The resistance war of the South Vietnamese army and people against the French colonialists has encouraged the heroic fighting spirit of the army and people throughout the country, opening the way for the victories of the resistance war later, and at the same time leaving many The lesson has profound theoretical and practical significance, including the lesson on building the all-people national defense and the people's war posture and applying it to the current cause of national construction and defense. This study focuses on analyzing the views of the US - from the policy of placing Indochina under the "international trusteeship" regime to the policy of dividing Indochina at the 16th parallel; active British support for the reconstruction of French power in Indochina; the Soviet Union's silent attitude towards France's intention to retake Indochina; France's conservative stance on Indochina issues; thereby drawing lessons on building the all-people national defense and the people's war posture.

This is the translation of a poem of sixteen letters, 353rd to 368th of Tcheonzamun (The thousand character essay). Here, the translating methods were included. The first method is through the meaning of Chinese character, and the second method is the one through Korean pronunciation for the Chinese characters. 353-356. Kong Hoe Hyeong Ze孔懷兄弟 Koyak Heoze 고약허제!. The root form of “Koyak Heoze” is ‘Koyakhada’, and it is one of stressed form of ‘Koyakhada’. The meaning of ‘Koyakhada’ is ‘bad, very bad’. This phrase is said by the mother in-law or the senior sister in-law of the house. The senior sister means the elder sister of the house. 357-360 Dong GiYeon Zi 同氣連枝 Doggi Nyeonizi! 도끼 년이지!. This phrase is said by the mother in-law or the elder sister. ‘Doggi’ means axe, and ‘Nyeonizi!’ shows the extremely unkind blame or being hate of the mother in-law to the wife. 361-364 Kyo Woo Tu Bun 交友投分 Kyeowoo Doopun 겨우 두 푼! This phrase is said by the wife. The wife says by herself that she is esteemed as a value of only 20 percent; the value is expressed by the mother of her husband. 365-368 Zeol Ma Zam Gyu 切磨箴規 Zeolmeo Tchameulggeoya! 젊어 참을거야! The wife says by herself “I am young woman; therefore I will endure this truly difficult condition!”.

It is the second translation of this poem(369th-384th) of Tcheonzamun(The thousand character essay). Number of Tcheonzamun(The thousand character essay) Pronunciation of Chinese character in Korean language Chinese character “Modified pronunciation in Korean in English alphabet” “Modified pronunciation in Korean language in Korean alphabet” The meaning of the modified phrase into Korean language. 369-372 In Za Eun Tcheug 仁慈隱惻 “Inza Eoltcheog!” “인자 얼척!“ Now (Inza) I, the mother or the elder sister in-law, am dumbfounded (Eoltcheog!) for the act of my daughter in-law or that of my younger sister in-law! 373-376 Zo Tcha Bul Li 造次弗離 “Zzotcha Buleo!” “쫓아 부러!“ Let’s drive (Zzotcha) her-the Maeg wife- out! (Buleo!) 377-380 Zeol Eui Yeom Toe 節義廉退 “Zeoli Eopdieo!” “저리 엎뎌!“ You, the Maeg wife, go there! (Zeoli!) And turn upside down! (Eopdieo!) 381-384 Zeon Pae Bi Gyu 顚沛匪虧 “Zeonyeon Paebigye!” “저년 패비게“ By this turning upside down I, the mother in-law, can strike hard (Paebigye!) that bad woman (Zeonyeon). Here, ‘that bad woman’ for the mother in-law is the Maeg wife and the heroine of this Tcheonzamun poem. As a conclusion of the first and the second translating methods, the husband must do his best to his wife in order to protect the attack of his mother or his elder sister.

The global defence budget forms a very important aspect of a country's spending and its whole mechanism. We observe an increasing trend in the global defence budget. This paper aims to examine this trend, the reasons for the same and deeply analyse the impact on the economy, society and the environment of a country. Data extracted from the World Bank database for three countries - the US, India and Nepal have been used to understand the economic impact of these trends by performing simple linear regression analysis, taking military expenditure as the independent variable and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the dependent variable. The paper also elucidates the issue of terrorism and the dominance of the developing countries in the arms race leading to unwanted social impacts on various government sectors, crowding out their allocation of resources. In conclusion, the paper talks about the negative aspect of the rising global defence budget and some policy suggestions such as peace economy to serve as alternatives because a war not only brings atrocities but the aftereffect of destruction is unbearable.

Bondo is among the Sub Counties in Kenya with low academic performance in Chemistry subject. This could be as a result of several factors which in turn could be contributing to wastage grades in national examinations in secondary schools in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of academic performance of Chemistry subject on wastage grades in secondary schools in Bondo Sub County. The main objective of this study was based on the purpose of the study. The study was informed by Jean Piaget’s constructivism theory of knowledge and its examination linked to the concept of the study. The study adopted a correlation research design. The population comprised of the 338 teachers and 1 Quality assurance officer in the Sub County. Stratified random sampling was used to identify and place sub groups within the population, purposive random sampling was then applied in each sub group to form the actual sample per school. Instruments of data collection were questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. Reliability of instruments was checked by piloting using test and retest method in 10% of the population that did not participate in the study. Face, content and construct validity was ascertained by experts from the department of Department of Curriculum and Educational Management. Quantitative data was analyzed with aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25.0. It generated both inferential and descriptive statistics such as correlation coefficients, frequency counts, chi square tests, averages and percentages while qualitative data was analyzed continuously using content and thematic issues and presented by narrations and direct quotes, in line with the study objectives. The findings revealed that the Pearson correlation co-efficient, r = 0.078, a positive correlation between attitude and academic performance in the subject in over 80% of the schools. In cases where responses among the categories varied, A Leven’s test was applied to test if the variance in attitude of student towards Chemistry as given by teachers and heads of departments is equal. The p-value is 0.487 and the test was carried out at 95% level of confidence or at an alpha, α = 0.05. The test statistics was 0.112 with 76 degrees of freedom and the p-value of the wider hypothesis is 0.911. At alpha level of 0.05, that is if we wanted to be 95% certain before we reject the null hypothesis, then we could not do this with the p-value of 0.911. Findings revealed that teaching methodologies and resources played a role in shaping academic performance of Chemistry subject. The study recommended that education stakeholders including the school principals should endeavor to provide comprehensive development programs for teachers of Chemistry such as workshops for training on current issues and trends emerging in methodology and instruction so that they are up to date with relevant skills and so as to seal the loopholes and insufficiencies that derail performance of the subject both in internal and national exams. The findings of the study might be useful to education policy makers, education planners and education stakeholders as a whole in improving academic achievement so as to minimize wastage grades in national examinations in Bondo Sub County and in Kenya as a whole.

Attitude is one of the key factors that influence student performance in any subject in secondary school education. Bondo has been among the Sub Counties in Kenya with poor academic performance in Chemistry subject and this could be attributed to poor student attitude towards the subject among other factors. This research paper sought to establish and address the effect of student attitude on performance in Chemistry subject in secondary schools in Bondo Sub County. The main objective of this study was based on the purpose of the study. The study was informed by Jean Piaget’s constructivism theory of knowledge and its link to the study was done by a conceptual framework. The study adopted a correlation research design. Questionnaires, interviews and document analysis were used as instruments of data analysis. Quantitative data analysis generated both inferential and descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed continuously using content and thematic issues. The findings revealed that the Pearson correlation co-efficient, r = 0.078 which is a positive correlation between attitude and academic performance in the subject in over 80% of the schools.

This poem of 385th-400th of Tcheonzamun (The thousand character essay) showed the strikingly hard relation between the Maeg-wife and her mother in-law or her elder sister in-law. 385-388 Seong Zeong Zeong Yi! 性靜情逸 성 질 쟁이! Seong (angry) Zil (bad habit) Zaengyi (person who does the bad things) 389-392 Sim Dong Sin Pi 心動神疲 심통 심뽀! Simtong (not good character) Simbbo (not soft mind)! 393-396 Su Zin Zi Man 守眞志滿 손짓이지만 Son Zis (signal only by hands.) iziman (Though it is) 397-400 Tchug Mul Eui Yi 逐物意移 참말이여! Tchammal (true intention.) iyeo(Yes, it shows) As a conclusion translation through the meaning of Chinese character and that through Korean pronunciation, when his wife has difficulty because of his mother, the husband must give deep love to his wife.

The study examined integration of environmental and health safety considerations in the management of early childhood care and development education in Rivers State. The study used the descriptive survey design. Two research questions as well as two corresponding hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study comprised of all the 620 approved private early childhood care and development education centres in Rivers State, Nigeria. The stratified random sampling technique was used to draw up a sample of 347 head teachers, representing 56% of the population (110 urban and 237 rural head teachers as well as 215 experienced and 132 inexperienced head teachers. One instrument was used for collection of data for this study; ‘Integration of Safety Considerations Management of Early Childhood Care and Development Education Questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire were ensured, the reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach alpha statistics. The reliability co-efficients of 0.89 and 0.90 were obtained. Weighted criterion mean, weighted mean and standard deviation scores were used to answer the research questions while z-test was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding of the study shows that to a high extent environmental and health safety considerations are integrated in the management of early childhood care and development education in Rivers State. Further findings showed that there was no significant difference between means scores of the responses of teachers on the extent of integration of environmental and health safety considerations in the management of early childhood care and development education in Rivers State. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that proper evaluation of the curriculum in management of safety and health of early childhood care and development education should be taken seriously. Moreso, government and head teachers should endeavour to provide safety and health facilities in the schools for management of early childhood care and development education.

The study investigated succession and strategic employee planning as predictors of teachers’ job commitment in secondary schools in Bayelsa State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The design employed for the study was correlation survey. The population of the study consisted of 3,477 respondents out of which 490 respondents were sampled for the study using random sampling technique. Instrument used for data collection was questionnaire titled “Successive and Strategic Employee Planning Scale” (SSEPS) with 20-items for collecting data on the independent variables of the study and 20-items questionnaire tagged “Teachers Job Commitment Scale” (TJCS) used for data collection on the dependent variables of the study. The questionnaires were face and content validated by two experts in Measurement and Evaluation. Cronbach alpha statistics was used to determine the reliability of the instrument with the values of Succession Planning (SP) and Strategic Employee Planning (SEP) as 0.87 and 0.88 while the reliability of TJCS was 0.90. There were 490 copies of the questionnaire administered out of which 472 copies were retrieved which implied a 96.3% retrieval rate. Research questions raised were answered using simple regression analysis while the hypotheses were tested using t-test associated with simple regression at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of the study showed that succession planning has a high positive relationship of r=0.79) while strategic employee planning has a low positive relationship of r=0.30 with teachers’ job commitment in secondary schools in Bayelsa State. It was recommended that school administrators should delegate responsibilities to promote succession planning in the schools.

Vulnerability is the state that is decided by the consequence of hazards on physical, social, economic, and environmental causes that will affect the status of a private, community, or surroundings. Generally, households in a geographical area or an administrative boundary are labelled as equally vulnerable but the scenario on the ground is different. One household perceive risk differently than the other. The degree of perceived vulnerability is influenced by many factors that make individual households perceive their vulnerability differently than the other households. This paper focuses on the following aspects: location of a house, economic status, family structure, food stockpiling to assess the household level vulnerability perception in Rudraprayag District of Uttarakhand. About 442 households from 30 villages of the district were interviewed for the household level study. Vulnerability perception at household helps in understanding the possible damage disasters can cause to a household, the severity of its impact, and what are the possible measures that can be taken to reduce their vulnerability. Community participation is vital and an empowering side for enhancing effective disaster mitigation practices. This paper suggests the importance of micro-level planning at the village level for effective disaster risk reduction.

This study aims to examine the various tests conducted in China, namely, ‘TKM 4/8’, ‘MTI’, ‘CATTI (China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters).’ by focussing mainly on the Korean translation and interpretation training management policy. Koren Language education is now considered important and not an exception in China’s new trend of foreign language education policy. In China, Korean language was formerly not given much importance and was considered a minority language. But it was able to breakthrough from such obscurity in the 20th century and after which Korean Language Education was able to conduct the TKM and it was also included in the MTI curriculum. And in the year 2020, Korean Language was incorporated in CATTI. This laid the foundation for Korean Language to be considered as equal with other major foreign languages in China. However, the impact of Korean language’s incorporation in CATTI is not all positive. With China’s globalization of education policy and the strong competitiveness of government recognized qualification exam, this test will have considerable influence on Korean language education system in Korea. Thereby, imposing the necessity to be fully prepared to evaluate the Korean language learners with TOPIK level 6 and higher.

The present researchers studied the 16 letters of 401st-416th of Tcheonzamun (The thousand character essay). And there were two translating methods; the first method is through the meaning of Chinese character, the second one is through Korean pronunciation. The Ha(夏) people thought that this attitude of the first line(401-404) is the way of thinking of Chinese. And it will be shown in the third line(409-412) that it is the Hwa(華) people in the ancient China. As it is written on the third line(409-412), the Ha(夏) people who has come from the west side of China created the character for Hwa(華) people, the original of China. It is the letter of China, Chinese character. After this occurrence, what was the attitude of original Hwa(華) people of China? Did the Hwa(華) people treat the Ha(夏) people thankfully? Or the Hwa(華) people said to the Ha(夏) people “We received all of things from you. Now you are not necessary any more for us! And these Chinese characters are not yours! Chinese characters are ours! And you are not the owner of this land, you are only visitors here. Get out of here, you Ha(夏) people!” As the present researchers know between the lines of this poem, it seems that the Hwa(華) people said to the Ha(夏) people “Now you are not necessary any more for us! Get out of here, you Ha(夏) people!” As was shown in this second line(405-408), ‘The Hwa(華) people caught the material from the Ha(夏) people in the good chance, and the Hwa(華) people made anyway the material as their own possession.’ On the first line(401-404), it is written that “the skillful words are essential for the success.” This is the way of thinking of the original Chinese people, the Hwa(華) people. But the Ha(夏) people thinks differently. And the Ha(夏) people seems to think the most important point is to say the truth, and they believed that this attitude of honest will give the people of Ha(夏) themselves the good fortune in the future. In other words, “Please do not cheat other person!”, “Even though the condition was changed, do not change his(her) original words to others!”, “Let us live our life on this honest way!” 401-404 Gyeon Zi Ah Zo 堅持雅操 견디어야죠! Gyeondieo (endure) yazo (I have to)! This is the talk of Ha(夏) people. “I have to endure this condition. Yes, I am going to overcome this difficult condition!” 405-408 Ho Zag Za Mi 好爵自縻 혼자 재미! Honza (not for other person but for only me!) Zaemi (I am content) ! This is the figure of Hwa(華) people described by Ha(夏) people. “Only me, I am happy! I do not have any interest to others.” This phrase is very important. For the person who is going to take interest only for himself(herself), this sentence might be the warning! 409-412 Do Eub Hwa Ha 都邑華夏 또 웃어 하하! Ddo (again) Usseo(He or she laughs) Ha Ha(the voice of the laugh)! This is the figure of Hwa(華) people described by Ha(夏) people. 413-416 Dong Seo Yi Gyong 東西二京 똑바로 서 이겨! Ddogbaro (upright) Seo(stand) Yigyeo(Take the victory)! This is the talk of Ha(夏) people. “Stand right and take the victory!” As a conclusion, the expression of the translation through the meaning of Chinese character is “Let us live honestly! And we can get the victory from the people of Hwa(華)”. But the expression through the pronunciation on Korean language, the Ha(夏) people might be already defeated by Hwa(華) people.

For people, health and wisdom are the two most precious things. Only good health can help the process of intellectual training to develop well. Therefore, forming a habit of regular exercise and sports will help you have good health to study well and more effectively. Physical education contributes to the formation of key qualities and general competencies for students; Besides, equipping them with knowledge about health, health management, and exercise, physical education helps students to form and develop physical capacity and physical culture, sense of responsibility for the health of self, family, and community; know how to choose sports suitable to their own motor capacity to practice; know how to adapt to living conditions, be optimistic and share with everyone; live a healthy life physically and mentally.

People are willing to sacrifice themselves to the pursuit of something better; others are willing to sacrifice themselves for the sake of others. Three concepts: identity, compassion and rejection are realized through experience which others would experience as well. Their dimensions: More Than Belief, Existential Fulfillment, Circling, Turning Points and Legacy are carefully analyzed. This is a proposed conceptualization. Revision, addition and further researches are greatly welcomed to establish the concept. This is greatly related to true individualism. You start to live when you commit your life to cause higher than yourself… ― Lailah GiftyAkita.

This study investigated retirement planning involvement and challenges encountered by staff of public universities in Rivers State. Two objectives, two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the descriptive design. The population of the study was 9,551 staff in the three public universities in Rivers State. The sample was 1,173, comprising 490 teaching staff, 344 senior and 339 junior non-teaching staff of the three public universities in the state. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw the sample. The instrument used to generate data was a self-structured 16-item questionnaire titled ‘Retirement Planning Awareness and Planning Options among Staff of Public Universities Questionnaire’. Cronbach’s alpha was used to establish the reliability co-efficient of the instrument at 0.81. The research questions were answered using mean, while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 significant level using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study revealed among others that university staffs were highly involved in their retirement planning activities. Senior non-teaching staffs were more involved in their retirement planning than teaching and junior non-teaching staff. The study also showed that challenges that impedes university staffs’ involvement in requirement planning included high cost of maintaining health insurance policy, large family size and associated high expenses, lack of financial knowledge, rising inflation rate that depletes investible funds, etc. This study recommended that university authorities should ensure that teaching staff and all cadres of non-teaching staff are well-informed and carried along in all retirement planning matters that may benefit employees.

This paper is a pragmatic analysis of the acts and face negotiation techniques deployed by former President Obasanjo in his letter to President Buhari, using Mey’s Pragmatic theory and face negotiation theory. Its objectives are to identify and interpret the direct and indirect illocutionary acts, perlocutionary, face threatening and face saving acts in former President Olusegun Obasanjo’s letter to President Muhammadu Buhari. The data adopted for this paper was collected from Daily Trust and Leadership Newspaper of January, 2018. The paper classifies the different acts and face mitigating acts. It was discovered that Obasanjo made use of negative face acts in representing Buhari, thereby raising fear and worry in the minds of Nigerians and positively presented himself. The paper concludes that linguistic structures are very important in politics and determines the mind of the populace at every given time.