How were the Chinese characters made? Chinese characters have been created by Chinese people on Shang dynasty. Now it is difficult to know the making method. Because the distant of time is more than 3000 years. It is too long for the people to understand the method. Though the trial of analyze is not easy, there is one method. It is the imagination through time travel; a story about time travel. The present researchers collected 15 Chinese character by random and named them as (0181-0195). The researchers separated each Chinese character into several parts, and tried to find out the pronunciation of the characteristic parts. For example, Zeong Ga(a family; 庭家). The meaning of family, (Zeong Ga; 庭家), in the Chinese character is composed of two things; "This is the very thing that I have for long time searched!" and "I do this thing in the first time!"

The purpose of this study was to identify the computer use in the management and operation concerning teaching and learning among teachers. This study also identified technology leadership for measuring the NETS-A international standard system (ISTE, 2014) and the impact of technology achievement in these schools. Methodology: Systematic random sampling was conducted to select a total of 374 teachers and 74 principals and 74 schools from the National Secondary School in Kedah in this cross-sectional survey. The Principal Technology Leadership Assessment (PTL) is based on the National Education Technology Standards-Administrator, NETS-A (2009). The technology leadership questionnaire (PTL) contains 65 Likert-scale items used to obtain information about the involvement of principals in their work. Findings: The items of this survey were validated by pilot tests with findings of 0.915 for TTU instruments and 0.831 for PTL. The results of the actual study show that the overall leadership skills of the technology heads based on the five standards in the NETS-A are high based on the findings of mean analysis and standard deviation. The SMART-PLS analysis showed moderate achievement in each field of TTU teacher study. Simple Linear regression used to identify the principal technological leadership relationship with teacher computer use and the results were not significant. Significance: Principals as technology leaders need to facilitate and enhance ICT integration as ICT contributions have proven to be key factors for increasing productivity, promoting economic growth, and reducing poverty in a country.

The awareness of farmers in using personal protective equipment, when spraying is still very low. So we need a participatory method in increasing the awareness of farmers in using personal protective equipment. The participatory method which proved to be quite significant in raising awareness was the participatory rural appraisal method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of participatory rural appraisal in increasing the awareness of spraying farmers on the use of personal protective equipment. This type of research is a pre-experimental design with one group design pre-post test. The population in this study are farmers who are members of the Farmers Group Gapoktan Tirtomulyo Ladongi District as many as 240 farmers. The sample size of 148 respondents was taken by simple random sampling. The results showed that there was an effect of effective participatory rural appraisal methods in increasing farmers' awareness of the use of personal protective equipment, which obtained a p-value = 0,000 <α = 0.05. This is because the participatory rural appraisal method can increase farmers' knowledge in remembering or receiving information provided in this case the use of personal protective equipment. The participatory rural appraisal method is effective in increasing farmers' awareness of the use of personal protective equipment. It is expected that related parties can use this method in a wider scope.

It is extraordinary, so the researchers title their article as ‘A Story about Time Travel.’ Anyway, the present researchers selected by random the 15 Chinese characters, named them from 0196 to 0210. The researchers translated the letters through two methods. One is to analyze the letter into several parts and to assemble each pronunciation. The other is to try to find its Korean pronunciation with separated several parts of the letter. It is possible to translate on several viewpoints. For example, 0207-1) Mae (to sell, 매; 買) is consisted of 'Mang'(the net, 망; 四) and 'zogae'(the shells, 조개; 貝). No, it is not. There is no "Mang zoyeo! 망 조여!". Therefore, our trial was not right. 0207-2). Mae (to sell, 매; 買) is consisted of Mang (the net, 망; 四), mog(the eye, 목; 目), yeodeolb(number eight, 여덟; 八). And its pronunciation is 'Mang mog yeodeolb'. And it will be reduced into 'Mang mo yeo', and then the pronunciation will be changed into "Mang moyeo! 망 모여!". Its meaning is "the net is collected!" 0207-3-1) Mae (to sell, 매; 買) is consisted of Mag (the net, 막; 四), mo(모; 目), yeo(여; 八). Here Mang (the net, 망; 四) was changed into 'Mag, 막', mo(目) and yeo(八) was assembled as 'mo yeo, 모여.' 'Mag moyeo!, 막 모여!' means "Come here(moyeo!) all of you!(Mag)" 0207-3-2) Mae(買) = M(四) + o(目) + yeo(八) = M o yeo = Moyeo → Mae, The sound of this Chinese character, Moyeo(모여), means "All of you, come here together!" 0207-4) Mae (to sell, 매; 買) is composed of 'Mag'(thoughtlessly, sufficiently, in any case, in any time; the net, 막; 四) and 'zuge!'(give it to the person!, 주게!; 貝). "Mag zuge! 막 주게!" means "(to the inferior person) Hey! Give it to them sufficiently!" Here, Mang(망) was changed into Mag(막), and 'zoge(조개)' was changed 'zuge!(주게!)' 0207-5) Mae (to sell, 매; 買) is consisted of Mag (막; 四) and zulgge(줄께; 貝). Here, Mang(망; 四) was changed into 'Mag(막)', and zoge(조개; 貝) was changed into 'zulgge(줄께)'. "Mag zulgge! 막 줄께!" means "I will give you something in a sufficient quantity!" (From our translation, this Chinese character of the sale[買] does not show the reality. But it only expresses a kind of apparent advertisement of the selling goods[買]. Because any seller would not give the matter to the buyer in cheap price).

It is already known that the famous book in East Asia, Tcheonzamun (The thousand character essay), can be translated in Korean pronunciation. And the Chinese character can be translated through Korean pronunciation. Therefore, the present researchers tried to find the meaning of the Chinese character through Korean pronunciation. Two Chinese characters (number: 0159 and 0165) were translated in order to know its original meaning, and 15 Chinese characters (0151 - 0165) were interpreted in order to obtain the appropriate Korean pronunciation itself of the Chinese character. As a result, for most of the 15 Chinese characters, the appropriate Korean pronunciations were obtained well through this method.

In the present article we discuss the future and prospects of the Prespa Agreement, concluded on June 17, 2018, between Macedonia and Greece aiming at resolving their “difference” over the name of Macedonia. The analysis is carried out by examining the legal aspects of United Nations Security Council Resolution 817 (1993) recommending the admission of Macedonia to UN membership but imposing on the applicant a provisional name (pending the settlement of difference over the applicant’s name), in particular its legal consistence with the provisions of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) and with the general jus cogens norms of International Law enshrined in the UN Charter. It is concluded that the UN SC Res.817 (1993) is by itself an ultra vires act and cannot serve as a legal basis for the Prespa Agreement (ex injuria jus not oritur), that the Prespa Agreement violates the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the peremptory norms of International Law, particularly the principle of self-determination and enters into legal matters that belong stricto sensu to the domain of domestic jurisdiction of Macedonia. For these reasons the Prespa Agreement cannot be considered a legally valid treaty and, consequently, and Agreement can be subject of unilateral termination under provisions of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).

The purpose of this study was to analyze and prove the relationship of Job Characteristics and Transformational Leadership on Organizational Commitment and Altruism and Its Effect on Nurses’ Satisfaction and Performance in Private Hospitals in Samarinda City. The design of this study was explanatory research. The type of this research was observational study using a cross-sectional research design. The method used to collect the data in this study was survey method. The population of this study was nurses at Private Hospitals in Samarinda City. In this study, Slovin formula was used as the sampling method obtaining total of 225 respondents, while the data collection process used simple random sampling. This study used Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) approach to analyze the data. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: Job characteristics provide a positive and significant effect on nurses’ organizational commitment. Job characteristics provide a positive but not significant effect on nurses’ satisfaction. Job characteristics have a positive but not significant effect on nurses’ performance. Job characteristics have a positive and significant effect on nurses’ altruism. Transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on nurses’ organizational commitment. Transformational leadership has a negative but not significant effect on nurses’ satisfaction. Transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on nurses’ performance. Transformational leadership has a positive but not significant effect on nurses’ altruism. Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on nurses’ satisfaction. Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on nurses’ performance. Altruism has a negative and insignificant effect on nurses’ satisfaction. Altruism has a positive and significant effect on nurses’ performance. Nurses’ satisfaction provides a positive and significant effect on the performance of executive nurses at Private Hospitals in the City Samarinda.

The researchers chose 4 letters Byeong Sa Bang Gye(丙舍傍啓) (441-444 in Tcheonzamun, The thousand character essay. In this article, the present researchers tried to find the second secret cord; deleting ‘In(人)’ part from of Chinese character from Byeong Sa Bang Gye(丙舍傍啓) in Tcheonzamun(The thousand character essay). It is considered that the writers of Tcheonzamun, Maeg people, ancient Koreans, searched the shelter from Chinese people. The present researchers thought that the shelter is shown as the secret code. The method is to pose same letter on the same line. In this case, a line means the 4 letters in Tcheonzamun. If you want to translate the line of Byeong Sa Bang Gye(丙舍傍啓), you must delete ‘In’ part(人) from Bang Gye(舍傍). As a result, the remained part was Byeong Seol Bang Gye(丙舌旁啓). The meaning is as follows; There is a way for you to escape the bitter language of other person(舌) and you can disregard such a critics forward you(丙). It is simple. Do your work(啓) today and continue it tomorrow and the day after tomorrow, and you will be better(旁) on your work(旁) someday. It is the way.

It is already written that the origin of Chinese character was clear, it was China. From the book of Dallet [1], apparently there are some similarity between the Chinese culture and the Korean culture, but the two people are very different in the real sence. It is not easy to know the origin of Chinese characters, but it is possible to assume that the ancient Koreans has created the Chinese characters. The present researchers tried to analyze 15 Chinese characters. Here, the number was named by random as (0166-0180). It was named by random. The analyse was simple. In order to find out the Korean pronunciation of each Chinese character, the researchers separated the Chinese character into several parts. And the researchers assembled the pronunciation of several parts. For example, Mi(美): It is strange to say, but, this phrase of 'Aemiu' pronounces in Korean language "I am your wife!". The wife might want to hint to her husband that "I, your wife, am beautiful!, don't you know it?"

The present researchers chose by random the 10 Chinese characters and named them as (0126-0135) letters. The researchers concerned on the translation of Chinese character through Korean pronunciation. And the researchers tried to compare several Chinese characters between the meanings on the original and that on the current. One of these 10 letters was extradordinary on the viewpoint of its meaning. It was Bubu(夫婦). Originally, bu(夫) means ‘I bring my daughter to someone.’ And bu(婦) means ‘Young man, you are responsible for my daughter. I ask in my heart that you take well care of her!’ But currently bu(夫) simply means the husband, and bu(婦) means the wife. So there are really great differences between the original meaning and the current meaning for these two letters.

Two Chinese characters (number: 0136 and 0142) by random were translated in order to know its original meaning. And the present researchers chose another fourteen Chinese characters (numbers: 0137-0150) by random, and separated each of the Chinese characters into two or three parts. From the result the present researchers found that the pronunciation of 12 characters was nearly or successfully obtained among 14 Chinese characters. This fact shows that the pronunciation of Chinese characters can be understood on Korean pronunciation. Therefore it is considered that ancient Koreans might have created Chinese characters.

The upsurge of interests in the decisive role of the state in economic development especially in Africa in the past three decades have raised questions about the distribution of power, how authority distorts the formal declarations of government policy and the composition of the public elites in sustaining their power, wealth and status. The character of the African state as the instrumental and decisive actor in development has been associated with the endemic and systematic levels of political corruption in most African states. In this paper, I present an analysis of the political economy perspective of the emergence of theorizing on the African state with emphasis on the corrupt African state, which provides an in-depth understanding to the study of the pervasiveness of political corruption in Africa. The political economy perspective of the corrupt African state examines the colonial legacies of the personalization of public office, the creation of administrative hierarchy through the concentration of political and authoritative functions, and a government that did not distinguish between decision-making and implementation roles. These colonial administrative structures inherited from the eve of independence, I will argue contributes to the political economy perspective of theorizing on the corrupt African state, where the state, the key instrumental actor for the extraction of resources for development, serves as the arena where state property and jobs are allocated in solidarities to domestic and foreign influence.

The present researchers chose Chinese characters by random and named them from 0086 to 0095. The present researchers tried to express the meaning of Chinese characters. The method for the translation was as follows; at first we separated the Chinese character into the several parts, and found out an appropriate Korean pronunciation or an meaning of the several parts of each Chinese character, then finally we tried to collect the pronunciation or the meaning of the parts in order to show some easy meaning of the letter. If we want to understand a Chinese character, we have to assume the character with the several parts of the letter. For example, Myeong(明) express the brightness. And we consider that the sun (日) and the moon (月), all the two parts of the Chinese character, show the brightness. So the former method is not bad. But the present researchers thought in a different direction. It is not the meaning of the parts of the Chinese character but the pronunciation of the parts [3]. In the case of Tcheonzamun (The thousand character essay), the translating method was similar to the method of this article; at first time the translation was through the meaning of the Chinese character, and then the translation, and then by the method of Korean pronunciation [3]. The example of the bright(Myeong; 明) can be explained as follows; the pronunciation of the sun(日) in Korean language is ‘Hae’, and that of the moon(月) ‘Dal’, at the second stage, the pronunciations of ‘Hae’ and ‘Dal’ were transformed as ‘Hoe’ and ‘Darg’, at the third, these words of ‘Hae’ and ‘Darg’ will become into a one word of ‘Hoe darg’, it indicates ‘a cock beats a perch with the wings. And then, at the last stage, another meaning will be obtained as follows; if the cock beats a perch with its wings and cries, it will be the morning with the brightness.

The principal-agent and institutional corruption models which in the past three decades have become the predominant and mainstream theoretical explanations to the demand and supply sides of corruption have failed to adequately examine the role of the nature and character of the African state in addressing political corruption in Africa’s authoritative regimes and democracies. Are Africa’s democratic regimes less corrupt than the authoritarian ones they succeeded? In this paper, I provide a historical analysis of how literatures associating political corruption with regime types in Africa have been inadequate in addressing the issue. Alternative explanatory models addressing political corruption must be explored in Africa, where the ruling political elites, a strong force in society use the state as an arena to extract resources away from their societies to benefit both domestic and foreign solidarities, as the heroic assumption that African leaders, such as autocrats, high-levels officials or elected politicians, are genuinely interested in curbing corruption have been a façade.