This comprehensive study has sought to assess the effectiveness of federalism and decentralization policies in Nepal. It specifically examines how these policies enhance local autonomy to meet community needs, improve governance, prevent the influence of elite groups, encourage inclusive democracy, alleviate ethnic and cultural conflicts, and foster social unity. To achieve this, the research collected data using a questionnaire distributed to 350 participants for analysis. The findings have underscored federalism as a suitable framework for empowering local communities to meet their unique demands. Insights derived from this study have offered valuable guidance for policymakers aiming to enhance local governance in Nepal. Moreover, it has emphasized the necessity of tailored policies and the establishment of robust communication and information systems to support effective implementation of federalism and decentralization. While federalism and decentralization in Nepal have been found to be aimed to address longstanding governance challenges and promote inclusivity, perspectives among stakeholders have been identified to vary widely. Challenges such as capacity building at the local level, resource allocation, intergovernmental relations, and ensuring equitable representation have been explored to remain key issues that stakeholders continue to navigate and discuss. While there is optimism about the potential benefits of federalism and decentralization in Nepal, there have been found to be also valid concerns and challenges that need to be addressed to realize these expected outcomes. The ongoing dialogue among stakeholders have been known to be crucial for shaping policies and practices that can maximize the positive impacts of federalism while mitigating potential risks. By focusing on these strategies, Nepal can enhance its federalism and decentralization efforts, promoting effective governance, inclusive development, and sustainable peace and stability across the country.

Teaching Natural Science subjects in grade 6 at Secondary schools can be understood as the process of impact of teachers teaching Natural Science subjects on grade 6 pupils, through educational activities, to impart knowledge of Natural Science, to achieve academic objectives according to the regulations of the general education program. Studies have shown that teaching Natural Science subjects in grade 6 at Secondary schools is designed to develop the qualities and abilities of Natural Science for grade 6 pupils. This educational activity has achieved some positive results in the past but still reveals some limitations. Exploring theoretical issues in teaching Natural Science subjects in grade 6 at Secondary schools will help identify necessary content and orientation for practical activities. Based on the assessment of legal documents of the state; research selectively inherits in-depth research of several researchers; analyze, compare, synthesize, and evaluate; this study has discovered theoretical issues on teaching activities of Natural Science subjects in grade 6 at Secondary schools as position, role, objectives, content, methods, forms as well as conditions to ensure teaching activities of Natural Science subjects in grade 6 at Secondary schools. Discovering these contents has clarified and supplemented the missing content on theoretical issues; at the same time, it is the basis for applying to educational practice at Secondary schools.

This article explores the emerging narratives surrounding the persistent phenomenon of armed banditry in the region. It focuses on the factors and actors driving banditry along the Nigeria-Niger borderlands. Using data from both primary and secondary sources, the study reveals that internal strife along the borderlands and the collapse of state control have facilitated the proliferation of small arms, significantly increasing the intensity of banditry in Nigeria's northwest. The research concludes that the prolonged neglect of border communities has deprived them of basic necessities, exacerbating the situation. As a result, Nigeria’s northwestern states—Sokoto, Zamfara, and Katsina, which border Niger—have become safe havens for raiders and bandits, who, in some cases, establish 'informal structures' of control over the borderland communities.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that ancient Chinese people used the book of ‘the thousand character essay’ for their children for instructing Chinese character. The thousand character essay is called as Tcheonzamun (千字文) in Korea (Han, 1583). For the present researchers, there are several methods for the translation of Tcheonzamun poem (Park et al., 2021; Kim, 2023). The first method is on the basis of Korean pronunciation of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). The second one is through the meaning of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021). For the present study, the second method was utilized (Park et al., 2021). And the range of the poem is usually 16 letters, but here in this work only 8 letters of (Tcheonzamun 993rd-1000th) were utilized. This is the study on the translation of Tcheonzamun poem (Tcheonzamun 993rd-1000th). The title of this study is ‘The Lord of us, Hyeonhi and Augustin! Please receive our poor thanks to you, amen! (Tcheonzamun 993rd-1000th)’. The theme of this research is as follows. 993-996 謂(Wi) 語(Eo) 助(Zo) 者(Za). My husband! Do you want to speak (謂) ill (語) of me (your wife) or other person? My husband! At first, please help (助) me (者) or the other person. 997-1000 焉(Eon) 哉(Zae) 乎(Ho) 也(Ya). My husband! Will you be superior to (焉) other person? Or do you want to keep your talents (哉)? My husband! You are to do the thing continuously (也). But this work must (乎) be done constantly.

The current research, titled "The Phenomenology in the Works of Claude Monet," aimed to explore theoretical approaches between phenomenological thought and Monet's works. The research consists of four chapters. The first chapter deals with the methodological framework, which includes the research problem, its importance, and the need for it, in addition to the research limits, objectives, and definition of terms. The second chapter comprises two sections: the first addresses the concept of phenomenology in human thought, while the second focuses on the features of phenomenology in modern painting. The third chapter outlines the research procedures, including the research methodology, the representative sample, and the analysis of three selected paintings using a research tool based on the theoretical framework and its indicators as a methodological basis for phenomenological analysis. The fourth chapter presents several findings and conclusions, along with recommendations and suggestions. The research concludes with a list of references.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) expressed the thousand character essay in his book. The thousand character essay is called in Korea as Tcheonzamun (Han, 1583). It is considered that Tcheonzamun showed the unhappy state between the husband and the wife (Kim, 2023). How is the couple of the husband and the wife in their lives? Why is some couple so happy? Why is other couple not happy? What is the reason of their happiness? And what is the main reason of their unhappiness? Is there any solution for this pitiful condition for unhappy couple? It seems the main theme of Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021; Kim, 2023). This is the work of translation of Tcheonzamun poem (Tcheonzamun 017th-032nd). The title of this study is ‘My husband! Let’s turn round (Dolza!) and then, let’s dance (Tchum-tcheo-seo) together! (Tcheonzamun 017th-032nd)’ The theme of this research is as follows. 021-024 秋(Tchu) 收(Su) 冬(Dong) 藏(Zang). 춤춰서 돌자! Tchum-tcheo-seo Dolza! My husband! Let’s turn round (Dolza!) and then, let’s dance (Tchum-tcheo-seo) together!.