The study sought to find out the effectiveness of psychological interventions provided to rape survivors in selected post-rape care centres in Nairobi and Uasin-Gishu Counties in Kenya. The study was guided by the Crisis theory by Caplan. The study utilized a descriptive survey research design. The target population included rape survivors aged 10-45 years who had attended at least three psychological interventions while the key informants were the counsellors in these centres. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of 44 rape survivors and 9 key informants from the two selected post-rape care centres. Consent forms were issued to the adult participants (18 years and above) to sign. The participants (aged 10-17years) were given assent forms after they were made to understand about the purpose of the research in the presence of their parents or guardians. The data was collected by use of structured questionnaires developed by the researcher. The researcher assisted the primary school children and illiterate participants using Kiswahili translation. The data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Most of the rape survivors were given individual counselling, group counselling, follow-up counselling and support group. Only 63.6% received legal services. The findings revealed that psychological interventions were generally effective. The combined perceived usefulness of psychological interventions was relatively high (M=3.3). There was also a significant reduction of combined mean of psychological effects (M= 3.7) before treatment compared to after treatment (M=1.5), and a statistical significant difference between the mean severity level of the psychological effects experienced before treatment (M =3.742, SD=1.2777) compared to after treatment (M=1.513, SD=0.4958). The study thus concluded that there was significant reduction of psychological effects after treatment. Based on the study findings and conclusion, it is recommended that, to improve the overall effectiveness of psychological interventions provided to rape survivors in post-rape-care centres, there should be a review of the interventions provided to ensure adequate provision especially of the legal services, follow-up and family counselling.

This article attempts to examine the pre-and-post migration poverty and non-poverty status of returned migrants in a village of Bangladesh and underlines the factors that shape those statuses. It finds that out of forty-two migrants who returned mostly from Malaysia, twenty-two were poor before their migration, ten were from the lower middle class and the remaining ten were from middle class background. A substantial number of twenty-two poor migrants have been able to increase their household resources and have moved out from poverty. Furthermore, the majority of lower middle class and middle class migrants have plused extra resources with their pre-migration household resources and thereby have led an improved livelihood compared to that in their pre-migration period. The study also finds that upon returning home, a portion of migrant households from all classes has experienced a decrease in resources and is now living in a ‘stressful economy’. In order to evaluate the impacts of migration and remittances on the poverty situation of returned migrants, and to find out the underlying factors behind this, the present study conducted a baseline survey on 371 households, collected personal narratives from all returned migrants and interviewed ten key informants through in-depth interview, as a qualitative data collection method. To analyze and interpret the information on subjective judgements of migrants on their pre-and-post migration periods ‘narrative analysis’ method is used throughout the article.

This paper is trying to introduce a new concept in public administration which research shows is not effectively implemented in most countries where extreme poverty is endemic including Nigeria. The concept is known as “Effective Basic Public Management” which is the auto-pilot on which governments are run in developed societies. Nigerian public managers do not understand that the basic functions of government have to be performed on a daily basis just as they run their various families which are the nucleus of the larger society. Many reasons have been attributed to for Nigeria’s lingering administrative failure in all ramifications since independence in 1960 but it all points to one thing, poor and unpatriotic leadership which have simply ignored the rudiments of effective basic public management as practiced in developed countries. The paper is in two parts, part one discusses effective basic public management and strong institutions and how they are created, while part two defines the concept of basic public management and other related issues including maintenance.

The Chinese government has implemented the comprehensive two-child policy in 2016, but can this policy really improve the financial sustainability of individual accounts in China’s basic pension? This research designs five possible schemes of China’s total fertility rate affected by the comprehensive two-child policy to explore the impact of the policy on the financial status of individual accounts of China’s basic pension. The results show that (1) the impact of the comprehensive two-child policy on the financial status of individual accounts has a time lag, and the earliest year that the policy works is 2041. (2) On the whole, if the comprehensive two-child policy increases China’s future total fertility rate, this policy will help improve the sustainable operation ability of individual accounts in most years of the forecast period. And the mode of increasing the total fertility rate under the middle level scheme will help improve the sustainable operation ability of individual accounts in the years after the policy works.

The causes of fatigue vary widely which are influenced by workload, work environment, physical problems and health conditions. It can also be influenced by individual factors such as age, health status, nutritional status, diet, and gender. More than 65% of workers in Indonesia come to company polyclinics complaining of work fatigue. This study aims to analyze how much influence age and workload on the fatigue of porters in Paotere Port, Makassar City. This research is an analytic observational study with cross sectional design, the sample of porters with a total sample of 42 respondents using purposive sampling technique. Data obtained using a questionnaire, measuring the workload of porters. The statistical test used was chi square. The results showed that the independent variables associated with work fatigue (p <0.05) were age (p = 0.015) and workload (p = 0.036). The manager should place porters with the age and workload according to their respective abilities.

The present researchers used the 16 letters from 497th letter to 512th letter of Tcheonzamun, the Thousand Character Essay. And the translation was through the meaning of Chinese characters. 497-500 Ho Bong Pal Hyeon 戶封八縣 If I close one of my doors(戶), I can not see(封) all of the world outside(八縣). 501-504 Ka Geub Tcheon Byeong 家給千兵On the contrary, if I open the door, I(家) can become(給) the friend of all of man or of woman(千兵). 505-508 Ko Gwan Bae Lyeon 高冠陪輦 Some of them like learning, and then they become the service man and woman(高冠) working(陪) in the palace(輦). 509-512 Ku Gog Zin Yeong 驅(穀-禾+車)振纓 And others love(振) to labor physical works(纓), and then they work in the field of handling horses(驅[穀-禾+車]). This poem seems to show that the attitude for world is very important.

This paper studies some factors responsible for Nigeria’s Poor Management Leadership Quality Generally and the Poor Leadership in the Management of the ECOMOG Peace Support Operations in Liberia 1990-1999. The paper is a result of a combined research efforts conducted on some factors responsible for Nigeria’s poor management leadership quality and the analysis of External and Internal Factors that Impacted the Effectiveness of Nigerian Political Leaders in ECOMOG Peace Support Operation in Liberia from 1990 to 1999 and a detailed review of late Professor Claude Ake’s thoughts on African leadership and its Political Economy. The thoughts of O.J. Dada on Nigeria on these issues are also reviewed in some details and a few examples of poor management or outright mismanagement are equally analyzed at the end of the paper. A brief review of factors impacting the effectiveness of Nigerian political leaders management skills in domestic and international affairs indicate that the key factors are external influence of the OECD countries who fund the Bretton Woods institutions responsible for providing the African post-independent development agenda, the internal political conditions which are heavily impacted by the colonial legacy which emphasizes power retention to the detriment of development programs [1] and brought about poor leadership management skills which finally resulted into the tendency to be corrupt [2]. Most of the scholars and other political commentators on African political economy agree that external factors affect the economic development of the continent just like internal factors. The internal factors are concerned mostly with the qualities of the political leadership which is negatively impacted by incompetence, mismanagement and outright corruption [2]. Research conducted for this paper revealed that the ECOWAS desk officer in Nigerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs complained about some dishonest military officers who absconded with millions of dollars meant for the peacekeepers in the Nigerian ECOMOG contingents in Liberia from 1990 to 1999 [3].

The researchers translated the poem of 16 characters from 369th to 384th letters. 369-372. It will be really good for me to do such a splendid thing. It may be favorable if I come in front of the other ones after being a complete man or woman. In front of my students of Department of Companion animal and animal resources science in Joongbu University, of my five children (Sohwa Therese, Rosa, Jiah Anna, Kunjoo Daegeon-Andrea, Jieun Agatha), and of my wife Hyeonhi Regina. But such a condition does not come to me forever. I am always deficient. So I cannot become a complete one, even the time passed up to my death! 373-376 this phrase tells us “I must not abandon the purpose now (弗離)! Even though my character and my behavior are not enough good, but I plan to do the thing someday again in order to have a better attitude for the life (造次).” So I must keep the thing, and then, I can proceed to culture my appearance gradually. In this phrase of Tcheonzamun the first part is more important than the last part. It is similar to the Korean language. In Korean language the first part is important. While in Chinese language the last part is important. Tcheonzamun can be understood well in the Korean language style. So it is considered that Tcheonzamun have been written but by ancient Korean people, not by Chinese people. 377-380. It will be very nice and beautiful if I say modestly “I am sorry!” However, if I think that I am a valueless man or such a woman, is it good or not? No, it is not favorable. I must neither think that I is a fool, nor I must blame myself. Such a thing, it is written in the next phrase of 4 letters (381st-384th). 381-384 I am destined to stand as an incomplete man. However, I, Augustin Kim, must not say to me “You cannot become a good man anyway, even though you try hard to attain such a good state! Because it is impossible for you!” Yes, I must always have ‘a whispering voice of’ hope. In order that I am able to get up from the miserable place (顚沛), I must consider myself ‘as a valuable man or as such a woman (匪虧).’ And then, I can change from the poor state into the favorable one step by step. To the complete state, even though it cannot be obtained!

We are governed by commandments, rules, laws, etc. This paper aims to discuss basic decision making. Its benefits may range from simplicity of sophistications and knowledge of downsides, punishments. We are faced with challenges. Examples are sought. This is few analyses about it. This may serve as past, present and future analysis of an action.

The present researchers used 16 letters from 513th letter to 528th letter of Tcheonzamun. And the researchers tried to translate Tcheonzamun in two methods; the first is through the meaning of Chinese character, and the second transformation through the Korean pronunciation. (Number of Tchenzamun (The thousand character essay) Pronunciation of Chinese character in Korean language Chinese character Transformation of Chinese character into Korean pronunciation). 513-516 Se Log Tchi Bu 世祿侈富 Saelog Tchuweo! In succession it is cold 517-520 Tcha Ga Bi Gyeong 車駕肥輕 Tchagaweo Biggyeo! It is cold, get out of here! 521-524 Tchaeg Gong Mu Sil 策功茂實 Tchaegog Museun! To be in good order? No, it is not possible! 525-528 Leug Bi Gag Myeong 勒碑刻銘 Neut Bi Gamyeon! When the late rain of autumn will disappear, at that time let’s do the good thing!