symptomatic patients' COVID-19 positive test results experience symptoms was 80(81.6%), while the frequency of asymptomatic patients was 18(18.4%). The time and period of appearance of manifestations among COVID 19 patients, the study indicated that among symptomatic patients after PCR test, the moment of appearance of symptoms was 1 – 7 days in 76(95%) and 8 – 14 days after test in 4(5%). After 28 days follow up the outcome of the patients was recovery 76(76.6%), remain Asymptomatic 18(18.4%), and remain symptomatic 4(4.0%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the appearance of symptoms before and after the PCR test was significantly affected by chronic diseases as well as chronic medications in use (P. value <0.05).

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a group of diseases that includes: stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. It is within the cluster of cardiovascular conditions of which it is the multiple expected kinds. Iron is an essential trace element. It has a pivotal role in maintaining various cellular functions and enzyme reactions; whereas, iron overload has been known as a risk factor in the progression of atherosclerosis. Abnormal deposition of iron in the heart cause hemochromatosis and dilated cardiomyopathy and this causes ischemic heart disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of serum iron, serum ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in the causation of coronary heart disease (CHD) and their relationship with other risk factors of CHD. Methods: This is a cross-sectional case-control prospective analytical study conducted at Al-Mc Nemir University Hospital in Shendi town to evaluate the iron profile in ischaemic heart disease patients in the period between (March 2018—July 2018). The study included (50) patients who were diagnosed with ischaemic heart disease and the study groups were compared with a mean of the normal value. Serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC were estimated by spectrophotometer. Data was collected using a structured face-to-face questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (11.5) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the ischaemic heart disease patients were; (40%) male and (60%) female, and the mean age was (57.612 ± 28.24), with a range of (36-65) years distributed as (96%). The study showed that the mean of s. iron was 203.9ug/dl (p.value 0.170), the mean of s. ferritin was 207.6ug/dl(p.value 0.447), the mean of TIBC was 663.0ug/dl( p.value 0.281) when compare with the mean of normal value. No significant difference was found between iron profile and CHD. Serum iron and serum ferritin levels are elevated in patients with CHD when compared with normal values. TIBC levels were lower in patients than normal values. When body iron was analogized with different risk factors (like smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco, etc) of the condition it was found to be seriously raised. Conclusion: The study concluded that the level of serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC might not be associated with coronary heart disease.

A direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is not routinely used in developing countries including Sudan. The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is a screening test for antibodies present in an individual’s red cells and is used to diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The study was to determine the prevalence of DAT among infants at Atbara and Eldamer. The study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out among neonates during January and February 2019 Atbara and Eldamer. ABO group and DAT were carried out among 100 samples of neonatal cord blood. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. A total of 100 neonates were recruited for the study. Among 100caces ABO incompatibility status was determined in 74 cases. The higher frequency was (O+, O+)(40%), the lower frequency was (AB+/AB+)(2%) while ABO incompatibility between neonates and mothers was found in 26 (26.0%) cases, The higher frequency of (A/O) incompatibility (15%), the lower frequency was (B+/A+),(AB+/A+)(1%) by the ABO group distribution at the Atbara & Eldamer localities. in this study positive DAT was detected in 2/100 (2.00%) cases (positive DAT was attributed to a typical antibody) two cases are the (O+/O+) group, These two neonates (O RhD positive) and the mothers (O RhD positive), The two cases of alloimmunization were mothers multipara without a history of past transfusions. The study concluded that sensitization with alloantibodies was found among neonatal blood which reflects the importance of detection of allo Abs among cord blood and mothers.