In Pakistan, the symbols of water stress are ubiquitous in the form of water resources depletion, water scarcity, quality, depletion of level and contamination. Water is a precious gift of God for all living and non-living things to complete the cycle of ecosystem. This research was conducted to check the trends groundwater level and its quality analysis using long term data of same study area. In this study area, groundwater quality and level data of 421 piezometric wells of 15 years were used to analyze through graphical analysis, from a region in Pakistan. The four major indicators for irrigation as recommended by Punjab Irrigation Department are; pH, EC, RSC and SAR. These parameters were used and appraisal for irrigation to fit or unfit the monitoring sites. The results indicate the significant increasing trend of level as well as quality of water. Average declining of groundwater table is 0.0963 meter per year in study area. As 20% of the groundwater depth is declining per year. Sites unfit ratio is 50% of the total monitoring sites being installed with respect to quality parameters. These trends indicate more water extraction in region that cause adverse effect on quality and level. This research is an excellent recommendation for water experts, to amend new law for operation of water resources and its extraction from groundwater through tubewells. The heavy metal concentration, hazardous waste to soil and sewerage of colonies should be supervised on daily basis.

Dimethoate and chloropyrfios are two of widely used organophosphorus insecticides in agriculture. The irrational use of Dimethoata and chlyropyrfios in Libya play a crucial role in the occurrence of many diseases affecting plants, animals and the environment. The present work was conducted to investigate the alterations in hematological factors in male rabbits after orally administration a single dose of dimethoate (DM) by gavage at a dose of 43.2 mg/kg B.W/day (1/50 of DM) lethal dose and chloropyrfios by gavage at a dose of 33.3 mg/kg B.W/day (1/50 of CPF) lethal dose for 12-week. 15 Male Rabbits weighting (1.891  27.6 Kg)., were divided into 3 groups with 5 animals in each, first group served as control animals, they received 5 ml of corn oil, while animals in second group received Dimethoate, animals in third group received of chloropyrfios. Results indicated that treatment with Dimethoate and chloropyrfios caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in white blood cells (WBCs), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), zpacked cell volume (PCV) and platelets. While, increase MCV, MCH, MCVH compared to control. The erythrocytes sedimentation rate highly significant increase in the blood of Dimethoate and chloropyrfios treated rabbits as compared to control.

Background and Objective: Necrotic enteritis (NE) has increased in occurrence and severity over the years. The re-emergence of necrotic enteritis has been the most significant threat for the poultry industry. It is one of the most common and economically devastating bacterial diseases in terms of performance, welfare and mortality. So, the present research work was designed to determine the prevalence with a clinicopathological investigation of necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler and Sonali chicken (the common breeds for meat purpose in Bangladesh) at Rajshahi District (the Barind Tract) in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 (260 Sonali (Fayoumi × RIR) and 250 Broiler (Cobb 500) birds from 10 different commercial poultry farms were used to conduct the present study. The diagnosis of NE was based on history, clinical signs characteristic gross lesions and histopathological findings. Results: The overall prevalence of necrotic enteritis was 7.84 % in chickens, though the incidence rate varied from farms to farms ranging from 4.0 – 11.67%. The incidence of necrotic enteritis was almost 1.5 times in broiler chickens (9.6%) than in Sonali chickens (6.2%). The incidence of necrotic enteritis was varied with season showing peak occurrence in winter season (11.67%), and the lowest incidence was in summer season (3.2%). The major clinical signs observed were severe depression, diarrhoea (shooting type), ruffled feathers, and sudden death. The striking necropsy findings were markedly thickened enteric mucosa covered by tan-orange pseudo-membranes often referred to as a “Turkish towel” in appearance with haemorrhages occasionally and ballooning of intestine with foul smelled gas. Enterohistopathological findings included the coagulative necrosis, increased cellular infiltration in lamina propria, haemorrhage, congestion, disorganization of structure. Conclusion: The study concludes that investigation of NE in commercial chickens based on clinical signs, necropsy and enterohistopathological findings helps to determine the prevalence of NE and also help to adopt prevention and control strategies.