Globally, the irrigation of crops is the largest consumptive user of water. Water scarcity is increasing worldwide, resulting in tighter regulation of its use for agriculture. This necessitates the development of irrigation practices that are more efficient in the use of water but do not compromise crop quality and yield. Precision irrigation already achieves this goal, in part. The goal of precision irrigation is to accurately supply the crop water need in a timely manner and as spatially uniformly as possible. However, to maximize the benefits of precision irrigation, additional technologies need to be enabled and incorporated into agriculture. This Search discusses how Advantages of a remote irrigation monitoring and control system irrigation management will enable significant advances in increasing the efficiency of current irrigation approaches. From the literature review, it is found that precision irrigation can be applied in achieving the environmental goals related to sustainability. The demonstrated economic benefits of precision irrigation in field-scale crop production is however minimal. It is argued that a proper combination of soil, plant and weather sensors providing real-time data to an adaptive decision support system provides an innovative platform for improving sustainability in irrigated agriculture. The review also shows that adaptive decision support systems based on model predictive control are able to adequately account for the time-varying nature of the soil–plant–atmosphere system while considering operational limitations and agronomic objectives in arriving at optimal irrigation decisions. It is concluded that significant improvements in crop yield and water savings can be achieved by incorporating model predictive control into precision irrigation decision support tools. Further improvements in water savings can also be realized by including deficit irrigation as part of the overall irrigation management strategy. Nevertheless, future research is needed for identifying crop response to regulated water deficits, developing improved soil moisture and plant sensors, and developing self-learning crop simulation frameworks that can be applied to evaluate adaptive decision support strategies related to irrigation.

Soil stabilization by combining several minerals is a form of material engineering aimed at increasing the bearing capacity of the soil to a higher level. The development of waste-based materials and the utilization of local potential are part of environmentally conscious construction. This study aims to analyses the mechanical behaviour of soil stabilized with several pozzolanic materials derived from nickel processing waste and limestone, which are local materials with very large deposits. ASTM standards were used in this study for both physical and mechanical testing. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted to compare the mechanical behaviour of stabilized soil with that of natural soil. The test samples used were cylindrical with a diameter of 35 mm and a height of 70 mm. The binding materials consisted of nickel slag, aluminium hydroxide, and limestone, with the amount of each material based on the dry soil weight (γdry). The addition of lime in this study was varied at 2%, 4%, and 6%. The test results generally show that lime variations and curing time affect the increase in unconfined compressive strength (qu), with the highest value of 30.91 kg/cm² observed at 6% lime content after 28 days of curing.

Regional connectivity plays a crucial role in supporting economic growth, especially for areas that are geographically remote or separated by bodies of water. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia heavily relies on sea transportation as the main axis of its maritime logistics routes, which connect various regions and support the distribution of goods as well as the mobility of people. Therefore, planning and developing transportation networks require accurate measurements, such as the connectivity index, to understand the extent to which a region is connected to others. This study aims to analyze the regional connectivity index of the islands in South Halmahera Regency, North Maluku, using a graph method approach. This method is employed to evaluate how well the districts in the regency are interconnected through sea routes. The results show that overall, maritime connectivity between regions in South Halmahera Regency is fairly good. From the analysis, 13 districts have a connectivity index of > 1, indicating good connectivity, while 17 districts have an index of < 1, indicating limited connectivity. These findings suggest a disparity in connectivity between regions in South Halmahera, highlighting the need for efforts to improve infrastructure and sea transportation networks to enhance inter-district connections, especially in areas with low connectivity indices.

Cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure can be disastrous and undermine states' national security. Different groups execute these attacks for varying reasons; some may be state-sponsored, and their attack for geopolitical reasons or to achieve strategic national cyber objectives. Regardless of the nation-state actor, it is essential to identify the techniques used and defend critical infrastructure against these attacks. This study evaluated the attack methodology of five nation-state actors based on the MITRE ATT&CK ICS matrix and proposed a multi-layered defense architecture. A virtual organization with critical and enterprise infrastructure domains was created, and the proposed defense architecture and tooling were implemented there. Then, techniques of the nation-state adversaries were emulated against the infrastructure to evaluate the performance of the defense strategies. The results show that the multi-layered approach was sufficient to mitigate all the techniques of the nation-state actors.

Ammonia is widely used for production of many chemicals such as urea, and also as refrigerant in industrial systems. Ammonia is produced via the Haber process, in which nitrogen reacts with hydrogen in the presence of iron catalyst. The hydrogen is form by reacting natural gas and steam at high temperature. Ammonia synthesis is a reversible, thus temperature gradient occurs as the reaction progresses. The inlet temperature is usually high. To achieve this progressive temperature reduction a suitable packed bed reactor is required. A good configuration of a packed bed would help in reducing the complexities in the heat transfer equipment while ensuring a progressive reduction in temperature from the first to the fourth bed. Subsequently there is a decrease in the composition of hydrogen and nitrogen from bed to bed and a corresponding increase in ammonia conversion. This forms the bases of this design. To actualize the design, inlet operating conditions for the reactor were assumed to be 15m3/sec flow rate, pressure of 2.896 x 107Pa and temperature of 720k the diameter was calculated to be 1.5m. A gas velocity of 0.439m/s, reactor height 5.23m, mass of catalyst =14178.5kg, and volume of reactor zone/catalyst =4.051m3 were obtained.