The process of globalization sweeping the world is exerting its unnoticed forces to redefine „marriage‟ and „family‟. The forces of globalization and market are influencing the family structure and marriage norms to a large extent. Institution of marriage and the existence of a „family‟ as a unit have found a new meaning. This new meaning is very often dictated by the market forces. The notion of family is shrinking; from large joint families, to nuclear families to individual or „autonomous family‟ constituted by single person.This move that has been precipitated by the process of globalization has both positive and negative fallouts. On the one hand, this new found freedom promotes acceptance for such a process and allows the nuclear family to democratize and negotiate better living conditions. Women find their freedom to enter job market and earn enough for buying all material needs. Modernity has promoted women‟s empowerment through education, legal reforms, political power, economic and personal autonomy, and social mobilisation for gender justice. Women, though allowed to earn, are incapacitated by lack of control over their own resources and earnings and suffer discrimination and violence. Thus the changes are more superficial than penetrating. The women may have entered the public arena, but the family values dominate and marital captivity is kept as a closely guarded secret. In the private arena, at the level of the family, the family is still dominated by patriarchal norms. Many traditional values and norms take new forms which may be detrimental to old social arrangements, such as providing family support systems to women. According to studies, one of the definite fallouts of globalization and marketization has been growing incidence of marital captivity on women. The important questions at this point are whether the process of globalization and the market forces and changing societal structures is inducing more violence into the lives of women, or they provide a new power in hands of women to come out of the patriarchal dominance and exert their rights to fight violence. This paper shall analyse the impact of globalization and market forces on changing nature of family and marriage and its relationship with growing marital captivity in India. To understand the change in society and its influences on marital captivity in the context of globalization, some references have been drawn from studies and researches in Europe, United State, India and Japan in this paper. The paper attempts to put across a model for combating marital captivity against women in the new era of globalization.

In this paper is going to discuss and highlight the issues on the Meaning of Glorious Qur’an, Meaning of Ilm al-Tajweed, the Origin of Ilm al-Tajweed, as well as the developmental stages of al-Tajweed and also the paper will talk about the early prominent Qurra’ that is reciters of the Qur’an and finally discuss the Impact of Ilm al-Tajweed on modern time.

This research centered on the use of social media platforms by Muslim students in proselytizing the religion of Islam in Tertiary Institutions of Learning in Northern Nigeria. The paper examines social media as a tool which has shaped a new social facet in the lives of Muslim students. Social media has advanced and raises their levels of religious, educational and social awareness. It is argued in the paper that, social media has provided an avenue for getting information in many aspects of everyday lives, making one to become more knowledgeable which is valuable especially for Muslim students to use for Islamic da’wah. The objective of the paper therefore, has examined the level of Muslim students’ awareness of social media and using same in the proselytizing of Islamic faith to Muslims and non-Muslims in their various institutions of learning. A cross sectional survey was conducted among Muslim students in some selected tertiary institutions of learning in Northern Nigeria, and quantitative methodology was used. Questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The paper found out that most of the Muslims students surveyed were aware of the social media sites that proselytize and extent the true teachings of Islam to Muslims and non-Muslims. Some of the social media sites utilized by Muslim students are: Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, Ummaland, Signal, You Tube and Muslim Social.

Prayer is considered as an act of ibadah (worship) in Islam. It is required to be observed constantly under all circumstances whether good or bad. In fact, Allah loves that a servant always supplicates to him. It is a belief among Muslim scholars that prayer (Du’a ) has positive effects on patient‟s or inmates psychological and physical conditions. The prayer (Du’a) serves as a relief from pain since earlier time of Islam and continues to be a common practice and belief in the Muslim world. This paper therefore attempts to explain the impact of Du’a in healing process. Du’a has conditions that make it accepted or rejected by Allah. The paper explains the concept of Du’a, its objectives as well as requirements for its validation of Du’a . The paper also examines the concept of Du’a in the Qur‟an and hadith. Furthermore, some Muslims Theologians who contributed towards the subject of discussion were highlighted. The paper similarly analysed the significance of the Du’a in Islamic thought and its relation with Qadr (Destiny). The paper shows the importance of having trust and taking actions towards the Du’a. Moreso, the paper discusses the relevance of traditional medical therapy in healing process. Finally, the researcher uses critical analytical method in writing the paper.

This is a translation of poem from Tcheonzamun (The Thousand Character Essay) and a letter from Rosa and Anna. The poem was composed of 16 characters from the 209th to 224th characters of Tcheonzamun. The subject of the goodness was shown from 209th to 224th characters of Tcheonzamun. And it is necessary to do the virtue earnestly in order to fulfil well in the real life as shown on the letter of Rosa, the daughter of a Korean family.

The poem was composed of 16 characters from the 577th to 592nd characters of Tcheonzamun. During this translation, one essay about our family’s life was prepared with the theme of “With my sister-like wife Hyeonhi!”. There are three different viewpoints about Tcheonzamun (The Thousand Character Essay; written of 1000 letters in Chinese character) until now. The first thing is that it was not written in organic system, or it was written in organic one. And another is that this great work in East Asia was written in the era of 400 AD, or it was written before the era of 500 BC. The third point is that Tcheonzamun, the base of Eastern Asia, was written by Chinese people, or this splendid masterpiece was written by Maeg people – the ancient Korean. In this article the researchers thought that Tcheonzamun was organically written, and they tried to describe and translate as a poem of 16 letters. The researchers thought that Tcheonzamun was written before the era of 500 BC by Maeg people – the ancient Korean.

In this article a Tcheonzamun (the Thousand Character Essay) poem was shown, it was taken from the 145th-160th letters from Tcheonzamun and translated into English. The authors wanted to know whether the Tcheonzamun poem was composed in organic system or not. Through the research, the researchers knew that the poem of Tcheonzamun was written organically. The main theme of the poem was 'Do you want to be in your joyfulness, to maintain energy, to continue on the bright side of the life, to be able to see the beautiful side of life? Please make grow all of the things which you can do!' Tcheonzamun poem was written in organic system, and the poem has truly good meaning deeper than the meaning of ordinary translation of Tcheonzamun.

The researchers utilized the 16 letters from 289th to 304th letters of Tcheonzamun (the Thousand Character Essay). In this article the researchers tried to find that the Tcheonzamun is wheather written in non-organic system or written in organic system. From this interpretation, the researchers found that the 16 letters consists an organic system and that it is a poem. The meaning of this poem is as follows; it is not bad if you try at the beginning to treat kindly other people with sincerity and with goodness. But it is much more splendid that even the time passes you keep with fidelity to do to others in a just or right manner and on a good or nice attitude.

This is a poem of 16 letters from 177th character to 192nd character of Tcheonzamun. The researchers translated the poem Tcheonzamun (The Thousand Character Essay) on expressing their father or grand-father Ilsoo Joseph Kim. The Teacher of Tcheonzamun in this poem gives us his strict advice; "You will lose time if you continue to brag of what you have done!" As shown on the Ki (器) character, the researchers want to express the value of Tcheonzamun with large scale (大) of saying or mouth (口) on 1, 2, 3, 4 directions (口 口 口 口) as "Tcheonzamun was written by ancient Koreans.

Tcheonzamun (The Thousand Character Essay) poem was consisted of 16 letters of 465th to 480th characters. The researchers found that this Tcheonzamun poem was composed organically. The meaning of the first line of 4 letters was contrary to those meanings of the second, the third, the fourth lines each of 4 letters. And we are going to continue to translate Tcheonzamun poems through Chinese character and through Korean pronunciation methods.

The poem was selected from785th to 800th characters of the Tcheonzamun (The thousand character essay), and it expressed the Maeg woman ardent and deep love for his husband. This poem seems to be created 2500 years ago by a woman of Maeg country. And it showed the small but important controversy between a wife and a husband during their common life; because the husband searched for favorite and outer appearance, while the wife wanted a marriage life on the practical and inner viewpoint. The husband continued to be in exterior of his home. At last outdoors the husband was not able to eat sufficiently. In Korean language 'IbbeunGaksi!' means 'My dear Darling!' It can be said that the indirect or unseen theme of this poem is “I am able to know the intention of God through my neighbors, especially through my wife”.

There was a country whose name was Maeg, and the people of Maeg country used similar language to modern Korean. The people of Tsin(Qin) country, the first unified country in China, used the Korean languages and the people utilized Tcheonzamun as a text for children, and Shang(Historically the second country in China) reorganized the Tsin country. The people's thinking of Shang country has similarity to that of our country, Korea. It is so in the viewpoint of searching for God. It is supposed that the peoples of Shang - Tsin(Qin) - Maeg - Korea were similar in a viewpoint of language. The researchers have considered that a Tcheonzamun poem was composed of 16 letters. This time also Tcheonzamun(The Thousand Character Essay) poem was composed of 16 letters from 801st to 816th characters. And the researchers used two translating methods. The first method is to utilize the meaning of Chinese characters and to translate the poem with 16 letters. And the other method is to utilize Korean pronunciation of the poem. The meaning between the two translating methods were similar. This Tcheonzamun poem seems to be written by a woman of Maeg country. And it shows the 'Beautiful love of Maeg wife'. And it is considered that there is a close relation between Shang-Tsin(Qin)-Maeg-Korean peoples.

This article shows the splendid Maeg wife but badly treated by her husband. The researchers utilized 16 letters from 817th to 832nd characters of Tcheonzamun (The Thousand Character Essay). But ironically the Maeg man treated in this poem his wife with hard manner. The theme of this poem is as follows; "Do I want my truly splendid wife(御) to change into the ordinary and not-special woman(妾)?" or "I will prepare for my wife to eat with good and special(異) meal physically and mentally(糧). This is in order to make my soft and fragile wife(少) to live comfortably(老)."

Promotion of health and safety of individual in the contemporary society of Nigeria and in other parts of the sub-saharan Africa countries of the world has been a critical issue under consideration. Our environment has been experiencing various environmental pollution due to human activities; hence promotion of the health and safety becomes a challenge in this regard. The paper sought to have a central focus on the promotion of health and safety of individuals through environmental laws and government policy. An overview of environmental laws in Nigeria, and the environmental and health problems in Nigeria were extensively considered. The paper further highlighted the specific laws in the pre and post-independence era of Nigeria. The paper came out with the conclusion that the danger posed by the environmental pollution is as a result of human action in the environment is a well establish fact that it is possible to constitute a health hazard into individual in the society. Based on this observation, the following recommendations among others where proffered: Relevant stakeholders in health, oil and gas should emphasis the necessity for a concerted effort to raise the level of awareness and their understanding of environment and health laws. Government should encourage works, write-ups, articles and desertions which high light and expose the population on the danger associated with environmental pollution and more enlightenment campaign program should be organized to emphasize the use of electronic media to explain the causes of environmental problems in the society.

This research paper explores the confiscation under the Somali Penal Code, its compatibility with confiscations in foreign countries as well as the possibilities of cooperation between Somalia and other countries with different confiscation systems for the purposes of depriving serious criminal offenders of their financial powers. The problem of such mutual legal assistance occurs when the confiscation has been ordered in one country while the target property is located, in whole or in part, in the territory of another country. Even in such cases, the confiscation should be achieved so that ―crime does not pay‖. The successful solution to this complex problem requires serious legislative work and operational efforts by competent authorities. The aim of this paper is to prompt some ideas to Somalia as to how progress in this area might be made.

In 1959 the British Southern Cameroons witnessed a peaceful political transition as the opposition Kamerun National Democratic Party defeated the ruling Kamerun National Congress in the general elections. As a result, J. N. Foncha took over the premiership of the territory from E.M.L. Endeley. This was the first democratic regime change in Africa south of the Sahara and it was also the first time women were granted the franchise in this British administered UN Trust Territory. Using primary and secondary data, this paper attempts an investigation into the reasons for the enfranchisement of women and the importance of the first female votes in this territory. The findings revealed that the victory of the opposition was largely determined by this newly enfranchised electorate who had a number of grievances against the incumbent regime. It can therefore be concluded that Endeley's premature political demise was the handiwork of the female electorate who were predominantly anti-Igbo and pro-reunification unlike Endeley. Women therefore contributed in no small way to Foncha's victory and this confirms the view that the female votes are always decisive in most crucial elections.

One of the subtle ways of hindering the possibility of securing a united and developed Africa is to relegate the African scholar to the background in the global academia. There are some evidences indicating the fact that the African scholar has not being able to contribute to the development of his/her continent because of some alienating strategies in the areas of power control and publishing/promotion. It is however, regrettable that the alienating experience of the African scholar is two-dimensional. There is the external dimension in which case the Euro-western world continues to dominate the terrain of academia. The internal dimension appears to be worse because it is self-imposed through adoption of academic curricula foreign to the African context. This paper therefore, advocates that the African Scholar should intentionally intensify his/her participation in the global academia in a way that will contribute to securing a united and developed Africa.

According to a Mutawatir Hadith of the Noble Prophet ( صلى الله عليه وسلم ) it was established Glorious Qur'an revealed with seven letters. There are various opinions of scholars about the meaning of these letters, this paper discussing the opinion and categorized them based on their strength of evidence into three namely; opinion which have no basis whatsoever and opinions which have some apparent basis but a weak opinions, and opinion that has relevance going with majority scholars of Qur'anic science. It is highlighted the relationship between the seven letters and seven Qira'at and them clarify those misunderstood it and finally discuss its wisdom in relation to proper recitation of Glorious Qur'an.

This paper with the title: A Brief History of Badi‘I and Development aim to focus attention on the views of the ulamau Al Balaga interms of Balagatul Badi‘i, to identify some way forward through the different opinion of the Ulamau in their process of developing the canon of Badi, hoping Allah in his infinite mercy provide me with his guide to be justice to the topic. The paper falls into parts. The first part, deal with Introduction the general terms of Balaga and it purpose, followed by Badi‘I terms, then the canon of Badi‘I between the past and the present scholars views and importance. The paper identified the development the canon of Badi‘i from the past and the present as follow. As present the canon of Badi‘I is up to 150 in the deferent views of the scholars. Ibn Mu‘utaz develop 18 canon, Qudama develop 9 canon, why Abu hilal Al Askari develop 8 canons. Like Al-istiara, Al-kinaya, Al-iitrad, Al- dibaq, Al-mubalaqa, Al-iltifat, Al-jinas, Al-ruju, tajahulil arifi, Al-mazhab alkalami, husnul ibtidaat, ta‘akidul madahi bima yashbuhul zammi, al-istisnau, almukabala, sihatu taqsim, sihatu tafsir, alisharatu, alirdafu, attamsili, alguluwu, altarsei, almuhawara, attadrir, almuda‘afu, alisttish had, altalattuf, altaushihi, alaksu, altabdili, altakmili, alistidirad, jamul mutalif wal mukhtalif, alsalbu, alijabu, altaattuf wal ishtikaku.

This paper deals with the issue or act of condemning Muslims as unbelievers and its negative effects on the socio- economic life of the Muslims in Nigeria. The Prophet [SAW] has condemned the act of Takfir in strongest term. It was found that the usage of the word kafir in the Qur‟an and Hadith sometimes does not mean an unbeliever, as there is kufr of lesser degree which does not take a Muslim out of Islam if he commits it. The paper also found that Muslims sects share differences on the issue of Takfir. It was also found that there was Takfir in Nigeria long before the period of the Jihad leaders and also during their period. The study also found that there are many causes for the Takfir in Nigeria. These include secularism, partisans of politics, role of some scholars, among others.

This paper deals with the issue or act of condemning Muslims as unbelievers and its effects on Islam and Muslims. The Prophet [SAW] has condemned the act of Takfir in strongest term. It was found that the usage of the word kafir in the Qur‟an and Hadith sometimes does not mean an unbeliever, as there is kufr of lesser degree which does not take a Muslim out of Islam if he commits it. The paper also found that calling the Muslims who commit major sins unbelievers was started by the Khawarij. It was also found that there was takfir in Hausa land long before the period of the Jihad leaders and also during their period. The study also found that there are various factors responsible for calling a Muslim kafir. These include little knowledge, extremism, love for material gain, dependence solely on human sense to explain the Qur‟an bad intention of some non-Muslims against Islam, ignorance among others.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between digital literacy awareness and perceived gossip tendency. Samples were selected from 60 college students in management program at a selected public university in Bangkok by using a self-administrated questionnaire for gathering data. Digital Literacy Awareness and Tendency to Gossip Questionnaire were employed for data collection, which validity and reliability tests were conducted to ensure the quality of scale measurement. To explore the association between digital literacy awareness and perceived gossip tendency, Pearson correlation was analyzed. Results indicated no significant relationship between digital literacy awareness and perceived gossip tendency (r = .231, p > .05). Nonetheless, findings of this study found significant correlations between digital literacy awareness and achievement dimension (r = .284, p < .05) and social information dimension (r = .258, p <.05) at a low level. This study was noteworthy to be the first study in this area that sought to explore the relationship between digital literacy awareness and tendency to gossip. Findings of this present study were beneficial for further studies to utilize as a fundamental knowledge to enhance understanding in this topic. Limitations and recommendations for further studies were also discussed.

The term sustainable development is not a new concept to Islam; this is because sustainable development principles have been present for periods in the Glorious Qur'an and the Ahadith of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). Therefore, the notion of sustainable development may have been recently embraced for government and civil society in Islamic world. The Islamic perspective embraces that everything on earth is created for humanity and Allah's award to people. Islam allows the consumption of the natural environment without involving unnecessary destruction. Islamic law observation that human undertakings should support environment, and guard of rights of people, and desires ensuring that human activities do not compromise the essentials of social, economic and natural systems either now or in the future. The aim of this study is to discover the application of Islamic law in sustainable development debate. Sustainable development in the context of Islamic concept is taken as an opportunity to refresh the relationship between human being and environment. This paper is focusing on literature and desk review.

This work Successful Sermonic Communication in Multi-Cultural African Contexts: The Cultural Intelligence Imperative is motivated by the increase in multi-cultural churches springing up in Africa. The network of globalization, secularization, modernization and postmodernism corporate to escalate this phenomenon in the African context, as movements from the rule areas to urban centres become more increasing unstoppable. The changing face of church congregants propels Homiletics to seek means and methods of ensuring successful sermonic communication in these highbred congregations. The interplay between culture and communication constitute a challenge to effective preaching in multi-cultural contexts in Africa, the writer therefore proposed „cultural intelligence‟ as a resource for the challenge. Using the historical and descriptive research methods the writer exposes the cultural intelligence components as they serve as panacea for the described problem. The work reveals that successful sermonic communication is achievable in multi-cultural contexts as preachers develop cultural intelligence.

The study, leadership styles as a tool to promote a cordial staff relationship, examined and described some leadership styles that can enhance the cordial relationship among staff members. The study hypothesises that the leadership style employed by a leader, who could also be a member of the staff team can promote or destroy staff relationship. It is, therefore, essential for those in leadership positions to be cognisance of their leadership styles and utilise the models or approaches that will encourage a cordial relationship among staff members and avoid methods that will create and promote hatred and animosity within the staff. The study discovered that for leadership styles to help friendly staff relationship, some essentials of staff relationship are vital. These include communicating effectively and efficiently among staff, clarity of expectations, staff meetings, staff retreat, setting clear goals and providing feedback, team building, and evaluating consistently. Moreover, the study revealed and discussed four primary leadership styles that promote cordial staff relationship, which includes democratic, transactional, transformational and servant leadership styles. Also, other leadership styles such as autocratic, authoritative and laissez-faire was not considered as a tool to promote cordial staff relationship because it does not encourage collaboration, stifles cooperation and creates an avenue for staff members to act as they wish. The study, therefore, recommends that leaders should cultivate the culture of leadership approaches that are open and participatory; encourages commitment, recognises and rewards positive contributions from staff and be selfless by paying attention to the needs of staff members. Further, it suggests that leaders should have it as part of the agenda of the organisation to appreciate staff members publicly to enhance productive staff. Besides, leaders should avoid closed, divide and rule model of leadership, which tears a relationship apart. Also, staff members should have a sense of belonging, acceptance and be part of the decision making of the organisation.

This paper investigated effectiveness and challenges in evangelization in the Small Christian Communities in the Catholic Church. Specifically, the study set to analyse the effectiveness of Small Christian Communities (SCCs) in evangelization and explore the challenges encountered in evangelization in these SCCs. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted in 274 SCCs in the five parishes in the Catholic Church in Vihiga County. The key mission of the church is to evangelize to all. The Catholic Church used SCCs as agents of evangelization, therefore prompted and a need for analysis of how effective they have been and if they are challenges encountered in fulfilling the mission.

This paper assessed challenges faced by lay women in promotion of socio-spiritual roles in St Charles Lwanga Hambale Catholic Parish in Vihiga County, Kenya. It discusses various roles various challenges lay women faces in their various socio-spiritual roles in the church. The study was conducted among various lay women in the five sub parishes within St Charles Lwanga Catholic Parish. This was based on the fact that lay women in the parish are the majority and the most active in their roles in the church hence a need to assess the challenges they face. Respondents were drawn from members of Small Christian Communities (SCCs), Leaders and some members from three lay women organizations which are: Catholic Women Association (CWA), Legion of Mary, and Sacred Heart. The study was based on both primary and secondary data collected and was descriptive in nature.

The Nigeria’s energy sector has undergone series of policy reforms to address the inefficiency and mal-administration that have bedeviled it for several years. The government deregulated electricity supply in 2005 by privatizing and concessioning major national power assets. In addition, the legal frameworks to guide activities in the sector and institutions to manage and regulate the post-privatisation electricity supply industry have been established. This paper gives a historical overview of the Nigeria’s electricity supply and observes that challenges still faced by investors in the sector include: gas shortages, insecurity of power assets, high cost of operation, lack of adequate capital for consistent performance and the inactivity of some licensed firms. The study recommends the institution of correct electricity supply tariffs that reflect prevailing market conditions, reduction in the number of unmetered electricity users, diversification of the sources of power generation in the country and sustained investment in transmission infrastructure by the government.

Islam is a complete way of life. The religion leaves nothing untouched necessary to run the affairs of human being. The desire of Almighty Allah is that every people not only will leave the world simply as a Muslim but rather as a complete Muslim. With this end in view, the Glorious Qur‟an was revealed as a source of guidance, mercy, and favor to the believers and it called in several passages the importance of the use of human intellect to reflect and understand the mercy, favor, guidance that Almighty Allah make upon his creation and if they were to be adopted, man will never be misguided and go astray. Despite the guidance sent to man, he has engaged himself in unrighteous deeds and attitudes which are contrary to the teaching of the true religion which is not exceptional among some of the Nigerian men. Therefore the research seeks to analyze critically the relevant and inter-play between reason and revelation in guiding man in modern Nigeria. Finally the research finds out that if man can truly followed the teaching and guidance sent down to him through revelation and also use his reasoning in a proper way and manner to reflect and acts over what has been revealed to him, he will never be misguided and Nigeria will be a peaceful atmosphere for him to live and worshipped his Lord without any obstacles.